268 Pa. 92 | Pa. | 1920
Opinion by
September the 7th, 1916, seven months before the United States entered the war with Germany, the Federal Shipping Act (U. S. Comp. St., secs. 8146, a-r) was passed. It provided for the creation of a shipping board with authority to construct and equip ships, to buy, sell and lease ships for use as naval auxiliaries or army transports, or for other naval or military purposes, and, except as there designated, the board could not operate ships purchased or constructed. The members, officers
By section 11 sec. 8146f the hoard was given authority in its discretion to form one or more corporations to carry out the purposes of the act, the “purchase, construction, equipment, lease, charter, maintenance, and operation of merchant vessels in the commerce of the United States.” Pursuant to this authority, after war was declared, a corporation was formed April 16, 1917, under ch. 18, sub. sec. 4 of the laws of the District of Columbia. It was called the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, with corporate stock of the value of $50,000,000.
The act specified the interest the United States should hold in the stock of the corporation, how the other stock could be disposed of and the final disposition of stock and assets after the war. Under its certificate of incorporation the Fleet Corporation was empowered to purchase, construct, equip, lease, charter, maintain and operate merchant vessels in the commerce of the United States and, in general, to do and perform every lawful act and thing necessary or expedient to be done or performed for the efficient and profitable conducting of the business. It possessed all the powers, obligations and duties of corporations organized under the laws of the District of Columbia and much inherently belonging to corporations organized in any state.
On June 15, 1917, the Congress passed an Urgent Deficiencies Appropriation Act, which conferred upon the President power to purchase, requisition or take over buildings, and produce and purchase ships or material therefor, ships now constructed, in process of contraction or thereafter constructed, all such ships to be managed, operated and disposed of by the President, or “through such agency or agencies as he shall determine from time to time.” On July 11th, the Fleet Corpora
Several other acts of Congress were passed and further orders were issued by the President collating the powers the Congress had conferred upon him and further designating the Shipping Board and the Fleet Corporation as agents to carry out these powers. Congress, by other legislation, had conferred upon the Fleet Corporation power to provide houses for shipyard employees— the land necessary to be acquired under the right of eminent domain.
The Fleet Corporation, in furtherance of the object of its incorporation, acting through its officers, made a contract with defendant, the Lone Star Shipbuilding Company, to construct eight wooden hulls to be used in the construction of ships. Defendant became indebted to plaintiff for plumbing and the latter sued out this writ of foreign attachment ágainst funds in the hands of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, due to the Shipbuilding-Company. On motion of the garnishee, joined in by the attorney general of the United States, the court below was asked to quash the writ for the reasons that the garnishee (a) is an agency of the United States for the purpose of carrying out the purposes of the Shipping Act of 1916 and its several amendments; (b) all the capital stock being held by or on behalf of the United States, the company is in effect the government; (c) under the emergency shipping fund provision of the Act of 1917, which provided an appropriation for military and naval
In answering these questions and generally in determining whether the Fleet Corporation is immune from liability because it is alleged to be an arm of the government and, therefore, not subject to the process of the court, and, if not an arm of the government, at least an agency of it, it is well to consider not only the specific acts performed, but the purpose of creating this company and the place it was to fill in the general scheme of promoting the war then at hand, and find therefrom, and from the several acts under which the garnishee was created and designated as an instrumentality for a given purpose, whether it was clothed with powers or attributes different from, or greater than, other corporations.
We may assume, for the purposes of this case, the shipping act, as well as subsequent legislation, had for its immediate purpose the preparation of the United States government for its successful entry into and conclusion of the war with Germany. Broad powers were given to the officers therein named to the end that the country might be put upon a satisfactory war basis, and, in conferring these powers, it is evident Congress had in mind the different branches of government as such — or the administrative boards they created — should be in a position to effectively carry out the objects and purposes proposed. They were immune from civil process, and free from any hampering impediments, such as lack of congressional action. That body had determined nothing should stand in the way of success, barring, of course, any incapacity of those who filled the several offices. But because of certain limitary rules of the department
That the corporation was possessed of the right of eminent domain to acquire land for houses, does not take it beyond the station occupied by similar corporations possessing like power, and which are not governmental agencies, or the government. Nor does the fact that the President designated this corporation as the instrumentality through which could be effectively worked out those objects and purposes entrusted to him by various acts of Congress, of itself clothe the corporation as a government representative with immunity from suit, and place the funds due to this defaulting defendant beyond the reach of civil process. The Shipping Act provided for the formation of a corporation, with other minor provisions relative thereto, to carry out the purposes of the act. There is not a single line . :.'‘"ve v‘ which has a tendency to show that the board :: ■ .rerred on the Fleet Corporation any of its many administrative or governmental duties, but when we turn to the articles of association of this company we find the limit of this “carrying out the purposes of the act” to be the “purchase, construction, equipment, lease, charter, maintenance, and operation of merchant vessels in the commerce of the United States, and in general to do and to perform every lawful act and thing necessary or expedient to be done or performed for the efficient and profitable conducting of said business”; that the President, under the Emergency Fund provision of the Urgent Deficiencies Act, designated this corporation to per
The authorities cited by the appellant, where courts, because of public policy, have refused to permit moneys to be attached, were all cases where the garnishee was a public officer charged with a governmental duty, or was in fact a branch of the government exercising governmental functions as such; but no case has been pointed, out where industrial business concerns incorporated for profit, having no attribute of government, have been held to be, under circumstances similar to these before us, government agents free from attachment, or against which claims were not justifiable. Such corporations do not share in civil government as municipal, or quasi municipal, bodies. See Bailey v. Mayor, 3 Hill (N. Y.) 531, 539; Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheaton 518. They possess no legislative power, no executive control, so far as the body politic is concerned, nor do they exercise judicial functions as to acts between citizens. It is a business corporation, to be treated as such, unless Congress expressly provides otherwise, which has not been done in the present instance. It would seem that the Congress, by its several acts, intended the general course of the law, with respect to the litigation with which this company might be connected, should be applicable. To evidence this purpose it provided an exception to the general rule by requiring that suits brought to recover compensation for property requisitioned
If it was the intent of the Congress that the Fleet Corporation should be immune from civil process, it would have been very easy to have written it into the act; but nowhere is such language found, nor can it be reasonably inferred therefrom. If the Fleet Corporation was to be immune from civil process of any nature whatever, why the necessity of a Fleet Corporation at all? The United States government, acting through the shipping board as such, was immune from such process. It possessed the power and authority to do all the corporation could do. What was the intent of the Congress when it authorized the creation of the Fleet Corporation if it was not for the purpose of conducting a business corporation and assuring to those with whom it dealt that they would have a speedy adjustment of all claims. If not so adjusted, they had a debtor responsible in a court of law for the contracts and obligations undertaken, and when its contractors incurred debts a way was at hand, as in this case, to compel payment. Where would this immunity cease, considering the language of the delegation and the sundry subsequent delegation of the same subject-matter as the corporation was empowered to and did make?
It must be further borne in mind that at this time the enforcement of the present attachment does not interfere with the construction of ships, nor does it endanger the public welfare in the slightest degree, nor is it capable of doing any act that would jeopardize the interests of the government. Courts will not close their doors to the relief of honest claimants (who have dealt with concerns such as herein discussed) for the reason that at one time they were engaged in and had for their immediate purpose the preparation of the United States government
We might then safely rest the case on the general rule that it, as a corporation doing business in Pennsylvania, is amenable to the processes of this court. As a corporation, chartered in the District of Columbia, there is no doubt the federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction with the state courts, it being a creature of the United States government. It has been held that corporations organized under the laws of the District of Columbia may be sued in the state courts: Sheffer v. Natl. Insurance Co., 25 Minn. 534. Generally speaking, whenever the legal right arises and the state court is competent to administer justice, the right may be asserted in such court although the federal court may have concurrent jurisdiction, unless the jurisdiction is limited by law to the federal courts. State courts have, therefore, been held to have jurisdiction of the suit against a federal officer or an officer of the general government, except where exclusive jurisdiction is given to the federal courts: Scranton v. Wheeler, 179 U. S. 141, affirming Scranton v. Wheeler, 113 Mich. 565; Crawford v. Waterson, 5 Fla. 472, 474; Smith v. Berman, 8 Ga. A. 262, 273; Ward v. Henry, 19 Wis. 76, 80; Teall v. Felton, 1 N. Y. 537, 543; Polack v. Mansfield, 44 Cal. 36, 40; Lewis v. Buck, 7 Minn. 104, 112. In Kneedler v. Lane, 45 Pa. 238, 249, Judge Lowrie has an interesting discussion as to the right of the state courts to exercise jurisdiction over questions emanating from federal laws, but no question is here raised as to the right to sue in the state court because the garnishee is a corporation of the District of Columbia. We conclude, therefore, that the attachment was proper and a valid process against the garnishee.
The order of the court below is affirmed.