424 Mass. 275 | Mass. | 1997
The question for decision is whether the “owned property” exclusion in a homeowners’ insurance policy bars coverage for the costs incurred by the policyholders for the cleanup of an oil spill on their property. The cleanup was undertaken after the policyholders received a notice of responsibility from the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (department). Ralph W. Hakim and Mary F. Hakim (Hakims) commenced this action against Abington Mutual Fire Insurance Company (Abington)
We summarize the material facts which are not in dispute. The Hakims purchased their homeowners’ insurance policy from Abington for the period October 7, 1990, to October 7, 1993. On October 8, 1992, a neighbor of the Hakims reported to the local fire department the appearance of a petroleum sheen on the surface of a stream about ninety feet from the Hakims’ residence. The source of the contamination was a ruptured underground fuel line leading from an aboveground oil storage tank in the Hakims’ basement to the furnace. About one hundred gallons of home heating oil had leaked into the ground and had contaminated the Hakims’ property. The fire department disconnected the leaking pipe and installed a temporary pipe aboveground.
A licensed environmental engineering firm, ENPRO Services, Inc. (ENPRO), responded to an emergency call from the department and performed certain emergency response actions. In response to the notice of responsibility, the Hakims also retained ENPRO to perform assessment and related remedial work.
ENPRO determined that the leaking oil had migrated through the drainage system of the Hakims’ house to an outfall pipe, and from there into a stream which flowed through a comer of the Hakims’ property. Beyond the property, the oil passed from the stream, through a pond, and eventually into the Charles River. ENPRO took emergency measures to confine and remove the oil contamination of the adjacent waterways through the use of oil absorbent booms and pads which were placed where the outfall pipe from the Hakims’ property connected to the stream, as well as at other locations downstream. An oil spill containment boom was also placed in a downstream pond. These emergency actions were completed by October 12, 1992.
In the following months ENPRO undertook additional assessment and remedial work. It appears that at least through April, 1993, the oil absorbent booms and pads placed on the waterways were kept in place, and that ENPRO checked and changed them from time to time.
The Hakims filed a timely notice of claim with Abington, seeking reimbursement for all the costs they had incurred for the assessment and cleanup. Abington agreed to and apparently did pay for the costs incurred for all the assessment work and for the containment and cleaning of the waterways located near the Hakims’ property.
We begin our consideration with a brief outline of the policy. There are two parts to the policy. Section I provides for “Property Coverages” and contains five categories of coverage: the insureds’ “Dwelling” (Coverage A), “Other Structures” (Coverage B), “Personal Property” (Coverage C), “Loss of Use” (Coverage D) and certain other enumerated “Additional Coverages.” This section also contains itemizations of “Perils Insured Against,” “Exclusions” and “Conditions.” The exclusions include a pollution exclusion clause which states that the policy does not cover losses caused by the “release, discharge or dispersal of contaminants or pollutants.” The Hakims make no claims for indemnity under Section I of the policy.
Section II, termed “Liability Coverages,” contains two categories of coverage; “Personal Liability” (Coverage E), and “Medical Payments to Others” (Coverage F). Section II also contains its own itemizations of “Exclusions,” “Additional Coverages” and “Conditions.” The Hakims make their claim pursuant to “Coverage E - Personal Liability,” which reads in pertinent part: “If a claim is made or a suit is brought
The Fund contends that the owned property exclusion limits the scope of liability coverage based on the location of the property harmed and bars coverage for any damage to the policyholders’ own property. According to the Fund, it was contractually obliged to pay only for damage to third-party property — in this case the waterways adjacent to the Hakims’ property — and had no obligation to pay for any damage to the Hakims’ property. The Hakims argue that the location of the cleanup is irrelevant; they seek indemnification for all the cleanup costs that, they say, were incurred “because of’ the property damage to the surrounding waterways.
We previously have not addressed the question whether an owned property exclusion bars coverage for the costs of an environmental cleanup of a policyholder’s property.
The interpretation of an insurance contract is no different from the interpretation of any other contract, and we must construe the words of the policy in their usual and ordinary sense. See Cody v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 387 Mass. 142, 146 (1982), quoting MacArthur v. Massachusetts Hosp. Serv., Inc., 343 Mass. 670, 672 (1962); Barnstable County
The Fund argues that the plain meaning of the disputed provision excludes coverage of all of the costs of cleanup on the Hakims’ property, regardless of the reason for the cleanup. In the Fund’s view, it is irrelevant whether the excavation and removal of soil from the Hakims’ property was to eliminate a source of the contamination or to protect the adjacent waterways from further contamination. Liability coverage, says the Fund, extends only to third-party property damage and the costs to remediate the contamination of third-party property.
The Hakims argue that the plain language of the owned property exclusion does not bar coverage for the excavation and removal of the contaminated soil from their property. Focusing on the words of “Coverage E - Personal Liability,” they argue that, if the cleanup activity is conducted “because of” or to “address” the contamination of the adjacent waterways, the owned property exclusion does not apply.
If free from ambiguity, an exclusionary clause, like all other provisions of an insurance contract, must be given its usual and ordinary meaning. Royal-Globe Ins. Co. v. Schultz, 385 Mass. 1013 (1982). We are not persuaded that the policy language here unequivocally supports the interpretation of either party; both interpretations are at least plausible.
It is also appropriate that we consider “what an objectively reasonable insured, reading the relevant policy language, would expect to be covered.” Trustees of Tufts Univ., supra at 849, quoting Hazen Paper Co., supra at 700. We conclude that a reasonable policyholder would expect coverage of some and possibly all of the disputed cleanup costs in the circumstances of this case. It is undisputed that the Hakims incurred their costs when oil contamination was discovered in the waterways adjacent to their property and when the department issued its notice of responsibility. When the repair of the ruptured fuel line stopped further leaks of the heating oil into the ground, the Hakims could reasonably have expected that the costs incurred to prevent continuing contamination of the waterways from the migrating oil would not be excluded from coverage. The Hakims were told by ENPRO that it was necessary to remove the “secondary source” of the contamination. They also, presumably, were aware that the oil absorbent booms and pads had to be maintained on the waterways for several months after the ruptured fuel line had been repaired. They could have concluded that contamination of the waterways would persist unless the contaminated soil was removed from their basement.
This does not necessarily mean that the Fund is liable for all of the cleanup costs incurred by the Hakims. The policy covers cleanup costs incurred to remediate or prevent further migration of the contaminants to the off-site waterways. Costs incurred for the sole purpose of remediating the Hakims’ property are barred by the owned property exclusion of the policy.
Judgment was entered in the court below on cross motions
On appeal, the Fund argues that the Hakims offered no evidence of contamination to any groundwater or off-site soil subsequent to the emergency cleanup of the waters. We do not agree. Oil absorbent pads and booms were required to re-mediate the contamination to the waterways for some months after the initial emergency responses. The Hakims also rely on the ENPRO report to argue that there was a threat of further contamination of the adjacent waterways unless the contaminated soil was removed from beneath their basement.
We vacate the order of the Superior Court granting sum
So ordered.
On October 31, 1995, we issued an order of liquidation declaring Abington insolvent, G. L. c. 175, § 180C, and appointed the Commissioner of Insurance (commissioner) as Abington’s receiver in liquidation. On December 8, 1995, we allowed a joint motion of the commissioner, the Hakims, and the Massachusetts Insurers’ Insolvency Fund (Fund) to substitute .the Fund as party defendant to the Hakims’ breach of contract claim, and as a plaintiff-in-counterclaim with respect to Abington’s request for declaratory relief.
The record is not clear as to precisely what work ENPRO performed off-site in the months following the emergency cleanup in October, 1992.
The record is not clear as to precisely which costs were paid for by Abington and which by the Hakims.
The Hakims’ complaint included a claim for breach of contract and a claim under the Consumer Protection Act, G. L. c. 93A, § 2, for violations of G. L. c. 176D, § 3 (9). The Hakims do not press the G. L. c. 93A claim against the Fund, but “reserve all rights” they may have to pursue that claim against the estate of Abington in liquidation. We do not consider the nature or extent of that claim.
For Section II liability coverage to be triggered there must be “property damage” caused by an “occurrence.” The policy defines “occurrence” as “an accident, including exposure to conditions, which results, during the policy period, in . . . bodily injury ... or .. . property damage,” and “property damage” as “physical injury to, destruction of, or loss of use of tangible property.” The parties do not dispute that the oh spill constituted an “occurrence” causing “property damage” within the policy definitions. See Hazen Paper Co. v. United. States Fid. & Guar. Co., 407 Mass. 689, 700 (1990).
In Trustees of Tufts Univ. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 415 Mass. 844 (1993), we did not reach the issue because we concluded that the record did not establish that the insured actually owned the property at issue.
Even in the absence of .contamination of third-party property, some courts have held that the owned property exclusion does not bar recovery for cleanup costs of the insured’s property if these were incurred to prevent the imminent migration of contamination to third-party property. See, e.g., Intel Corp. v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 952 F.2d 1551, 1565-1566 (9th Cir. 1991) (applying California law); Savoy Medical Supply Co. v. F & H Mfg. Corp., 776 F. Supp. 703, 708-709 (E.D.N.Y. 1991) (applying New York law); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Quinn Constr. Co., 713 F. Supp. 35, 40-41 (D. Mass. 1989), vacated on other grounds, 748 F. Supp. 927 (D. Mass. 1990); Jones Truck Lines vs. Transport Ins. Co., U.S. Dist. Ct. C.A. No. 88-5723 (E.D. Pa. May 10, 1989). In this case it is undisputed that there was contamination of the waterways adjacent to the Hakims’ property. We therefore need not and do not consider whether the owned property exclusion bars coverage if there is an imminent threat of, but no actual contamination of, the property of another.
The Fund argues that it is free to exercise its own business judgment and may decide for itself that the most cost-effective approach to a cleanup of third-party property contamination is to pay for the cost of a cleanup of a policyholder’s property.
There are no Massachusetts appellate decisions interpreting the owned property exclusion in circumstances similar to these. We note that judges in the Superior Court have reached conflicting decisions interpreting substantially similar policy exclusions. Compare Rubenstein vs. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., Suffolk Superior Court No. 90-1687-B (Aug. 23, 1995), and Stupp vs. Taylor & Murphy, Inc., Middlesex Superior Court No. 90-4093 (Dec. 23, 1991), with the decision reached by the trial judge in this case.
Some courts have held that the owned property exclusion does not bar coverage regardless whether the contamination is confined to the insured’s property or has migrated or might migrate elsewhere. See Anderson Dev. Co. v. Travelers Indent. Co., 49 F.3d 1128, 1134 (6th Cir. 1995) (applying Michigan law); Joslyn Mfg. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 23 F.3d 1212,
Compare Figgie Int’l, Inc. v. Bailey, 25 F.3d 1267, 1272 (5th Cir. 1994) (summary judgment appropriate where insured “failed to submit any evidence” that hazardous material located on insured’s property was capable of leaking into groundwater).
The Fund argues that our interpretation of the owned property clause would constitute a “judicially createfd] exception” to the owned property exclusion, and as such the Hakims would bear the burden of proof that the