43 N.W. 185
Iowa
1889
Given, C. J.

i pleading- ' amending" demurrer: error without prejudice. I. If there was error in permitting intervenor to file the amendment to her demurrer, or in overruling plaintiffs’ motion to strike said amendment, it was without prejudice, as . x ’ the amendment presented no new or addi........ tional objections to the second count of the petition to those presented in the demurrer itself.

*2492 io-sta Legion change oF wniof mer¿7 berII. As the questions raised by the demurrer are the same as those presented by the agreed statement of íacts? ruling on the demurrer will not be separately considered. Two questions are presented by the facts : First. Could the deceased make a new direction, as to the person to whom the beneficiary certificate should be paid, by will? Second. Is intervenor estopped, by reason of the facts, from claiming as beneficiary under the certificate?

III. Plaintiffs’ contention is that section 11, article 8, Constitution Iowa Legion of Honor, is merely permissive, and not mandatory, as to the manner of making a new direction of who shall be beneficiary under the certificate. Intervenor contends that the manner of making the change is a part of the contract, and that the change can only be made in the manner provided in said section 2. Stephenson v. Stephenson, 64 Iowa, 534, is a case wherein Robert Stephenson, at his death, held a certificate in the Northwestern Masonic Aid Association, wherein his wife, Rachel, and daughter, Mary Ann Denoon, were named beneficiaries. The by-laws of that association provided : “In all applications for membership the applicant shall designate to whom he desires benefits paid, and his certificate of membership shall be made in conformity therewith: provided, that any member may change the name or names of the beneficiaries designated as aforesaid, upon application in writing to the secretary, stating to whom he desires such benefits paid; whereupon the secretary, upon the surrender of his old certificate, shall change upon the record the name of such beneficiary, and issue a new certificate accordingly, of the same number as the old one.” Stephenson made a will bequeathing the money to be paid under this certificate to his sons, Thomas and John, and his daughter, Mary Ann Denoon. This court held that “the mode agreed upon in the contract whereby the name of the beneficiary should be changed was made a matter of substance, and should be complied with. The execution of a will, and therein *250naming the persons as beneficiaries, is not such a compliance, because, at the time Robert Stephenson died, the defendant, under the contract, was entitled to the insurance. At that time she was the beneficiary, and her right, at the death of Stephenson, became vested. The will has no effect upon the rights of any one until the death of the testator. It takes effect after his death. Prior to that time it is. inoperative.” The case at bar does not differ from that in any essential particular; in that the change of beneficiaries. could only be made by application to the secretary in writing, .and by surrendering the old certificate, and receiving a new one; in this it is done in writing, on the back of the certificate, in form prescribed. In both it was solely at the option of the insured. In the case of Stephenson the application was required to be made to the secretary, the secretary to make the change on the record, and to issue a new certificate, that the association might know who the beneficiary was. In the case at bar, and to the same end, it is required that the change in writing, on the back of the certificate, shall be attested by the recording secretary with the seal of the lodge; that the recording secretary shall report at once such action to the grand secretary. In neither case had the association, or their secretary, any power to control the making of the change. We fail to see any difference in principle between the two cases, and, following the case of Stephenson and the cases therein cited, we hold that the execution of the will, and therein naming other persons as beneficiaries under the certificate, was not the making of a new direction as to the beneficiaries under the certificate in the manner provided, such as to entitle the plaintiffs to recover.

3_._. oilginafbeneceptingbbenefits of win. IY. The facts stated in the answer to the petition of intervenor, and relied upon as estopping the inter-venor from now claiming the fund in ques^011; are tliat, after taking the certificate, anc^ naming intervenor as the beneficiary, the deceased married and had a daughter born to him; that intervenor knew of the provisions of *251the will, and made no objections thereto, but, on the contrary, at all times expressed her acquiescence in the same; and that the deceased was thereby induced to make no other disposition of his estate than stated in the will; that intervenor has availed herself of the benefits conferred upon her by said will, occupying the premises devised to her, and claiming and controlling the same as and for her own property. Estoppels are of three kinds: by record, by deed, and in pais. It is said in relation to estoppel in pais that there can be no fixed and settled rules of universal application to regulate them, as in technical estoppels. In most instances, whether the act of admission shall operate by way of estoppel or not must depend upon the circumstances of the case. Welland Canal Co. v. Hathaway, 8 Wend. 481. The estoppel is allowed to prevent fraud and inj'ustice, and exists wherever a party cannot, in good conscience, gainsay his own acts or assertions. Again, it is said that where a party, either by his declarations or conduct, has induced a third person to act in a particular manner, he will not afterwards be permitted to deny the truth of the admission, if the consequence would be to work an inj'ury to such third person, or to some one claiming under him. The acts and admissions of a party operate against him in the nature of an estoppel where, in good conscience and honest dealing, he ought not-to be permitted to gainsay them. The acts or admissions will not operate as an estoppel unless the party has acted upon them, and then it will only be conclusive in favor of the party who has so acted, and persons claiming under him. See Lucas v. Hart, 5 Iowa, 415. The admitted fact is that intervenor knew of the provisions of the will during the life of H. J. Gabel, made no objections thereto, but expressed her willingness thereto and acquiescence in the same; and that the deceased was thereby induced to and did rely on said expressions, and made no other disposition of his estate than as stated in his will. It is evident that the testator believed that he had a right to *252dispose of the fund in question by will, and that his will was that his estate, including this fund, should be divided as directed in the will. Had he known that he could not dispose of this fund by will, he, no doubt, would have designated the desired change in the beneficiary by endorsement on the certificate. According to the facts as stated, intervenor induced him, by not objecting, and by expressions of acquiescence in the will, to believe that the provisions made would be carried out. Intervenor has accepted the provisions made for her in the will, and we think that, in view of these facts, she should not now be permitted to avail herself of the provisions of the will as far as they are favorable to her, and deny them so far as they are adverse. “A party cannot, either in the course of litigation or in dealings in pais, occupy inconsistent positions. Upon that rule election is founded. A man shall not be allowed to approbate and reprobate. One who has taken a beneficial interest under a will is thereby held to have confirmed and ratified every other part of the same, and he will not be permitted to set up any right or claim of his own, however legal and well founded it may otherwise have been, which would defeat or in any way prevent the full operation of the will.” Bigelow, Estop. 642. “It is an exceedingly stubborn principle that no one shall be permitted to claim under, and adverse to, a will. If the testator assumes to dispose of property belonging to a devisee or legatee, the latter, accepting the benefit, must also make good the testator’s attempted disposition.” White v. Brocaw, 14 Ohio St. 339. See, also, Havens v. Sackett, 15 N. Y. 365; Ditch v. Sennott, 117 Ill. 362. In 1 Jarmin on Wills, 386, the doctrine of election is stated thus : ‘ ‘ That he who accepts a benefit under deed or will must adopt .the whole contents of the instrument, conforming to all its provisions, and renouncing every right inconsistent with it.” We think it very clear, upon the principle of justice, and upon these authorities, that the intervenor, having accepted the property devised to her in the will, *253is estopped from denying the validity of the other provision touching the fund in question, and that the district court erred in sustaining the demurrer, and in finding for intervenor upon the facts, and entering judgment thereon. The judgment of the district court is

Reversed.