Civ. A. No. 81-0614-A | E.D. Va. | Jan 28, 1982
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Warnie H. Gutridge is a truck driver who operates vehicles both wholly in Virginia and in interstate commerce. Plaintiff Jay’s Trucking Co., Inc., is Gut-ridge’s employer. It owns trucks that travel in both intrastate and interstate commerce. Plaintiff Milton F. Wright Trucking Inc. also owns trucks that operate in both streams of commerce. The plaintiffs have filed a section 1983 action seeking a
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Virginia’s state legislature has enacted a series of vehicle weight regulations. See Va. Code §§ 46.1-339 to -347 (1980). Section 46.1-339 provides a schedule of the maximum truck weights generally permitted on Virginia’s roads. See id. § 46.1-339(d). These weight limits vary with the number of axles that a truck has and the distance in feet between the first and last axles. See id. The limits range from 34,-000 pounds for a two-axle vehicle with a four-foot axle distance to 76,000 pounds for a five-axle truck with a forty-five-foot axle distance.
The sections that follow section 46.1-339 create several exceptions to the general weight schedule. Four of these exceptions are relevant to the present case. First, section 46.1-343(a)(2) raises the weight limits for vehicles “carrying containerized cargo in a sealed, seagoing container bound to or from a Virginia seaport.” Id. § 46.1-343(a)(2). Trucks hauling such containers may have a gross weight of up to 78,000 pounds. See id.
The second exception is section 46.1-343(bl). This provision raises the weight ceilings for “three-axle vehicles used exclusively for the mixing of concrete in transit or at a project site or for transporting necessary components to produce concrete immediately upon arrival at the project site.” Id. § 46.1-343(bl). Trucks qualifying under this exception may have a gross weight. of up to 60,000 pounds. See id.
Third, section 46.1-343(c) increases the weight limit for special vehicles used in hauling coal from the mine to the preparation plant, loading dock, or railroad. See id. § 46.1-343(c). The maximum gross weights allowed under this provision are 60.000 pounds for three-axle vehicles and 70.000 pounds for four-axle vehicles. See id. To qualify for this exception, a truck
The final exception that is relevant in this case is section 46.1-343.1. This provision raises the weight ceilings for trucks hauling farm produce on the Eastern Shore. See id. § 46.1-343.1. Three-axle vehicles may have a gross weight of up to 50,000 pounds. See id. The section does not change the maximum gross weight for four-axle trucks. It, however, does raise the maximum tandem axle weight for such vehicles to 36,000 pounds. See id.
On October 30, 1980, Warnie Gutridge was convicted in the Fairfax County Circuit Court on two counts of operating a truck in violation of section 46.1-339. Gutridge was assessed fines, costs, and liquidated damages totalling $2,900. He appealed these convictions to the Supreme Court of Virginia. The higher court, however, denied certiorari on May 1, 1981. Gutridge has not attempted to appeal his case to the United States Supreme Court.
Jay’s Trucking Co., Inc., and Milton F. Wright Trucking have applied for permits to operate their vehicles under the various weight exceptions contained in sections 46.-1-343 and 46.1-343.1. The authorities empowered to issue such permits, however, have continuously denied or deferred the two companies’ applications. Furthermore, the two trucking concerns clearly are not eligible for the permits under the language of the statutes. Their trucks, nonetheless, are capable of hauling the same bulk commodities that are carried by vehicles qualifying under the exceptions. These commodities include concrete, coal, and farm produce.
On June 23, 1981, Gutridge, Jay’s Trucking Co., and Milton F. Wright Trucking filed a section 1983 action against the Commonwealth of Virginia. In this suit, the plaintiffs allege that Virginia’s system of truck weight regulations is unconstitutional on two grounds. First, they contend that the presence in the system of containerized cargo, concrete-mixer, coal-hauling, and Eastern Shore produce exceptions violates the equal protection clause. Second, the plaintiffs argue that the weight system as a whole is invalid under the commerce clause. The defendant moves for summary judgment on these claims.
II. THE EQUAL PROTECTION ISSUE
The plaintiffs’ first claim is that sections 46.1- 343(a)(2), 46.1-343(bl), 46.1-343(c), and 46.1- 343.1 of the Virginia Code violate the equal protection clause. Each of these sections restricts its weight limit exception to a narrow class of vehicle operators. The plaintiffs are not eligible for any of these exceptions. They argue that these provisions unlawfully discriminate against them, because there is no rational basis for distinguishing between them and the members of the eligible classes.
The level of scrutiny to which the court must subject Virginia’s weight regulations depends on whether the regulations affect either a suspect class or a fundamental right. If the challenged state action does not involve either of the two, it will not “be subjected to the searching judicial scrutiny reserved for laws that create suspect classifications or impinge upon constitutionally protected rights.” San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1973-04-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/san-antonio-independent-school-district-v-rodriguez-108751?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="108751">411 U.S. 1, 40, 93 S.Ct. 1278, 1300, 36 L.Ed.2d 16 (1973). It, instead, will receive “the traditional standard of review, which requires only that the State’s system be shown to bear some rational relationship to legitimate state purposes.” Id. Accord McGinnis v. Royster, 410 U.S. 263" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1973-02-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mcginnis-v-royster-108717?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="108717">410 U.S. 263, 270, 93 S.Ct. 1055, 1059, 35 L.Ed.2d 282 (1973).
The first provision challenged by the plaintiffs is the containerized cargo exception of section 46.1-343(a)(2). Encouraging the growth of a particular form of transportation is a legitimate legislative purpose. See Sproles v. Binford, 286 U.S. 374" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1932-05-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sproles-v-binford-101935?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="101935">286 U.S. at 394, 52 S.Ct. at 587. Containerized cargo is an integral part of international trade. Facilitating its transportation to and from Virginia’s ports aids in the development of such ports. Thus, the containerized cargo exception stands up under a rational-basis examination.
The plaintiffs next attack the concrete-mixer exception of section 46.1-343(bl). Concrete-mixers are specialized vehicles that by necessity weigh more than other trucks. The language of the exception limits the distance and speed of travel for these vehicles to low levels. See Va.Code § 46.1-343(bl) (1980). Under such circumstances, the state legislature has a rational basis for relaxing weight restrictions. See Sproles v. Binford, 286 U.S. 374" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1932-05-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sproles-v-binford-101935?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="101935">286 U.S. at 391-92, 52 S.Ct. at 586.
The coal-hauling exception also passes the rational-basis test. It is reasonably related to two legitimate legislative objectives. First, it promotes the efficient transportation of coal from the mine to the processing plant or railroad loading dock. See id. 286 U.S. 374" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1932-05-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sproles-v-binford-101935?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="101935">286 U.S. at 393-95, 52 S.Ct. at 586-87. Second, the requirements of the exception aid enforcement of the weight limits. Thus, section 46.1-343(c) is valid under the equal protection clause.
Finally, the plaintiffs challenge the Eastern Shore farm produce exception of section 46.1-343.1. The seasonal nature of farming limits the use of this exception to the warmer months of the year when the potential for road damage is least. In addition, the peculiar geography of the Eastern Shore creates transportation impediments that place the farmers of that area at a disadvantage in marketing their produce. A shortage of vehicles in the region compounds the problem. The relaxation of weight limits reduces the number of trucks needed to haul the produce.' Section 46.1-343.1, therefore, furthers the legitimate legislative goal of remedying the Eastern Shore’s transportation difficulties.
All four of the exceptions attacked by the plaintiffs pass the rational-basis test. As a consequence, none of them violate the equal protection clause. This result makes sense in policy terms. If the court had overturned one of the exceptions in the absence of a suspect classification or a fundamental right, it, in effect, would have revived the notion of economic due process. The Supreme Court discarded that form of due process long ago. See Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1955-05-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/williamson-v-lee-optical-of-oklahoma-inc-105285?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="105285">348 U.S. 483, 488-89, 75 S. Ct. 461" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1955-05-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/williamson-v-lee-optical-of-oklahoma-inc-105285?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="105285">75 S.Ct. 461, 464-65, 99 L.Ed. 563 (1955); Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. v. Missouri, 342 U.S. 421" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1952-03-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/day-brite-lighting-inc-v-missouri-104970?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104970">342 U.S. 421, 423-25, 72 S. Ct. 405" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1952-03-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/day-brite-lighting-inc-v-missouri-104970?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104970">72 S.Ct. 405, 407-08, 96 L. Ed. 469" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1952-03-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/day-brite-lighting-inc-v-missouri-104970?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104970">96 L.Ed. 469 (1952).
III. THE COMMERCE CLAUSE ISSUE
The plaintiffs’ second claim is that Virginia’s system of weight restrictions violates the commerce clause. They argue that the general weight limits unduly bur
The commerce clause confers power to regulate interstate commerce on the federal government. Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona, 325 U.S. 761" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-10-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pac-co-v-state-of-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-attorney-general-of-arizona-104171?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104171">325 U.S. 761, 766, 65 S. Ct. 1515" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-06-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pacific-co-v-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-1087607?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1087607">65 S.Ct. 1515, 1518, 89 L.Ed. 1915 (1945). The fact that Congress possesses this power, however, does not exclude all state power of regulation. Id. In the absence of conflicting federal legislation, the states may “make laws governing matters of local concern which nevertheless in some measure affect interstate commerce or even, to. some extent, regulate it.” Id. 325 U.S. 761" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-10-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pac-co-v-state-of-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-attorney-general-of-arizona-104171?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104171">325 U.S. at 767, 65 S. Ct. 1515" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-06-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pacific-co-v-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-1087607?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1087607">65 S.Ct. at 1519. See also Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp., 450 U.S. 662" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1981-03-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/kassel-v-consolidated-freightways-corp-of-del-110439?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="110439">450 U.S. 662, 669, 101 S.Ct. 1309, 67 L.Ed.2d 580 (1981) (quoting Southern Pacific). Congress clearly has not preempted the power of the states to limit truck weights on state roads. See 450 U.S. 662" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1981-03-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/kassel-v-consolidated-freightways-corp-of-del-110439?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="110439">450 U.S. at 670, 101 S.Ct. at 1316; 325 U.S. 761" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-10-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pac-co-v-state-of-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-attorney-general-of-arizona-104171?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104171">325 U.S. at 783, 65 S. Ct. 1515" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-06-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pacific-co-v-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-1087607?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1087607">65 S.Ct. at 1527. In addition, regulation of such weights is “peculiarly of local concern.” 325 U.S. 761" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-10-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pac-co-v-state-of-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-attorney-general-of-arizona-104171?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104171">325 U.S. at 783, 65 S. Ct. 1515" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-06-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pacific-co-v-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-1087607?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1087607">65 S.Ct. at 1527. Thus, Virginia has the power to regulate motor vehicle weights.
The plaintiffs first contend that the general weight schedule of section 46.1-339 unduly burdens interstate commerce. To test this assertion, the court must weigh the degree of interference with interstate commerce against the state’s interest in regulating its roads. See Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp., 450 U.S. 662" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1981-03-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/kassel-v-consolidated-freightways-corp-of-del-110439?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="110439">450 U.S. at 670-71, 101 S.Ct. at 1316; Raymond Motor Transportation, Inc. v. Rice, 434 U.S. 429" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1978-02-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/raymond-motor-transportation-inc-v-rice-109771?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="109771">434 U.S. 429, 441-43, 98 S. Ct. 787" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1978-02-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/raymond-motor-transportation-inc-v-rice-109771?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="109771">98 S.Ct. 787, 794-95, 54 L. Ed. 2d 664" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1978-02-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/raymond-motor-transportation-inc-v-rice-109771?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="109771">54 L.Ed.2d 664 (1978); Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc., 359 U.S. 520" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1959-05-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/bibb-v-navajo-freight-lines-inc-105890?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="105890">359 U.S. 520, 524, 79 S.Ct. 962, 964, 3 L.Ed.2d 1003 (1959); Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona, 325 U.S. 761" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-10-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pac-co-v-state-of-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-attorney-general-of-arizona-104171?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104171">325 U.S. at 768-69, 65 S. Ct. 1515" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-06-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pacific-co-v-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-1087607?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1087607">65 S.Ct. at 1519-20. The plaintiffs argue that Virginia’s weight limits are unusually burdensome, because the limits are so much lower than those of neighboring states. In particular, the plaintiffs allege that Virginia’s weight ceilings are well below those imposed by Maryland. A comparison of the two states’ limits, however, reveals that Virginia’s general weight schedule is, on the whole, no lower than that used by Maryland.
The plaintiff next argues that four of the exceptions to the general weight schedule discriminate against interstate commerce by favoring goods produced in Virginia. To the extent that this allegation is correct, the exceptions violate the commerce clause. See Raymond Motor Transportation, Inc. v. Rice, 434 U.S. 429" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1978-02-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/raymond-motor-transportation-inc-v-rice-109771?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="109771">434 U.S. at 446-47, 98 S.Ct. at 796-97; South Carolina State Highway Department v. Barnwell Brothers, Inc., 303 U.S. 177" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1938-02-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sc-hwy-dept-v-barnwell-bros-102963?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="102963">303 U.S. 177, 185-87, 58 S. Ct. 510" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1938-02-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sc-hwy-dept-v-barnwell-bros-102963?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="102963">58 S.Ct. 510, 513-14, 82 L. Ed. 734" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1938-02-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sc-hwy-dept-v-barnwell-bros-102963?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="102963">82 L.Ed. 734 (1938). The concrete-mixer and coal-hauling exceptions clearly do not discriminate against interstate commerce, because they apply equally to instate and out-of-state products. See Va. Code §§ 46.1-343(bl), -343(c) (1980). The containerized cargo exception, however, grants its exemption only to containers “bound to or from a Virginia seaport.” Id. § 46.1-343(a)(2). In addition, the Eastern Shore produce provision applies only to “farm produce grown in Virginia.” Id. § 46.1-343.1. These latter two exceptions may unlawfully discriminate against interstate commerce. The plaintiffs, however, have no standing to challenge these provisions. They have not alleged that they were denied permits because they were hauling out-of-state goods. Thus, the court need not decide whether the two exceptions violate the commerce clause.
Even if the court were to hold that the two exceptions do unlawfully discriminate against interstate commerce, the remedy would be simply to delete the clauses limiting their application to goods originating in Virginia. There would be no need to do away either with the exceptions or with the system of weight limits as a whole. Thus, a finding of unlawful discrimination would not aid the plaintiffs’ cause. As a consequence, the court denies thé plaintiffs’ commerce clause claim.
. Section 46.1-339 provides the following schedule of maximum gross weights:
The gross weight imposed upon the highway by a vehicle or combination shall not exceed the maximum weight given for the respective distance between the first and last axle of the group of axles measured longitudinally to the nearest foot as set forth in the following table:
Distance in feet between the extremes of any group of axles
Maximum weight in pounds on any group of axles
2 axles 3 axles 4 axles 5 axles
4 ............. 34,000 ......................
5 ............. 34,000 .........................
6 ............. 34,000 .........................
7 ............. 34,000 ...................
8 ............. 34,000 42,000 ..................
9 ............. 39,000 42,500 ..................
10 ............. 40,000 43,500 ..................
11 .................... 44,000 .................
12 .................... 45,000 50,000 :........
13 .................... 45,500 50,500 .........
14 .................... 46,500 51,500 .........
15 .................... 47,000 52,000 .........
16 .................... 48,000 52,500 58,000
17 .................... 48,500 53,500 58,500
18 .................... 49,500 54,000 59,000
19 .................... 50,000 54,500 60,000
20 .................... 51,000 55,500 60,500
Distance in feet between the extremes of any group of axles
Maximum weight in pounds on any group of axles
2 axles 3 axles 4 axles 5 axles
21 ....... 51,500 56.000 61,000
22 ....... 52,500 56.500 61,500
23 ....... 53,000 57.500 62,500
24 ....... 54,000 58.000 63,000
25 ....... 54,500 58.500 64,500
26 ....... 55,500 59.500 65,000
27 ....... 56,000 60.000 65,000
28 ....... 57,000 60.500 65,500
29 ....... 57,500 61.500 66,000
30 ....... 58,500 62.000 66,500
31 ....... 59,000 62.500 67,500
32 ....... 60,000 63.500 68,000
33 64.000 68,500
34 64.500 69,000
35 65.500 70,000
36 66.000 70,500
37 66.500 -71,000
38 67.500 72,000
39 68.000 72,500
40 68.500 73,000
41 69.500 73,500
42 70.000 74,000
43 70.500 75,000
44 71.500 75,500
45 72.000 76,000
Va. Code 46.1-339(d) (1980).
. A coal truck may meet this requirement in one of two ways. First, it may carry a bed that cannot haul more than the permitted amount of coal without exposing the excess over the top of the bed. See Va.Code § 46.1-343(c) (1980). Second, if the truck has a larger bed, the operator must paint a line on the bed and cut holes in it at the proper level. See id. These holes allow a visual inspection of the amount of coal.
. Maryland’s transportation code provides the following schedule of maximum gross weights:
(a) Gross weight of vehicles — Distance between axles —
(3) The gross weight of any vehicle or combination of vehicles may not exceed the following limits, prorated for fractions of a foot:
Distance between first and last (in feet) Gross weight (in pounds) Distance between first and last (in feet) weight (in pounds)
4 40.000 18 51.500
5 40.000 19 53,000
6 40.000 20 54.500
7 40.000 21 55.500
8 40.000 22 56.500
9 41,650 23 57.500
10 42.500 24 58,700
11 43,350 25 59,650
12 44,200 26 60,600
13 45,050 27 61,550
14 45,900 28 62.500
15 47.000 29 63,450
16 48.500 30 64,400
17 50.000 31 65,350
Distance between first and last (in feet) weight (in pounds) Distance between first and last axles (in feet) weight (in pounds)
32 66,300 36 70,100
33 67,250 37 71,050
34 68,200 38 72,000
35 69,150 39 72,950
40 73,280
Distance between first and last axles (in feet) Maximum gross weight limit (in pounds) up to 5 axles Maximum weight limit (in pounds) 6 axles
41 73.500 78,500
42 74.000 79,000
43 75.000
44 75.500
45 76.000
46 76.500
47 77.500
48 78.000
49 78.500
50 79.000
Number of Gross axles weight (in pounds)
Three or less 55,000
Four 66,000
Five as provided for in § 13-916 or § 13-923 of this article 79,000 (1980, ch. 539.)
Md.Transp.Code Ann. § 24-109 (1977 & Supp. 1981).
Virginia’s general weight limits are no more stringent than those imposed by Maryland. Virginia lists limits for ninety-six axle-distance combinations. On fifty-four of these combinations, Virginia’s ceiling is higher than that of Maryland. On ten, Virginia and Maryland use the same limit. On only thirty-two is Virginia’s ceiling lower. Maryland does permit a maximum ceiling that is three thousand pounds higher than that allowed by Virginia. The court, nonetheless, concludes that, on the whole, the weight systems of the two states are remarkably similar.
. Vehicle weight limits are an essential part of a highway safety program, because the amount of damage to the roads and danger to the traveling public rises as the weights of vehicles increase. See Stipulation of Facts No. 9 of December 10, 1981. See generally Southern Pac. Co. v. Arizona, 325 U.S. 761" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-10-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pac-co-v-state-of-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-attorney-general-of-arizona-104171?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="104171">325 U.S. 761, 783, 65 S. Ct. 1515" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1945-06-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/southern-pacific-co-v-arizona-ex-rel-sullivan-1087607?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1087607">65 S.Ct. 1515, 1527, 89 L.Ed. 1915 (1945); South Carolina State Highway Dep’t v. Barnwell Bros., Inc., 303 U.S. 177" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1938-02-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sc-hwy-dept-v-barnwell-bros-102963?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="102963">303 U.S. 177, 194-95, 58 S. Ct. 510" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1938-02-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sc-hwy-dept-v-barnwell-bros-102963?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="102963">58 S.Ct. 510, 518-19, 82 L.Ed. 734 (1938).