117 Mich. 680 | Mich. | 1898
This case comes up for review on a special finding of facts by the trial judge. As the evidence is not before us, the only question which we can consider is whether the finding supports the judgment. The substance of the finding may be stated briefly:' The defendant is a corporation engaged in the manufacture, purchase, and sale of burial cases, caskets, and undertakers’ goods and supplies. The articles of association of said
‘ ‘ If, at a meeting of the stockholders, they decide it is*682 not best to enter into the contract with me, the contract is null and void, and to be returned to me to destroy.
“ Contract signed June 13th.”
Plaintiff was informed by Mr. Cox, in the presence of Mr. Walker, that the stockholders would meet before July 1, 1895. No meeting was in fact held until September following. On June 24, 1895, without the knowledge or approval of any director or stockholder, Mr. Cox wrote plaintiff as follows:
“We have further considered the matter of entering into an arrangement with you, such as indicated by contract,' and decided to allow our contract to remain in force. ”
This was signed in the defendant’s name, by William E. Cox, treasurer.
Plaintiff made arrangements to carryout the contract with defendant and others, and incurred some obligations in so doing. Defendant also sent one or two orders to plaintiff to be filled. This service was performed by plaintiff. On the 27th of September, 1895, a meeting of the stockholders was held, and the contract with plaintiff was disapproved, and similar action was taken on the same day by the board of directors. This action was advised by Mr. Cox after having taken the opinion of a lawyer as to the binding effect of the contract with plaintiff, and as to the steps necessary to disapprove it, and avoid liability thereunder. The finding shows that the board of directors met only at intervals of several months, the dates being January 30, 1894; January 29, 1895; March 4, 1895; April 20, 1895; September 27, 1895; December 13, 1895; January 28, 1896. It was further found:
“Mr. Cox has been the secretary and-treasurer of the defendant from several years before 1895,’up to the time of the trial. The financial matters of defendant have during this time been under his control, but in important matters he always consulted Mr. Walker, the president. Mr. Cox, during the time aforesaid, had charge of the buying for defendant, except the buying of machinery, lumber, and general factory supplies. This, Mr. Walker attended to. In important purchases in Mr. Cox’s depart*683 ment, if it was anything extraordinary, he consulted with Mr. Walker, and Mr. Walker conferred with him about purchases in his (Walker’s) department. * * * The matter of the employment of men on the road, or the purchase or selling of goods, did not come before the board. The only salaried members of the board of directors were Messrs. Walker and Cox. After the death of Mr. William H. Powers, Messrs. Walker and Cox carried on the business of defendant; i. e., the manufacturing, buying, and selling, and hiring traveling men, and fixing their salaries, except as to the matters acted on by the board of directors, as above stated. Mr. Cox bought thousands of dollars worth of goods for defendant without consulting the board of directors. The traveling men were hired for no specific time, and were subject to discharge at any time. Neither Mr. Walker nor Mr. Cox ever entered into a written contract on behalf of defendant, except letters and orders for goods, without first having a vote of the stockholders or of the board of directors authorizing it.”
The circuit judge found as a conclusion of law that—
“Inasmuch as the agreement sued upon was never approved by the stockholders of defendant, but was disapproved by them, and also by the board of directors, the agreement never became operative, and plaintiff has no right of action.”
The finding undoubtedly established such a course of dealing on the part of Mr. Cox as would, to one having knowledge of such dealing, be evidence of extended power, and as to one cognizant of the continued exercise of such authority, and with no knowledge of the restrictions placed upon him by the by-laws of the company, the course of dealing was such as to constitute a holding out of Mr. Cox as one authorized to transact most of the affairs of the corporation, so far as they concerned the purchase and sale of wares or the means of accomplishing either. But in this case there is no finding that the plaintiff had any previous dealing with the defendant, or that he knew of the several acts of authority exercised by Mr. Cox. On the contrary, the finding is that he was informed
It is true, as contended by plaintiff, that by-laws of a corporation do not ordinarily bind third persons. 2 Beach, Mod. Cont. § 999; Union Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. White, 106 Ill. 67. But the reason why this is so is that persons dealing with the agents of corporations are justified in assuming that they possess such power as their employment would generally indicate, and are not bound to take notice of limitations of such power fixed by the by-laws. When, however, the third person dealing with an agent has direct notice of limitations placed upon his authority, it would be perversion of that salutary rule to hold that he may ignore such notice, and fall back upon what would otherwise have been apparent authority.
The judgment will be affirmed.
