193 Mo. App. 453 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1916
Plaintiff, tbe widow of Harry B. Haines, deceased, brought.this suit, as administratrix of his estate, to recover damages for his death which she alleges was caused by negligence of defendant. At the time of his death which occurred January 28, 1912, after midnight, Haines was the head brakeman on an extra freight train engaged in interstate commerce and the pleaded cause of action is based upon the Employers’ Liability Act approved April 22, 1908, as amended by the Act of April 5, 1910. The train, composed of a locomotive, thirty or thirty-five freight cars and a caboose, had been held nearly four hours on the passing track at Tindall a station six miles north of Trenton, which is a division station for defendant’s railroad, and Haines was killed by the starting of the train, being run over and cut in two by the rear wheels of the first car from the engine. The amended petition on which the case was tried alleges that it was the duty of the engineer not to move the train without a signal from the head brakeman, and that his negligent breach of such duty was the proximate cause of the death of the brakeman. The answer is a general denial and pleas of contributory negligence and assumed risk. A trial to a jury resulted in a verdict and judgment for plaintiff and defendant appealed.
The evidence of plaintiff tends to show that Haines was under duty to watch a road crossing a short distance from the depot and to attend to having the crossing opened if a traveler appeared on the public road, and that he was at his proper post for the performance of such duty which it appears required no performance that night, as no belated traveler appeared to demand thqt the crossing be opened. On the other hand there is evidence that while in the depot Haines was duty free and participated in a carousal with the townsmen which was generated and accelerated by the frequent passing of a jug of whiskey one of the late arrivals brought with him.
A northbound freight train came in and was held at Tindall until after the passage of the northbound limited passenger train. The house track was full of cars, and the only available place for that train was on the north end of the passing track. Accordingly it pulled up on the main line, backed in on the passing track and stopped with its caboose a short .space — perhaps a carlength — from the caboose of the southbound train. The passing track was not long
Calder testified “as we came up by the cars there was a leak in the air hose. I don’t know where it was, hut some place between the depot and the engine and he (Haines) said ‘There is leak enough to blow your head off.’ ”
For some reason (not explained) Haines whose duty it was — so plaintiff claims — to repair such a leak if he could, did not stop hut went on with Calder and visited with him in the cab of the engine ten minutes or more until "warned of the coming of the lim
Defendant objected to this testimony but the objection was overruled. No one saw Haines alive after that. ' As soon as the block signal showed a clear track after the passage of the limited, the engineer of the extra freight sounded two blasts of the whistle and started up. No one was at the switch and he stopped or slowed down and blew the whistle four times for a signal from Haines. Receiving none, his fireman took a switch key and went forward from the engine and turned the switch. Becoming alarmed over the absence of Haines from his post the crew made a search and found his body cut in two and the indications were that he was under the first freight car when the train started. Ten cars had passed over his body. The engineer admits that he started without a signal from Haines or any member of either crew, and claims that he was justified in doing so when the block signal showed a clear track and that the only duty he owed his crew and others was to do what he did — give a signal on his whistle that he was about to start. The printed rules of defendant did not deal with this precise subject and there is evidence fro and con on the issue of the custom and practice of train operators in such cases. Witnesses for plaintiff (chiefly discharged employees of defend
But it is argued that Iiaines was not in the discharge of any duty of his service at the tifne of his death. There is evidence to support a conclusion that he was drunk and without any reason deliberately crawled under the car; but there is abundant evidence that he was sober and had not drunk from the jug, and there is some evidence, i. e. the testimony of Calder, that there was a leak in the air hose which it was the duty of Haines to try to repair. The engineer and fireman say there was no such leak and that the indicator in the cab of the engine showed the line of air hose was sound and intact. Counsel for plaintiff point to the failure of defendant to introduce as witnesses the inspectors who must have inspected the
From Calder’s testimony it appears that Haines said the air had been leaking before the train reached Tindall. If that is so it is hard to- understand why Haines waited almost four hours, and until the coming of the limited was signalled, before starting out to find where the leak was, its nature and seriousness and what would be required in effort and time to remedy it. This, we think, is the weakest part' of plaintiff’s case. Aside from the conclusion, which seems indisputable, that Haines negligently delayed attending to a most important duty until the last minute, the fact that he was so negligent had a Strong and, to us, persuasive, evidentiary bearing on the issue of whether or not there was a leaky hose which he started out from the engine to repair before going to the switch. But such negligence must be regarded as a remote and not a proximate cause of the injury which was superseded in the chain of events by the negligence of the engineer in starting without a signal from Haines (the conductor does not appear to have been at a place to signal) and while, as we say, this negligence has a strong evidentiary bearing on the issue of whether or not he was in the discharge of a duty when he crawled under the car, it is not conclusive and the question was resolved by all the evidence into one of fact for the jury to determine. In reaching these conclusions we have left out of consideration the declaration Calder says Haines made about where he was going and for what purpose. If that testimony was admissible it adds weight to plaintiff’s side of these controverted issues. Counsel for defendant contend with much force that such evidence
In State v. Shermer, it is held that in a prosecution for grand larceny the defendants could not make evidence for themselves by adducing their own declarations explanatory of their motives and designs which were made when they were about to leave home with the property they were on trial for stealing.
In Clark v. Cox, a replevin suit for a stock of goods', a sale of the stock under a deed of trust executed by Swike, the owner, was attacked by defendants who were attaching creditors of Swike on the ground of fraud between him and plaintiff, the purchaser at the sale. The defendants who lost the case in the circuit court argued, on appeal, in favor of the competency of statements made by Swike to various witnesses both before and after the sale under the deed of trust. The court held “this evidence was not admissible unless there was shown to exist a conspiracy between the plaintiff and Swike at the time of the purchase of the goods by him,” and ruled the evidence was properly excluded, since there was no proof of such conspiracy.
Gibony v. Foster was a contest over a will in which it was sought to be shown that the will was the result of undue influence exerted over the testatrix by her daughter, Mrs. Bonfield. Numerous witnesses testified “as to what Mrs. Bonfield said she was going to do and had done in the way of getting her mother to dispose of her property.” The Supreme Court pronounced such testimony nothing more than heársay.
In Council v. Railroad, we ruled that testimony of a general report or reputation that an infectious disease existed at a given place and time was hearsay and inadmissible since such a fact belonged to a class susceptible of proof by better evidence.
In Whimster v. Holmes, evidence of what a chauffeur said about his purpose to use his master’s car for his own convenience or pleasure is denominated as hearsay falling under the general rule excluding such evidence.
The citation in Johnson v. Mason refers to a reaffirmation in a concurring opinion of the rule applied in Torreyson v. Turnbaugh, supra.
The rules of these cases proceed from the doctrine that hearsay evidence should not be admitted either to prove an alleged act or a quality of an act where such classes of acts or qualities are susceptible of proof by better evidence. And if the alleged declaration is of a self-serving character, that is another and' a very strong reason for refusing to exempt it from the hearsay rule. [Secs. 2734 and 2757 Chamberlayne on Evidence; Hitt v. Hitt, 150 Mo. App. 631; State v. Jacobs, 133 Mo. App. 182.] But the authorities reviewed do not disavow any of the well-recognized exceptions to the hearsay rule. One of these familiar exceptions is that declarations which are a part of the res gestae are admissible for the reason that all the things done, including words spoken, in the commission of the act, brought under judicial investigation, are of the very subject-matter of the cause. Where what a man says is a part of his act which gives rise to the controversy, necessarily, it is of the res gestáe and' admissible, since the triers of fact are entitled to have all of the facts of the subject-
“These surrounding circumstances, constituting parts of the res gestae, may be always shown to the jury, along with the principal fact; and their admissibility is determined by the judge, according to the degree of their relation to that fact, and in the exercise of his sound discretion, it being extremely difficult, if not impossible, to bring this class of cases within the limits of a more particular description. The principal points of attention are, whether the circumstances and declarations offered in proof were contemporaneous with the main fact under consideration and whether they were so connected with it as to illustrate its character . . ‘Many acts are in themselves of an equivocal nature and the effect of them depends upon the intention or disposition from which they proceed, which is in general best determined by the expressions accompanying them.’ ” Further on, the author observes: “What a man says when he does a thing, shows the nature of his act and is a part of the act; it determines its character and effect.”
16 Cyc. 1148, et seq., defines the phrase res gestae to embrace all facts which are revelant to the principal fact in any degree as tending to establish the existence of the claim or liability in dispute which directly arises, if at all, from the primary facts and states as a rule that “however the limits of the res gestae are fixed, it may be broadly stated that within these limits a tribunal will hear everything which is relevant that has been said or done. In considering the fact, so segregated, no distinction can be, or indeed usually is, drawn between statements and acts. In reality, except so far as relates to the truth of the assertion, a verbal act does not essentially differ from any other.”
In Hodges v. Hill, 175 Mo. App. 441, a damage suit, one of the issues was whether or not plaintiff’s son was negligently driving at high speed. It was held that declarations of the son on starting out that he was in a hurry and the horse was a fast traveller were admissible, the court saying “these statements of the son are .so intimately connected with his riding home as to he a part of the res gestae.”
In Knoche v. Knoche, 160 Mo. App. 257, we held that everything that occurred at the altercation preceding the assault in question was of the res gestae.
"Where a decedent was killed at a station where he went to take a train his declarations before setting out ■on his journey were held competent evidence as being of the res gestae. [Railroad v. Bell, 65 So. Rep. 835.] Other cases to the same effect are Railway v. Howard, 19 Am. St. Rep. 96; Terminal Co. v. Stone, 118 Fed. Rep. 19; State v. Lucey, 24 Mont. 295; Railway v. Herrick, 29 N. E. 1052; Bradley v. Modern Woodmen, 146 Mo. App. 428.
In the case last cited Judge Goode says: “An exception was saved to the admission of the statement pf Mills when he left home for the purpose of his trip and when he would return. The contention is he might he prosecuted for abandoning his family and if he meant to do so, those declarations were self-ser
We think these authorities sustain and compel the conclusion we have reached that Haines’ declaration when he and Galder left the engine to go upon the discharge of their respective duties that he first would go to fix a leak in the air hose, was a part of the res gestae relating to the constitutive fact of • whether Haines was in the discharge of duty when killed or had disgressed and was where he should not have-been. The act which ended in his death had begun when he started from the engine and was in progress, when he made the alleged declaration which was a verbal part of the ma,in act as that term.is defined in the quotation from Greenleaf.
The preceding statement made by Haines while he and Galder were walking from the depot to the engine, to the effect that the hose had been leaking on the way to Tindall was not admissible under the doctrine we have discussed and accepted, for the reason that it cannot be regarded as a verbal part of the main
The only way improper matter in an answer to a proper question may be reached is by motion to strike out such matter. An objection goes to the question and frequently does not direct notice to the answer. The trial court must be given opportunity to correct errors as they'arise and the objection to improper matter in an answer to a proper question if not raised by motion to strike out will be deemed waived. [Waddell v. Railroad, 113 Mo. App. 687, and cases cited.]
We find no prejudicial error in the record. The motion to make the petition more definite and certain was properly overruled. The judgment is affirmed.