Lead Opinion
We granted defendant city of Sterling Heights’ application for leave to appeal in this case to decide the proper application of the “natural accumulation” doctrine to municipal liability. Because we conclude that the natural accumulation of ice or snow on the sidewalk at issue does not give rise to an actionable breach of defendant’s duty, and the claimed depression in the sidewalk was not an independent defect, plaintiff cannot prove the elements required to establish a negligence claim against a governmental agency.
1. facts and proceedings
On January 29, 1996, plaintiff was walking on a snow-covered sidewalk located in her neighborhood. Plaintiff claims that she slipped and fell on a patch of ice that had formed on the sidewalk.
Plaintiff retained an engineering expert, Theodore Dziurman, who performed an inspection of the portion of sidewalk upon which plaintiff claimed ice had formed.
Q. When there is no rain and no freezing, is there anything particularly defective or dangerous about that condition in and of itself?
*301 A. It could be dangerous to someone that wasn’t expecting a depression there that could throw them off stride when they are walking causing them to stumble or fall. Someone riding on a bicycle if they are going real fast, they could hit the bottom of that thing and cause the bike to go out of control. There are possibilities of other accident potential because of that sunken condition.
Q. Do you have any information any of those things ever happened to that sidewalk slab?
A. No, I don’t.
Q. Your statements about what could happen are theoretical; correct?
A. I think you asked me that.
As a result of her fall, plaintiff suffered a broken ankle that required surgical intervention and thereafter initiated a lawsuit against defendant. In response, defendant filed a motion for summary disposition, brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10). The trial court denied defendant’s motion, and the Court of Appeals, in an unpublished opinion, affirmed, stating that
[i]n addition to the presence of snow and ice, plaintiffs allege there was a defect in the sidewalk itself, and therefore their claim is not barred by the natural accumulation doctrine .... Here, plaintiffs presented evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the sidewalk where [plaintiff] fell was reasonably safe for public travel. [Issued October 5, 1999 (Docket No. 206886), slip op at 1-2.]
H. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the grant or denial of summary disposition de novo. Maiden v Rozwood,
In reviewing a motion for summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10), we must consider the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and documentary evidence filed in the action or submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Quinto v Cross & Peters Co,
HI. GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY
The governmental tort liability act, MCL 691.1401 et seq., provides immunity for governmental agencies, including municipalities like defendant. It is well settled in this state that governmental agencies are immune from tort liability while engaging in a governmental function unless an exception applies.
The only exception implicated in the present case is the so-called “highway exception” to governmental immunity, which is set forth in MCL 691.1402, and provides in part:
Each governmental agency having jurisdiction over a highway shall maintain the highway in reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and convenient for public travel. A person who sustains bodily injury or damage to his or her property by reason of failure of a governmental agency to keep a highway under its jurisdiction in reasonable repair and in a condition reasonably safe and fit for travel may recover the damages suffered by him or her from the governmental agency.[6 ]
Pursuant to subsection 1402(1), the duty to maintain public sidewalks in “reasonable repair” falls on local governments, including cities, villages, and townships. See Chaney v Dep’t of Transportation,
However, as we noted in Suttles, simply asserting that an action falls within the “highway exception” to governmental immunity is not the end of the analysis:
In every instance where a plaintiff alleges a cause of action based on the highway exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1402(1); MSA 3.996(102)(1), the court must engage in a two-step analysis. [Id. at 651, n 10.]
First, it must be determined whether the plaintiff has pleaded a cause of action in avoidance of governmental immunity. Second, where a plaintiff successfully pleads in avoidance of governmental immunity, i.e., that the alleged injury occurred in a location encompassed by MCL 691.1402(1), the plaintiff must still prove, consistent with traditional negligence principles, the remaining elements of breach, causation, and damages contained within the statute. Id., see also Nawrocki, supra at 172, n 29. The statute at issue contains the duty element of these principles; namely, the duty of a municipality to “maintain” the sidewalk “in reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and convenient for public travel.” MCL
IV. the natural accumulation doctrine
“It has long been the law in this state . . . that a governmental agency’s failure to remove the natural accumulations of ice and snow on a public highway does not signal negligence of that public authority.” Stord v Transportation Dep’t,
In Mayo v Village of Baraga,
[i]f a liability exists, it is because of a defect in the [sidewalk]; and, if ice frozen upon a sidewalk is a defect when it is caused by water flowing from a roof, why should it not be when it flows from a vacant lot, or when it falls upon the [side]walk, or is caused by the melting of snow upon or adjoining such a walk? If the liability of a city for damages*306 resulting from a failure to keep its highways in a reasonably safe condition for travel extends to cases where such condition is not ascribable to defects in the construction and maintenance of the way, or to the action of the officers to the city or their negligence in the performance of a duty, it may be contended that cities must cause the streets to be patrolled, in search of bricks or coals that fall from wagons, for the treacherous banana peel, upon which the unwary are sure to slip, and for tacks or bits of glass or other rubbish, which puncture the tires of bicycles. [S]uch are not defects in the highway. [Id. at 173-174.]
In Hopson v Detroit,
Stating that “[i]n order to employ the doctrine of a slippery place precipitating into an unsafe place, there must be an unsafe place to slip into,” this Court held that the rule obtaining in Michigan places no liability upon the municipality for ice forming in this
In determining that the plaintiff in Hopson could not prevail, this Court stated that
wherever ice or snow is the sole proximate cause of the accident, there shall be no liability, but where at the time of the accident there is any other defect to which, as a proximate cause, the accident is in part attributable, there may be a liability notwithstanding the fact that it also may be attributable in part to ice or snow. This other defect, however, is not a proximate cause within the meaning of this rule, simply because it causes the accumulation of the ice or snow. In considering whether, “at the time of the accident, the way is otherwise reasonably safe and convenient,” the attention is to be directed to the actual physical condition of the way for the purpose of ascertaining whether there is at that time any other danger to the steps of the traveler than that arising from the presence of ice or snow; if there be no other danger, then for the time being the way is “otherwise reasonably safe and convenient.” [Id. at 252, quoting Newton v Worcester, 174 Mass 181, 187;54 NE 521 (1899)(emphasis added).]
In Johnson, supra, the plaintiff suffered injuries as the result of a fall sustained while walking over or
Accordingly, the natural accumulation doctrine provides that a governmental agency’s failure to remove ice or snow from a highway does not, by itself, constitute negligence. Pursuant to this doctrine, plaintiff must prove that there was an existing defect in the sidewalk rendering it not reasonably safe for public travel.
V. ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION
Turning to the present case, we apply this longstanding rule and conclude that the natural accumulation of ice on the sidewalk, without more, did not constitute a breach of defendant’s statutory duty to maintain the sidewalk in reasonable repair. Further, plaintiff cannot prove that her injuries resulted from a defect on the sidewalk, as distinct from the accumulation of ice.
To establish a prima fade case of negligence, a plaintiff must be able to prove four elements: (1) a
As in Hopson, plaintiff cannot demonstrate that it was the combination of ice and a defect in the sidewalk that caused her to slip and fall. See id. at 250-252. Plaintiff admitted, with Anna Marson’s testimony supporting the admission, that she slipped on the ice that was present on the sidewalk; she did not trip over, or lose her balance in any way because of the claimed depression in the sidewalk. The sole proximate cause of plaintiff’s slip and fall was the ice; there was no persistent defect in the sidewalk rendering it unsafe for public travel at all times that, in combination with the ice, caused the incident.
The claimed sidewalk depression in the present case merely allowed the natural accumulation of ice to form, and factually presented no “other danger to the steps of the traveler than that arising from the presence of the ice . . . Hopson, supra at 252. As in Hopson, we reject the proposition that the presence of ice alone, which naturally accumulates and which is the sole proximate cause of a slip and fall, satisfies the remaining elements of the negligence analysis employed in actions against governmental agencies. In the absence of a persistent defect in the highway (i.e., a sidewalk), rendering it unsafe for public travel at all times, and which combines with the natural accumulation of ice or snow to proximately cause injury, a plaintiff cannot prevail against an otherwise immune municipality.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and we remand this case to the Macomb Circuit Court for entry of an order granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
Notes
Throughout this opinion, “plaintiff” refers to Valeria Haliw. The loss of consortium claim of Dko Haliw, plaintiff’s husband, is derivative in nature.
At her deposition, plaintiff admitted that she slipped on the ice patch; she did not trip on, or over, anything relating to the actual physical condition of the sidewalk itself.
We note that Theodore Dziurman’s inspection of the sidewalk occurred on July 2, 1997.
The five statutory exceptions to governmental immunity are: the “highway exception,” MCL 691.1402, the “motor vehicle exception,” MCL 691.1405, the “public building exception,” MCL 691.1406, the “proprietary function exception,” MCL 691.1413, and the “governmental hospital exception,” MCL 691.1407(4).
Although governmental agencies may be under a wide variety of duties, with regard to services that they provide to the public, only those enumerated within the statutorily created exceptions are legally compensable if breached. MCL 691.1407; Nawrocki, supra at 157.
Plaintiffs accident occurred on January 29, 1996. Accordingly, the statutory language applicable in this case is that found in
For purposes of application of the highway exception to a municipality, MCL 691.1401 provides: (1) “governmental agency” means the state or a “political subdivision”; (2) “political subdivision” means a “municipal corporation”; and (3) “municipal corporation” means a “city, village, or township.” Subsection 1401(a), (b), (d). Moreover, “highway” means a public highway, road, or street that is open for public travel and includes bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts on the highway. Subsection 1401(e). “Governmental function,” as used in the governmental immunity act, is “an activity that is expressly or impliedly mandated or authorized by constitution, statute, local charter or ordinance, or other law.” Subsection 1401(f).
“Courts should take care not to confuse their separate inquiries into [governmental] immunity and negligence.” Canon v Thumudo,
The dissent’s dominant theme is that we have invaded the province of the finder of fact by concluding that the accumulation of ice at this location was natural. In support of this, the dissent asserts that “[a] determination whether the sidewalk was in ‘reasonable repair’ is a precursor to the issue whether the accumulation was natural, which is a precursor to application of the natural accumulation doctrine.” Post at 316. The dissent
In Hopson, this Court rejected the dissent’s argument that a depression that allows water to accumulate and freeze is an underlying defect precluding application of the natural accumulation doctrine. “Ice on a sidewalk, whether on level places or in depressions, constitutes no defect entailing liability.” Id. at 250-251 (emphasis added). The Court continued: “[t]he rule, and the only rule, under which plaintiff could recover is that, where two causes combine to produce an injury to a pedestrian using a sidewalk, one of the causes at least must be a defect in the walk, rendering the walk not reasonably safe for public travel at any time.” Id. at 250 (emphasis added). As the Supreme Court of Massachusetts observed in Newton, supra at 187, a case upon which Hopson relied:
[T]he real question is not simply whether the way, with no ice or snow upon it, is defective, but whether, if there be such a defect, it was operative as such at the time of the accident, and was in part the proximate cause of it. If there be such an operative defect, then there may be a liability, even although the accident be due in part to ice or snow; otherwise, there is no such liability, even if the defect was the cause of the accumulation of ice or snow.
Therefore, an independent defect, other than the accumulation of ice or snow, must be at least a proximate cause of a plaintiffs injury in order for the plaintiff to recover under the statute. It is clear from the testimony of plaintiff, plaintiffs expert, and the eyewitness, that there was no such defect that proximately caused plaintiffs fall in the instant case. Thus, we conclude in accord with Hopson, that plaintiff failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact whether a defect, rather than the accumulated ice alone, caused her injury.
Even if we were to assume that the claimed depression here represented a condition that rendered the sidewalk not “reasonably safe for public travel” at all times, under the facts of the present case the natural
This point, perhaps, is better illustrated by way of example. Under the first scenario, a six-foot deep hole exists in the middle of a sidewalk. Water naturally accumulates in the top of the hole and, because of the weather conditions, freezes so that, in effect, the hole no longer exists. While walking upon the sidewalk, an individual steps on the ice, slips, and falls, thereby incurring injury. Under this scenario, it can only be said that the sole proximate cause of the slip and fall was tire presence of the natural accumulation of ice. A different outcome, however, would present under a scenario where the same six-foot hole in the sidewalk is present, but the ice forms several inches below the top of the hole. While walking upon the sidewalk, an individual steps on the edge of the hole, which causes him to momentarily lose his balance. While attempting to remain upright, this individual slips on the ice that had naturally accumulated in the hole. Under this scenario, it must be said that, in tandem, the defect and the natural accumulation of ice combined to proximately cause the slip and fall.
The prevailing rule from Hopson, supra at 250-251, and Johnson, supra at 105, is that a plaintiff cannot recover if an injury is due solely to the presence of ice on the sidewalk, even if a depression in the sidewalk caused the accumulation. In such cases, the depression is not a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury. Hopson, supra at 250-251. Our law has developed this test specifically in the context of the natural accumulation
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I believe that plaintiffs established questions of fact about whether (1) the claimed depression in the sidewalk rendered the sidewalk no longer reasonably safe, (2) the ice or snow on which Valeria Haliw fell was a “natural accumulation,” and
The majority’s resolution of these factual disputes is an impermissible invasion into the province of the finder of fact. Because the issues should be left for the finder of fact, I would affirm the Court of Appeals decision that upheld the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
i
In the proceedings below, defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(10). It argued that summary disposition was proper because the natural accumulation doctrine barred plaintiffs’ claim, and there was no defect in the sidewalk in question. Plaintiffs retorted that there were questions of fact whether the sidewalk was defective because the depression in it created an unnatural accumulation of ice and snow. Therefore, they contended, the natural accumulation doctrine has nothing to do with the case.
In denying defendant’s motion, the trial court stated:
The Court-. It seems [plaintiff] does have someone who seems to have expertise — a great deal of expertise who is saying it is a year-aroimd defect, not just an accumulation of ice and no defect if it is a constant problem and he is going to testify to that, and if that — from that this Court’s specific perspective raises an issue of fact, you are saying that by a preponderance that doesn’t meet the standard?
I am not disposed to agree with your position on that, so you have something else you would like to make me aware of regarding why this isn’t something that a jury must listen to?
*314 [.Defendant’s counsel]: I have nothing else with regard to the expert, your honor. . . .
The Court-. . . . [T]his Court does believe that plaintiff has shown — this fact issue has been raised by provisions raised by the expert and his credentials and you [defendant] may provide your own expert, but if a finder of fact should have the opportunity, then, to weigh the issues in this case, and I will deny the motion for summary disposition.
In affirming, the Court of Appeals rejected defendant’s claim that the natural accumulation doctrine barred plaintiffs’ claim.
Defendant’s argument fails, however, because plaintiffs do not allege that Valeria Haliw fell because of a natural accumulation of ice and snow. Rather, plaintiffs claim that the fall was caused by an unnatural accumulation of ice and snow resulting from a depression in the sidewalk. Thus, in addition to the presence of snow and ice, plaintiffs allege that there was a defect in the sidewalk itself, and therefore their claim is not barred by the natural accumulation doctrine. [Slip op, pp 1-2 (citation omitted).]
The appellate court disagreed, also, with defendant’s position that the alleged defect was insufficient to support the imposition of liability. It reasoned that a factual dispute existed whether the sidewalk where Valeria Haliw fell was reasonably safe for public travel. It rejected as unpersuasive defendant’s argument disputing plaintiffs’ evidence, explaining that a court “may not assess credibility or determine facts when considering a motion for summary disposition.” Id. at 2.
This Court reviews a trial court’s decision concerning a summary disposition motion de novo. Maiden v Rozwood,
A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support of a plaintiff’s claim. See Smith v Globe Life Ins Co,
ni
A government agency has a statutory duty to keep highways under its jurisdiction in reasonable repair so that they are reasonably safe and convenient for public travel. MCL 691.1402(1). At least in a municipal setting, a “highway” is defined to include sidewalks. MCL 691.1401(e).
Here, it is undisputed that plaintiffs’ claim falls within the “highway exception” to governmental im
I agree that the presence of a natural accumulation of ice or snow does not, itself, constitute a breach of the municipality’s statutory duty. However, it is debatable whether the accumulation in the present case can be deemed “natural.” A determination whether the sidewalk was in “reasonable repair” is a precursor to the issue whether the accumulation was natural, which is a precursor to application of the natural accumulation doctrine.
In opposition to defendant’s summary disposition motion, plaintiffs introduced a report from their expert, Theodore Dziurman. Dziurman noted that his inspection of the sidewalk revealed the following:
The second and third slabs north of the driveway [the site where plaintiff fell3 ] had settled about 2 inches. Water would accumulate in this depression.
Based on [plaintiff’s] deposition transcript, she most likely slipped on an “unnatural” accumulation of ice which caused her to fall. However, on the date of the accident, there was also a trip hazard at the same location ....
... I believe that [plaintiff’s] apparent slip and fall occurred due primarily to “defects in the walking surface.” Due to either poor compaction of the “base” material beneath the sidewalk and/or due to past tree root growth, at least 2 of the sidewalk slabs at this location had settled resulting in an unnatural depression in the sidewalk.
Finally, Dziurman summarized his findings as follows:
There were several defects in the sidewalk in front of 36225 Arlene, Sterling Heights, Michigan, in January of 1996. These defects had existed for several years. The most significant defect was a settlement of two slabs resulting in a depression that would pond water or ice in a 2 or 3 square foot area. This depression was not normal and if the sidewalk sections had been properly constructed and maintained, there would not have been a depression in the sidewalk sections noted on January 29, 1996 which created an unnatural accumulation of ice.
Based on weather data for January of 1996, there was a source and proper temperatures to allow ice to form. In the A.M. of January 29, light snow had obscured the ice. As [plaintiff] walked along the public sidewalk in front of 36225 Arlene, her foot accidentally landed on the unnatural accumulation of unseen ice causing her to slip and fall. . . .
*318 The defects in the walking surface allowed ice to form and these defects were the proximate cause of [plaintiff’s] accident. [Emphasis added.]
In support of its motion, defendant argued that the report was insufficient to create a factual dispute regarding the sidewalk’s condition. Also, it introduced testimony from the homeowner nearest the sidewalk, who stated that there was nothing dangerous about the sidewalk absent snow or ice. Plaintiffs countered with Dziurman’s testimony that the sidewalk, without snow or ice, “could be dangerous” to pedestrians or bicyclists who were not expecting a depression.
Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, the nonmoving parties below, a jury could infer that the sidewalk’s depression rendered it out of “reasonable repair.”
Alternatively, the majority asserts, even if the depression in the sidewalk rendered it no longer reasonably safe, the natural accumulation of ice or snow here “effectively vitiated the unsafe condition.” Ante at 311, n 10. This assertion is flawed because it is based on a premise that the accumulation here was
Finally, the majority states that summary disposition for defendant is appropriate because plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that the claimed depression was the proximate cause of the fall under Hopson, supra. The trial court made no findings regarding proximate cause. The parties never argued this issue. Instead, their arguments concerned whether the sidewalk was in reasonable repair and whether the natural accumulation doctrine applied. Therefore, I believe it improper to decide the instant matter on proximate cause grounds. See Miller, supra.
Nevertheless, given the evidence presented below, particularly although not exclusively Dziurman’s report, a factual dispute exists whether Valeria Haliw’s injuries were proximately caused by the condition of the sidewalk. Thus, defendant is not entitled to summary disposition on this basis, either.
IV
Plaintiffs established a genuine factual dispute regarding whether the sidewalk at issue was in rea
Unpublished opinion per curiam, issued October 5, 1999, (Docket No. 206886).
See Whinnen v 231 Corp,
In the complaint, plaintiffs claimed that Valeria fell because of a depression in the sidewalk, among other things. Amia Marson, the homeowner nearest the sidewalk, testified that she helped Valeria to her feet
See Cornell v City of Ypsilanti,
See Pappas v Bay City,
See also Whinnen, supra at 377, “[i]n almost every case whether the condition was due to a natural accumulation or an artificial or unnatural accumulation or condition is one of fact for the jury.” Cf. Woodworth v Brenner,
Moreover, the majority’s reliance on Hopson is misplaced. Hopson held that there was no evidence of an actual defect in the sidewalk. See id. at 251; see also Pappas, supra at 752, stating that, to reconcile Hopson with other cases from this Court, it should be read as holding that no actual defect was shown. Hence, Hopson does not control where, as here, there is evidence of an actual defect in the sidewalk.
See Johnson v Marquette,