On July 23, 1998 Plaintiff H & H Acquisition Corporation (“Plaintiff’ or “H & H”) filed a complaint (the “Complaint”) alleging claims arising out of a 1997 stock transaction between Plaintiff and Ben B. Stein (“Stein”). Before the Court is Defendants Steven A. Sanders (“Defendant Sanders”), Law Office of Steven A. Sanders (“Defendant Law Office”), and Beck-man, Millman & Sanders, LLP’s (“Defendant BMS”) (collectively, “Defendants”) Motion for Summary Judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, or, in the alternative, for Judgment on the Pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c). 1 Plaintiff has not opposed the Motion. For the reasons set forth below, Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
I. Facts 2
This case arises out of Plaintiffs 1997 sale of Financial Intranet, Inc. (“FNTN”) stock to Stein and Stein’s and Financial Intranet Holdings’ (“Holdings”) alleged subsequent defrauding of Plaintiff in connection with that sale. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Sanders (1) aided and abetted Holdings in defrauding Plaintiff; (2) intentionally misrepresented certain facts upon which Plaintiff relied in agreeing to sell stock to Holdings; (3) negligently released stock to Holdings without first ensuring that Plaintiff had received consideration for the shares in question; (4)
In September 1996, Plaintiff purchased approximately 3,660,000 shares, or ninety-nine percent, of Wee Wees, Inc., a Nevada corporation. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 1.) In December 1996, the company’s name was changed to Financial Intranet, Inc. (Id. ¶ 3.)
In March 1997, Plaintiff agreed to sell all but 400,000 of its shares in FNTN to Holdings, an entity controlled by Stein. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶¶4, 5, 6.) As part of the transaction, Defendant Sanders served as escrow agent. (Id. ¶ 7.)
Under the terms of an escrow agreement dated April 3, 1997 (the “Escrow Agreement”), Defendant Sanders was to receive the shares to be escrowed from the transfer agent, Interwest Transfer Company (“Interwest”). (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 8.) Within five days of this transaction, Holdings was to deliver an irrevocable stock power, executed in blank, to cover the escrowed shares. (Id.) Once Defendant Sanders received word that the stock had been fully paid for, he was authorized to release the shares to Holdings. (Id. ¶ 10.)
In mid-April 1997, Interwest distributed stock certificates representing 2,207,100 shares of FNTN stock to Defendant Sanders to be held in escrow. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 11.) On or about April 25, 1997, Stein informed Defendant Sanders that he had paid for 551,775 shares of the FNTN stock held in escrow by Defendant Sanders and demanded that thе shares be released to Holdings. (Id. ¶ 12.) Without confirming that Plaintiff had received proper compensation for the 551,775 shares, Defendant Sanders released the shares to Holdings. (Id. ¶ 13.)
On or about May 8, 1997, Plaintiff notified Defendant Sanders that Plaintiff had not received payment for the 551,775 shares that Defendant Sanders released. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 16.)
On July 24, 1997, Defendant Sanders wrote to Interwest and requested that Interwest remove the stop order on all remaining FNTN stock registered in the name of Holdings, (Compl. ¶ 154,) allowing Holdings to sell the shares at will, (id. ¶ 213.) Plaintiff then demanded that Defendant Sanders withdraw the “lifting order.” (Id. ¶ 156.) Defendant Sanders subsequently rescinded the instructions. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 37; Compl. ¶ 213.) Although it would have been possible for Holdings to sell the FNTN shares at will during the time the lifting order was in place, (Compl. ¶ 213,) Holdings never sold or transferred the FNTN shares “freed” under the order to anyone but Plaintiff, (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 38.)
On October 1, 1997, Defendant Sanders and Plaintiff entered into a letter agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with the intention of resolving any controversy stemming from Defendant Sanders’ breach of the Escrow Agreement. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 18.) Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Defendant Sanders was to reimburse Plaintiff for the escrow fee of $2,500, instruct Interwest to put a stop order on the prematurely-released shares, and use his best efforts to
In accordance with the Settlement Agreement, Defendant Sanders paid Plaintiff $2,500 in two equal payments. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt ¶ 21.) Plaintiff accepted these payments. (Id. ¶ 22.) Defendant Sanders also sent a letter to Interwest on or about October 7, 1997 instructing the transfer company to put a stop order on the prematurely released shares. (Id. ¶ 23.) Defendant Sanders provided Plaintiff with a copy of this letter. (Id.) However, Plaintiff did not provide any of Defendants with a general release. (Id. ¶ 24.)
On January 23, 1998, Plaintiff wrote to Stein and indicated that Holdings had returned to Plaintiff the 551,775 shares of FNTN stock that Defendant Sanders'prematurely released. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 32.) Plaintiff аlso informed Stein that Plaintiff had not received the medallion-guaranteed stock power associated with these shares, without which Interwest would not honor Plaintiffs right to the shares. (Id. ¶¶ 31, 32.)
On January 29, 1998, Plaintiff requested that Defendant Sanders issue an opinion letter to Interwest regarding the ownership and negotiability of 1,000,000 shares of FNTN stock in Plaintiffs possession. (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 33.) On February 18, 1998, Sanders wrote back to Plaintiff and stated that he was unable to issue the requested opinion letter due to the fact that Plaintiff and Stein had adverse claims upon the stock. (Id. ¶ 34.)
On July 23, 1998, Plaintiff filed the instant action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging violations of Section 10(b) of the 1934 Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), Rule 10b-5 (17 C.F.R. 240.10b-5), New York common law, Chapter 78 of the Nevada Revised Statutes, Florida common law, the Maryland Uniform Commercial Code, and Maryland common law. Defendants now move for summary judgment on Counts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
II. Procedural History
Plaintiff filed the Complaint on July 23, 1998. The current Motion dates from 2008, when the Court, by Order dated July 31, 2008, directed Defendants to file briefing on any potentially dispositive issues on or before September 5, 2008. The Court further instructed Plaintiff to file its opposition on or before September 26, 2008, and Defendants to make any reply submissions on or before October 3, 2008.
On September 3, 2008, Defendants requested an extension of time in which to file dispositive motions. By Order dated September 4, 2008, the Court granted this application.
On October 3, 2008, Plaintiff requested an extеnsion of time to respond to both the instant Motion and an additional motion for summary judgment filed by Defendants Michael Sheppard, Maura Marx, and FNTN. (“Technest-related Defendants”). By Order dated October 5, 2009, the Court extended the deadline for Plaintiffs opposition to October 27, 2008, reasoning that “the Court had not appreciated that it had staggered the dates for plaintiffs submissions in opposition to the Technest-related and Sanders-related defendants’ respective motions for summary judgment.” The Court also notified Plaintiff that no further extensions would be granted.
On October 27, 2008 and again on October 28, 2008, Plaintiff requested yet another extension of time to respond to the instant Motion. Defendants vеhemently opposed that request. (See Defs. Letter, Oct. 27, 2008.)
LEGAL STANDARD
A court shall grant a motion for summary judgment “if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). “The party seeking summary judgment bears the burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the undisputed facts establish her right to judgment as a matter of law.”
Rodriguez v. City of New York,
If a non-moving party fails to oppose a summary judgment motion, “summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against” it. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). The Second Circuit “has made clear, however, that where the non-moving party chooses the perilous path of failing to submit a response to a summary judgment motion, the district court may not grant the motion without first examining the moving party’s submission to determine if it has met its burden of demonstrating that no material issue of fact remains for trial.”
Vermont Teddy Bear Co. v. 1-800 Beargram Co.,
To that end, Plaintiffs failure to oppose Defendants’ Motion does not in itself justify the granting of summary judgment. Courts have, however, granted unopposed motions for summary judgment “so long as [movants] have met their threshold burden of production.”
Washington v. City of New York,
No. 05 Civ. 8884,
“The test for evaluating a 12(c) motion is the same as that applicable to a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12(b)(6).”
Irish Lesbian & Gay Org. v. Giuliani,
As with a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Rule 12(c) motions are limited to the facts alleged in the complaint. However, in the course of its review, the Court may refer “to documents attached to the complaint as an exhibit or incorporated in it by reference, to matters of which judicial notice may be taken, or to documents either in plaintiffs’ possession or of which plaintiffs had knowledge and relied on in bringing suit.”
Brass v. Am. Film Tech., Inc.,
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff alleges a variety of claims stemming from Defendant Sanders’ breach of the Escrow Agreement, including (1) aiding and abetting fraud; (2) fraudulent misrepresentation; (3) fraudulent concealment; (3) intentional misrepresentation of certain facts upon which Plaintiff relied to his detriment; (4) negligence; (5) breach of fiduciary duty; (6) breach of contract; and (7) conversion. Plaintiff claims that Defendant Sanders is a control person of Holdings under the meaning of the 1934 Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78j (b), and thus liable for Holdings’ alleged violations of that statute. Plaintiff further alleges that Defendants Law Office and BMS are vicariously liable for the alleged wrongdoing of Defendant Sanders.
The Court finds all of Plaintiffs claims to be without merit and thus GRANTS summary judgment in favor of Defendants оn counts 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and part of count 6 and judgment on the pleadings in favor of Defendants on the second and final cause of action in count 6. 3
I. Plaintiff Is Barred from Bringing Claims Against Defendant Sanders Stemming from Defendant Sanders’ Breach of the Escrow Agreement
Plaintiff alleges (1) that Defendant Sanders is liable for breach of contract, conversion, and the aiding and abetting of fraud based on his premature release of FNTN stock to Holdings and his attempt to lift the “stop order”; (2) that Defendant Sanders fraudulently misrepresented his intention to comply with the terms of the Escrow Agreement; (3) that Defendant Sanders fraudulently concealed his premature release of the FNTN shares; and (4) that Defendant Sanders intentionally misrepresented certain facts upon which Plaintiff relied in selling FNTN stock to Holdings and in entering into the Escrow Agreement.
Defendants, in turn, argue that all of the above claims stemming from Defendant Sanders’ admitted breach of the Escrow Agreement are barred by the valid Settle
1. New York Law Favors Settlement Agreements
As many courts have noted, “[settlement agreements are strongly favored in New York and may not be lightly cast aside.”
4
Willgerodt v. Hohri,
Under New York law, “a party will be bound to an agreement if its actions, gauged by an objective standard, support the conclusion that it accepted the agreement.”
Mgmt. Recruiters of Boulder v. Nat’l Econ. Research Assocs., Inc.,
No. 02 Civ. 3507,
2. The Settlement Agreement Between Plaintiff and Defendant Sanders is Binding on Plaintiff
The Settlement Agreement in the instant case was intended to “settle in its entirety” the “controversy that had arisen between Plaintiff and Sanders with respect to Sanders’ premature release of the es-crowed shares.” (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 18.) Accordingly, the Settlement Agreement provided that “[u]pon receipt of the letter to Interwest and a check [for $2,500] from [Defendant Sanders], H & H will immediately execute and provide [Defendant Sanders] with a general release.” (Sanders Aff. Ex. B (“Settlement Agreement”) ¶ 4.)
Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Sanders did not comply with his obligations under the Settlement Agreement, and thus that it is “void and ineffective.” (Compl. ¶ 170.) Specifically, Plaintiff claims that “Sanders never sent the letter [requesting a stop order on the prematurely-released shares] to Interwest.” (Id. ¶ 168.) Plaintiff further alleges that “defendant Sanders prepared this letter addressed (but not sent) to [Interwest] for the sole purpose of fraudulently attempting to convince H & H that Sanders had in fact complied with H & H’s request, pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, to inform Interwest regarding the history of the FNTN stock that belonged to H & H.” (Id. ¶ 169.)
Defendants have responded to these claims, introducing a sworn statement indicating that Defendant Sanders fully complied with his obligations under the Settlement Agreement. (See generally Sanders Aff. ¶¶ 25-32.) Defendant Sanders states: “I paid the $2,500 [owed to Plaintiff under the Settlement Agreement]. Plaintiff accepted this money. I sent the letter to Interwest [requesting a stop order] on or about October 7, 1997 and Plaintiff has no basis to refute this fact.” (Id. ¶ 25.) 5 Defendants assert that “[a]t no time has Plaintiff ever tendered back any portion of the $2,500 and has retained this sum to date.” (Movants’ Rule 56.1 Stmt. ¶ 22.) Defendants admit that “[a]t no time has Plaintiff ever provided any of the Sanders Defendants with a general release.” (Id. ¶ 24.) However, Defendants argue that “Plaintiffs obligation to release Sanders from all adverse claims up to [the time of Plaintiffs acceptance of the benefit of the bargain] immediately ripened whether Plaintiff provided a formal general release or not.” (Defs.Mot.Summ. J. 30.)
The Court finds Defendants’ statements credible, and Plaintiff has not refuted Defendants’ evidence that Defendant Sanders complied with his obligations under the Settlement Agreement. If Plaintiff believed that Defendant Sanders did not properly instruct Interwest to place a stop order on the prematurely released shares, he should have either rejected Defendant Sanders’ payment of $2,500 or explicitly reserved the right to pursue legal action against Defendant Sanders on claims
Because Plaintiff is deemed to have ratified the Settlement Agreement and thus to have released Defendant Sanders from liability stemming from Defendant Sanders’ breach of the Escrow Agreement, all claims against Defendants relating to this breach-the entirety of counts 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8, and part of count 6 6 — must be DISMISSED.
II. Defendant Sanders is not a Control Person of Holdings and thus is not Liable For Holdings’ Alleged Violations of the 1931 Act
“In order to establish a prima facie case of liability under Section 20(a) [of the 1934 Act], a plaintiff must show: (1) a primary violation by a controlled person; (2) control of the primary violator by the defendant; and (3) ‘that the controlling person was in some meaningful sense a culpable participant’ in the primary violation.”
Boguslavsky v. Kaplan,
A plaintiff may establish that a defendant had control over a primary violator “by showing that the defendant possessed ‘the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise.’ ”
First Jersey,
In the instant ease, Plaintiff claims that Holdings violated Section 10(b) of the 1934 Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78j. (Compl. ¶ 203.) Plaintiff further claims that “Defеndant Sanders, as escrow agent with re
Defendant Sanders has responded to these allegations, arguing that Plaintiff has not even established a prima facie case of control person liability under the 1934 Act. (See Defs. Mot. Summ. J. 8.) Defendants contend that “Sanders’ role was merely that of an escrow agent between Plaintiff and Holdings as it related to Holdings’ purchase of FNTN stock from Plaintiff. In fact, it appears ... that if anything, Holdings had the power to direct and control the actions of Sanders, the escrow agent, not the other way around.” (Id. 9.) In support of this argument, Defendants have introduced a sworn statement in which Defendant Sanders asserts that he “was never an officer, director or shareholder of Holdings” and never “possess[ed] the authority or power to direct and/or control this entity.” (Sanders Aff. ¶ 36.)
The Court finds Defendant Sanders’ statement credible, and Plaintiff has not refuted Defendants’ evidence that Defendant Sanders was not a control person of Holdings. Plaintiff does not show that Defendant Sanders had actual control over Holdings in connection with the transaction in-question, nor that Defendant Sanders had any power to direct the actions of Stein or any other buyer or seller of FNTN stock. Plaintiffs bare assertion that Defendant Sanders was an escrow agent for the transaction in question is entirely insufficient to survive summary judgment on this count. 8
Because Plaintiff has not shown that Defendant Sanders was a controlling person of Holdings, Plaintiff has not established a prima facie case of control person liability under Section 20(a) of the 1934 Act and allegations under this section are DISMISSED.
III. Defendant Sanders’ Refusal to Render a Legal Opinion on the Dispute Between Plаintiff and Stein Does Not Constitute Negligence or Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Plaintiff states that on January 29, 1998, Plaintiff “requested a legal opinion of Sanders regarding the ownership and negotiability of the one million ... shares of FNTN stock that were in plaintiffs possession. Plaintiff requested the legal opinion because Interwest stated that it needed such an opinion before the shares could be retitled in plaintiffs name.” (Compl. ¶ 247.) Plaintiff further reports that Defendant Sanders responded to Plaintiff and declined to provide the requested letter:
After reviewing both [Plaintiff and Stein’s] positions with regard to the dispute over the shares, I am unable to render an opinion on this matter.
After discussions with both Hank Schwartz and Miсhael Sheppard, we have agreed that either you work this out between yourselves or submit to binding arbitration.”
(Id.
¶ 278.) Based on Defendant Sanders’ refusal to render the requested legal opin
Defendants have not briefed this claim, and therefore the Court finds it inappropriate to grant summary judgment on allegations stemming from Defendant Sanders’ refusal to provide a legal opinion on the ownership of the disputed FNTN stock. However, the Court will dismiss this claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) for failure to state a сlaim upon which relief can be granted.
New York courts have repeatedly noted that “[a]n escrow agreement is a contract” like any other.
Egnotovich v. Katten Muchin Zavis & Roseman LLP,
Because an escrow agent’s duties and powers are limited by the terms of the escrow agreement, mere deposit of funds into an attorney’s escrow account is not sufficient to establish an attorney-client relationship.
See Solondz v. Barash,
In the instant case, Plaintiff characterizes his relationship with Sanders solely as that of a party involved in a stock transaction with an escrow agent. (See Compl. ¶ 233 (“Sanders was selected to serve as Escrow Agent upon the recommendation of defendants Schwartz and Stein. Plaintiff had not previously met or known Sanders.”).) The Escrow Agreement itself provides that: “This Escrow Agreement sets forth exclusively your duties as Escrow Agent with respect to any and all matter pertinent hereto and you, acting as Escrow Agent, shall not be subject to any implied duties or obligations.” 9 (Sanders Aff. Ex. A (“Escrow Agreement”) ¶ 17.)
Because Defendant Sanders’ duties to Plaintiff were limited to those provided for in the Escrow Agreement, Defendant Sanders had no obligation to provide an opinion letter regarding the dispute between Plaintiff and Stein and all allegations stemming from his refusal to do so are DISMISSED.
IV. Allegations Against Defendants Law Office and BMS
Plaintiff states that “Sanders was a named partner of Sanders, P.C. during some, if not all, of the time during which Sanders was engaged in wrongful conduct.” (Compl. If 216.) Plaintiff also asserts that “Sanders was a named partner of BMS during some, if not all, of the time during which Sanders was engaged in wrongful conduct.” (Id.) Given these affiliations, Plaintiff alleges that “Sanders, P.C. and BMS are also jointly and severally liable” for any behavior for which Defendаnt Sanders is found liable. (Id.)
Plaintiff alleges that Defendant BMS acted as counsel to FNTN. (Compl. ¶¶ 256-57.) Based on this claim, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant BMS is liable for FNTN’s alleged failure to compensate Plaintiff for Stein’s wrongful conduct. (Id. ¶¶ 259-60.) Plaintiff further alleges that “BMS is also liable to the extent any other attorney with that firm acted negligently with respect to the matters alleged in this complaint.” (Id. ¶ 261.)
Defendants, in turn, have introduced a sworn statement in which Defendant Sanders asserts that “[t]here are no other persons at [Defendants Law Office and BMS] that have any personal knowledge regard
The Court credits Defendants’ uncontested statement, and finds that Plaintiffs allegations against Defendants Law Office and BMS are entirely derivative of Plaintiffs allegations against Defendant Sanders. The Court therefore concludes that Defendants Law Office and BMS have no liability under the Complaint, as the Court has already dismissed all allegations against the allegedly primary wrongdoer, Defendant Sanders.
Because the Court dismisses all allegations against Defendant Sanders, all allegations against Defendants Law Office and BMS must also be DISMISSED.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED in its entirety-
SO ORDERED.
statement and from Plaintiffs Complaint. Because Plaintiff has not disputed Defendants’ statement of facts, those facts are “deemed to be admitted for purposes of the motion.” S.D.N.Y. Local Civil Rule 56.1(c);
see also Giannullo v. City of New York,
Notes
. The Complaint names twelve defendants, but the Motion currently before the Court relates only to those claims against Defendants Sanders, Law Office, and BMS. Accordingly, the Court limits its opinion to consideration of those claims. Claims against Defendants Henry A. Schwartz and Interwest Transfer Company were dismissed in their entirety on November 6, 1998 and June 19, 2001, respectively. Claims against Defendants Financial Intranet, Inc., Michael Sheppard, and Maura Marx were dismissed in their entirety on October 20, 2009.
. The facts stated here are drawn from Defendants’ Local Rule 56.1
. The Second Circuit has held that represented non-moving parties are entitled to specific notice of a district court's intention to treat a motion to dismiss as a summary judgment motion, even when the motion is styled as "in the alternative, for summary judgment.”
Nat’l Ass’n of Pharm. Mfrs., Inc. v. Ayerst Labs.,
In the instant case, Plaintiff had ample notice that the Court would consider Defendants' Motion as one for summary judgment. Defendants' Motion is styled as one for summary judgment, or, in the alternative, for judgment on the pleadings. (See Defs. Mot. Summ. J. 1.) In Orders dated October 5, 2008 and October 30, 2008, the Court referred to Defendants’ Motion as one for summary judgment. (See Order, Oct. 5, 2008 (discussing the “Sanders-related defendants’ ... motion [ ] for summary judgment”); Order, Oct. 30, 2008 (stating that "Defendants have moved for summary judgment” and informing Plaintiff that the Court would decide the Motion unopposed).). In a letter dated October 28, 2008, Plaintiff's counsel referred to the pending Motion as one for summary judgment. (See PI. Letter, Oct. 28, 2008.) These communications demonstrate that Plaintiff was on notice that Defendants' Motion would be considered as one for summary judgment and that Plaintiff had a full opportunity to respond to any facts alleged by Defendants in their Motion.
. The Settlement Agreement does not specify a governing law.
(See
Sanders Aff. Ex. B ("Settlement Agreement”).) Therefore, this Court must apply New York choice of law rules to determine what state law governs the Settlement Agreement.
See, e.g., Beth Israel Med. Ctr.
v.
Horizon Blue Cross & Blue Shield of N.I., Inc.,
Considering these factors, the Court finds that New York is the center of gravity of the Settlement Agreement. Since Defendant Sanders transmitted his acceptance from New York, the contract was formed in New York.
See, e.g., TSR Silicon Resources, Inc. v. Broadway Com Corp.,
No. 06 Civ. 9419,
. In their Motion, Defendants further state that “contrary to Plaintiff's assertion that Sanders wrote, but never sent his October 7, 1997 letter to Interwest, Interwest produced this letter during discovery confirming the fact that Sanders sent it to them.” (Defs.Mot.Summ. J. 29-30.)
. In Count 6, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Sanders was negligent and breached his fiduciary duty in (1) breaching the Escrow Agreement by prematurely releasing shares to Holdings and lifting the “stop order” on shares registered in Holdings’ name and (2) refusing to issue an opinion letter on the dispute between Stein and Plaintiff. The first part of this claim is dismissed here, as are all other allegations stemming from Defendant Sanders’ breach of the Escrow Agreement. Allegations relating to Defendant Sanders' refusal to render an opinion letter are discussed infra, in Part III.
.
Global Crossing
analyzes control person liability under Section 15 of the Securitiеs Act. However, the control person provisions of Section 15 of the Securities Act and Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act "are essentially parallel” and “are interpreted in the same manner.”
In re Global Crossing, Ltd. Sec. Litig.,
No. 02 Civ. 910,
. In fact, as Defendants suggest, under normal circumstances “an escrow agent must follow the instructions of the parties,” not the other way around.
99 Commercial St., Inc. v. Goldberg,
. Plaintiff does not include the Escrow Agreement as an exhibit to the Complaint. However, as the Second Circuit has noted, “the complaint is deemed to include any written instrument attached to it as аn exhibit or any statements or documents incorporated in it by reference.”
Cortee Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P.,
In the instant case, Plaintiff relies heavily on the Escrow Agreement in the Complaint, and paragraphs 86 through 95 of the Complaint analyze the provisions of the Escrow Agreement in line-by-line detail.
(See
Compl. ¶¶ 86-95.) Therefore, the Court deems the Escrow Agreement incorporated by reference, and considers it in evaluating this claim.
See generally Global Network Commc’ns,