174 P. 852 | Utah | 1918
Lead Opinion
In this case the Gunnison Irrigation Company, a corporation of Utah, plaintiff below and respondent herein, brought an action in the district court of Sanpete County, to quiet title to the right to use the waters of the Sanpiteh river and its tributaries. Certain defendants in addition to the defendant and appellant, Gunnison Highland Canal Company, a corporation of Utah, were joined in the action below, all of the defendants, including the appellant, being joined because of adverse claims alleged. From the decision by the trial judge, after a full hearing upon the issues raised by the pleadings, this appeal is taken by the Gunnison Highland Canal Company. No appeal was taken by the other defendants. The appeal was once decided, and a written opinion filed December 1, 1916, prior to the enlargement of this court by chapter 54, Laws of Utah 1917. Since that date, however, a motion for a rehearing has been submitted and granted, and the case reheard before the court as now constituted. Therefore the former opinion, which was not published, is superseded by this opinion, which will stand as the final, action of the court.
As they appear from the evidence and findings, the facts in this case are as follows: Over a long period of years next
After an informal decision had been rendered by the trial judge, and after proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and decrees, differing in certain particulars, had been submitted by the plaintiff and the defendants below, the trial court rendered the following “Decision”:
‘ ‘ On the 20th day of December, 1912, by stipulation of the attorneys for all the parties in this matter, this matter came on for hearing at Provo on the objections of the defendants to the signing of the proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and decree presented for the court’s approval by the attorneys for the plaintiff. After hearing said objection and arguments thereon, the court now finds that the proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and decree, as submitted by the attorneys for the plaintiff, should be amended in the following particulars:
“(1) There should be a commissioner appointed by this court on or before the 15th day of February, annually.
*352 “(2) That whenever in the opinion or judgment of the said commissioner the annual flow of the waters of Sanpitch river and the tributaries, together with the water stored in the reservoir of the plaintiff, will be more than sufficient to supply the claims of the plaintiff, together with other rights that are not disputed in this case, the excess may be measured out by the plaintiff,^ under the direction of said commissioner, to the defendants on the defendants paying or guaranteeing to the plaintiff such price as the parties hereto may agree upon; or, if agreement by them cannot be reached, then to be fixed by the commissioner.
“With these modifications, the said proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and decree, as prepared by the plaintiff’s attorney, will become final in this case.”
So far as amounts and priorities are concerned the findings, conclusions, and decree of the plaintiff, referred to in the decision just quoted, reflect the figures set forth above in this opinion.
A question of jurisdiction, preliminary to the main contention in the case, though raised only in argument, rather than properly, by a motion to dismiss the appeal, will be considered and disposed of first. As pointed out above, certain parties defendant to the action below are not
The sole question raised by the appeal, save the point just disposed of, is as to the disposition between respondent and appellant of any excess that may exist in respondent’s reservoir above the rights of the respondent as above set forth. The question is raised by dispute as to the meaning of the paragraph marked “2” of the “decision” just quoted. Stated in the terms of interpretation placed upon that paragraph by respondent and appellant, respectively, the point raised is as follows: The appellant contends that the paragraphs referred to must be interpreted to mean that whenever it can be estimated by the commissioner to be appointed by the court that from the amount stored in the reservoir, plus the amount flowing in the stream, the respondent has or will have sufficient water to satisfy the awards above set'out, then any excess in the reservoir over that amount must be measured out by respondent to the defendants and the appellant in the amounts and according to the priorities established by the court below, but upon payment to the respondent for the use and upkeep of the reservoir of such sum as may be determined by the commissioner to be equitably commensurate with the benefit received from the storage of such excess, which, it is admitted, would, except for such storage, flow to waste in the early part of the season. On the other hand, the respondent contends that the paragraph in question is to he construed to mean that the rights of defendants and appellant commence only when, the reservoir of the respondent having first been filled, the sum of the overflow of the filled reservoir and the streams in suit exceeds the quantity awarded respondent. It is from such excess, and from such excess only, that the respondent, under its interpretation of the court’s decision, contends the secondary and tertiary rights of the defendants and the appellant, respectively, are to be satisfied. The water in the filled
Assuming, without deciding, that the paragraph under consideration is verbally susceptible of the construction placed upon it by the respondent, it is impossible to uphold such a construction for the reason that it is against law.
In Utah the doctrine of prior appropriation for beneficial use is, and has always been, the basis of acquisition of water rights. Revised Statutes of Utah 1898, sections 1261, 1262; Laws of Utah 1903, e. 100, section 49; Laws of Utah 1905, c. 108, section 49; Compiled Laws of Utah 1907,
“Beneficial use shall be the basis, the measure, and the limit of all rights to the use of water in this state. ’ ’
And such has. been the doctrine of every decision of this court touching water rights. It was under this doctrine that the respondent brought its action in the district court, and under such doctrine the various defendants and the appellant presented their respective answers and counterclaims. Under the evidence presented it was shown to the court that each party had appropriated water from the streams in suit and applied the same to a beneficial use upon farm lands. Under the showing made below, the trial court found, with respect to the respondent, that it and its predecessors in interest had made prior appropriation of and had beneficially used water from the streams in question upon 7,250 acres of land. Pursuant to such finding, and under the doctrine of beneficial use,
For such an invasion of the doctrine of beneficial use, the respondent attempts to rely upon two theories: One, that title to the corpus of the water in the reservoir is, acquired by reduction of the water to possession; the other, that where a right to the use of water for irrigation of land
No decision in Utah passes expressly on the question whether title to the corpus of irrigating water is acquired by storage thereof in a reservoir. And it is unnecessary for this court to decide that question at this time. For even accepting the affirmative of such a proposition at its face value, it has never, been relied on by any court to invade vested rights. The very basis of the doctrine, suggested by Field, J., in Spring Valley Waterworks v. Schottler, cited supra, that things belonging to the “negative community” may be reduced to possession, and thus become the property of the captor, by very definition excludes such acquisition of title to waters already appropriated by others; i. e., waters not belonging to the “negative community.” All of the waters in the streams in suit were awarded'by the court', as above pointed out; primary rights to the respondent, secondary rights to certain defendants below, and the remainder, as tertiary rights, to appellant. To permit respondent to acquire title to more than the award of the court would thus be to deprive appellant of rights.
With respect to the second theory advanced by respondent, it is undoubtedly true that a distinction may be drawn between direct irrigation or immediate use, on the one hand, and storage for future use, on the other. Kinney on Irriga;tion and Water Rights (2d Ed.), section 844. And the
“A priority to the use of water is a property right, which is the subject of purchase and sale, and its character and method of use may be changed, provided such change does not injuriously affect the rights of others.” (Italics the writer’s.)
And see: United States v. Union Gap Irr. Co. (D. C.), 209 Fed. 274; Greeley & Loveland Irr. Co. v. Farmers’ Pawnee Ditch Co., 58 Colo. 462, 146 Pac. 247; Hague v. Nephi Irrigation Co., cited supra; chapter 62, section 1 (section 1288x24), Laws of Utah 1909.
In short, the rights of a prior appropriator are measured and limited by the extent of his appropriation and application to a beneficial use. If he diverts more water than under this doctrine he is entitled to, he must return such surplus to the stream for the use of subsequent appropriators. No extension or enlargement of his rights as determined by the doctrine of beneficial use can be made so as to interfere with the vested rights of others. Union Mill & Mining Co. v. Dangberg (C. C.) 81 Fed. 73, at 105 and 106; Becker v. Marble Creek Irrigation Company, cited supra. The second position taken by the respondent invades this rule.
There is another and even more elementary reason why the respondent’s contention cannot prevail. This case was tried to the court below under pleadings drawn, evidence heard, and findings, conclusions, and decree made solely under the theory of acquisition of rights to the use of water
It being thus adjudged that respondent has no title or right to the use of waters stored in excess of the amount awarded by the trial court, it follows that respondent cannot retain such waters in its reservoir, nor can it require appellant to purchase the same. It remains, however, to discuss the matter of compensation for storage beneficial to appellant.
As stated above, appellant is admittedly benefited by storage of an excess over respondent’s primary right and defendants’ secondary rights, in that waters to serve its tertiary right may, by such storage, be saved from flowing to waste in the early part of the season. Appellant takes the position,
In any event, the case is remanded for such further hearing as may be necessary to a more specific and complete adjudication of the waters in suit, in the following particulars: (a) The precise time up to which, after June 15th, respondent shall have the right to use a flow of 111 35/65 second feet should be established; (b) rights of respondent’s stockholders for live stock and domestic or other purposes, if any such rights exist, should be ascertained and fixed. In these particulars the findings of fact and conclusions of law and decree should be made specific.
The findings, conclusions, and decree should also be recast to conform without ambiguity to the decision herein respecting title to the excess discussed.
In all other respects the action of the court below is affirmed. .’We expressly affirm the conclusion of the trial court to the effect that respondent is entitled to a primary right to the use of sufficient water from the streams in suit to irrigate 7,250 acres of land at a duty of fifty acres to the second foot from the beginning of the irrigation season to the 15th of June of each year, and at a duty of 65 acres to the second foot from the 15th day of June to the close of the irrigation season, or, in terms of second feet only, to a flow of 145 second feet of water from the 1st of January of each year to the 15th of June following, and to a flow of 111 35/65 second feet of water from the 15th of June to the end of the irrigation season. (This date, as above directed, is to be made definite.) We further expressly affirm the conclusion of the trial court that after the satisfaction of the primary right of respondent and the secondary rights of the nonappealing defendants the appellant is entitled to a tertiary right to the use of all of the remaining waters of the streams in question.
Concurrence Opinion
I fully concur with Judge STEPHENS in his able, lucid, and somewhat elaborate discussion of the legal propositions presented by this appeal; but I cannot fully subscribe to the conclusions announced by him regarding plaintiff’s reservoir and the waters therein impounded. I am of the opinion that the right of the defendant, Highland Canal Company, to divert water from Sanpitch river and its tributaries should be limited to an amount sufficient to irrigate the 6,000 acres of land under its reservoir and canal.
It seems that Judge STEPHENS’ opinion was prepared and is based on the theory that after the high water subsides and the flow of the Sanpitch river and its tributaries reaches the normal or low water mark, the water impounded in the reservoir and the current or natural flow of Sanpitch river and its tributaries is in excess of the amount to which plaintiff is entitled. The record, as I read it, does not support or justify any such theory or conclusion. The evidence, without conflict, shows: (1) That much, if not practically all, of the lands irrigated with water from the Gunnison Irrigation Company’s system of canals and ditches are of such dry and arid character that they require irrigation in the early spring of each and every year to sprout and bring up the grain planted thereon, and that the natural or current flow of water in Sanpitch river has been, and is, insufficient to thus properly irrigate the lands in the early spring; (2) that the irrigation company, in order to furnish its stockholders with an adequate supply of water for the early spring irrigation, has, during the nonirrigation season — the fall and winter months — of practically every year since 1888 until the trial of this case in 1911, stored and retained in its reservoir the waters flowing therein from San-
The parties to the action stipulated during the progress of the trial “that whatever plaintiff’s rights are determined to be they are superior to the rights of defendants” to the waters of Sanpitch river. And defendants concede that “plaintiff is entitled to water from the winter flow and high-water flow to fill its reservoir to its present capacity.” The trial court found, and the finding is not assailed, “that plaintiff is entitled to water from the winter flow and high-water flow to fill its reservoir to its present safe capacity; that the stockholders of the plaintiff have under cultivation and entitled to irrigate, and a primary right to the use of water for irrigation thereof, 7.,250 acres; that the duty of water thereon from the beginning of the irrigation season to the 15th day of June of each and every year is hereby fixed at fifty acres to the second foot; and from June 15th of each and every year to the close of the irrigation season is hereby fixed at sixty-five acres to the second foot.”
Referring to the foregoing finding of fact counsel for respondent, Gunnison Irrigation Company, in their discussion of the ease in their printed brief, say:
“The court found, and we think that such finding is fully supported by the evidence in this case, that we were entitled to water for 7,250 acres of land.”
And again:
“The court found, and such finding is fully supported by the evidence, that the duty of water on said land from the*364 beginning of the irrigation season to the 15th day of June of each and every year is one second foot of water for fifty acres of land; and from June 15th of each and every year to the close of the irrigation season one second foot of water for each sixty-five acres of land.”
Appellant in its printed brief concedes that it is “not entitled to any of the waters in dispute until the right of respondent to the quantity above mentioned [referring to the amount of water awarded respondent by the court] has been fully supplied or adequately pr'ovided.for.” And again respondent says:
“Defendants have no desire to participate in the benefits of plaintiff’s reservoir. Their only desire is that plaintiff be limited to the quantity it appropriated prior to the initiation of defendants’ rights.”
Appellant further says:
“If there is any other way by which such distribution can be made than by using the reservoir as a factor in the problem defendants will readily accept the alternative.”
The extent of defendant’s rights to impound, divert, and use water from Sanpiteh river and its tributaries is clearly defined and fixed -in the court’s decision, and the decision in that regard is not assailed. In fact respondent, the Gunnison Irrigation Company, not only approves of the decision on that point, but is in this court vigorously defending it. In other words, under the decision, which respondent concedes correctly reflects its rights as established by the evidence, the company’s right to store water in its reservoir and to take from Sanpiteh river and its tributaries is limited to an amount that will furnish it a continuous stream, flowing 145 second feet from the beginning of the irrigation season, which the evidence shows is about the 15th of March .or 1st of April, until June 15th, and from June 15th until the close of the irrigation season a continuous stream, flowing 111.54 second feet. Therefore, when the water from the two sources of supply, namely, the reservoir and the natural or current flow of the river and its tributaries, exceeds the amount awarded to respondent by the court for the irrigation of 7,250 acres heretofore irrigated hy
The record, as I view it, clearly shows that defendants are not entitled to have distributed to them any of the reservoir water. In fact, as hereinbefore pointed out, they disclaim having any property right or interest whatever in or to the reservoir or to the water stored therein. In the printed brief of respondent, referring to the court’s decision set forth in the foregoing opinion prepared by Judge STEPHENS wherein the trial court holds that the excess water, if any, in the reservoir “may be measured out to the defendants,” etc., it is said:
“We agree with plaintiff that the judge had no authority to make such an order or provision and that as it stands it is wholly outside of the issues. We agree that the provision referred to is void and should be set aside or modified to conform to his manifest intention.”
What defendants do claim is — and I think the claim, under the court’s decision which the Gunnison Irrigation Company concedes to be just and sound, is meritorious and well founded — that whenever during the irrigation season after the high water commences to flow, it is made to appear that the water stored in the reservoir and the natural or current flow of the river and its tributaries combined is more than sufficient to supply respondent during the remainder of the irrigation season with a continuous flow equal to the volume awarded it by the court, the defendants are entitled to have an amount equal to the excess, or so much thereof as their necessities require, distributed to them when it can be done without depriving certain of respondent’s stockholders of water who use water from the tributaries of the river on lands so situated that they cannot be'supplied with water from the reservoir.
There is a sharp conflict in the evidence respecting the duty of water on the lands irrigated from respondent’s canals and ditches. Respondent’s witnesses, one a civil engineer who was, and for more than ten years had been, familiar with the. irrigation of these lands, and others who were practical farm
Concurrence Opinion
In view of the stipulation entered into by the parties to this action relative to the duty of water and the acreage for which a primary right to the use of the waters involved is awarded to the respondent, I concur in the prevailing opinion of my Associates in that regard. However, I concur in the conclusions reached by Mr. Justice MeCARTY that, inasmuch as the respondent’s right to store water in its reservoir for future use was not involved in the action, the finding made in the prevailing opinion, to the effect that, if it should be ascertained at any time that respondent’s storage of water is
There may be times — in fact, the record shows there are times — when a storage of water in respondent’s reservoir will not conflict with any right of appellant to use water beneficially. In other words, when if not stored it will otherwise run to waste. At such times at least, if not always, I think the respondent has a vested right to store water to secure for itself sufficient storage to meet the exigencies of the varying seasons from year to year so as to reasonably assure for itself sufficient water for the irrigation of the 7,250 acres it is conceded respondent is entitled to under the stipulation of the parties and the finding of the trial court. Furthermore, I am unable to conceive of a right in the appellant to require respondent to release at any time water stored by respondent in its reservoir when it will otherwise run to waste and it cannot be used beneficially by appellant except by storage in respondent’s reservoir.
Adhering to the doctrine that “beneficial use shall be the basis, the measure, and the limit of all rights to use of water in this state,” the storage of water in respondent’s reservoir to meet the exigencies of the seasons ought not to be held as conflicting therewith in the slightest degree. Again, storage by respondent at a time when the water would otherwise run to waste and could not be beneficially used by appellant does not conflict with the right to a beneficial use provided for by the statutes and adhered to by all the decisions of this court. Storage of water under these circumstances gives rise to a question not involved in this action, and, if I correctly read the prevailing opinion with respect to such waters, it is to the effect that water stored by respondent under these circumstances may not be held in its reservoir, but shall be released for the appellant’s use. The opinion holds:
“It being adjudged that respondent has no title or right to the use of waters stored in excess of the amount awarded by the trial court, it follows that respondent cannot retain such*368 waters in its reservoir, nor can it require appellant to purchase the same.”
I am unable to discover by what process of reasoning my Associates arrive at the conclusion that, after respondents have, at great labor and expense, constructed a reservoir in which it may be able to impound water that would otherwise run to waste, it may not rightfully retain it in its reservoir and require the appellant, or any other seeking its use, to compensate for it. It would seem that under such conditions there can be no interference or conflict with the doctrine of beneficial use as the foundation of right, and that the decree here should not require any water thus stored to be released by respondent for appellant’s benefit.