177 Mo. App. 512 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1913
Lead Opinion
This is an action to recover damages for injuries alleged to have been sustained by plaintiff while attempting to board one of defendant’s street cars in the city of St. Louis. Plaintiff recovered and the defendant prosecutes the appeal.
The negligence with which defendant is charged, as appears from plaintiff’s amended petition, upon which the case was tried, is as follows:
“That on or about May 16, 1910, the plaintiff signalled the motorman in charge of one of defendant’s cars, running north on .Seventh street to stop said car at the north side of Morgan street, for the purpose of enabling her to board said car and become a passenger thereon, and that said motorman did stop said car at said point. That while said car was so stopped, plaintiff with due care and caution on her part, started to get on the same, and that while the plaintiff was so engaged, defendant through its agents and servants, did, before plaintiff had- a reasonable time in which to get safely on said car, négligently and carelessly start said car, thereby hurling and throwing plaintiff backwards, with great force and violence, and dragging her, causing the injuries herein complained of.
“And for further allegation of negligence, plaintiff says that defendant, through its agents and servants, negligently and carelessly failed to allow plaintiff a reasonable time to get safely on said car, before starting it, and said defendant through its agents and servants, negligently and recklessly started said car, while plaintiff was with due care and caution on her part in the act of getting on same, thereby violently throwing her backwards and dragging her, causing the injuries hereinafter set out.”
The answer is a general denial, coupled with the plea “that whatever injuries, if any, plaintiff may have
Plaintiff’s testimony was to the effect that when she undertook to board the car in question, at the time and place mentioned in her petition, the motorman in charge thereof stopped the same in obedience to a signal which she had given him; that' plaintiff got her right foot on the step of the car, when the car started, jerking her backward and dragging her; that, at the time, she had hold of the hand rail of the car with one hand, and that some men caught her by the arm and kept her from falling to the street, and that in this position, with her right foot on the step and her left dragging upon the ground, she was carried some sixty-five, seventy or seventy-five feet before the car stopped, whereby she received the injuries complained of.
A witness called by plaintiff testified that he thought—was almost positive—that the car was in motion when plaintiff ‘ ‘ grabbed for it; ” that ‘ ‘ she swung around the rail and she stepped back just before the car stopped, a gentleman grabbed her and helped her on.” This witness testified that when the car stopped at the crossing plaintiff was coming toward the car, and was probably ten or fifteen feet from it; that the car “started off with a sudden jerk, just about the time she reached the rail, but she grabbed it, held on to it, and the car started off with a rush, and probably went some fifteen or twenty feet and the conductor was inside and somebody pulled the bell cord and it stopped very suddenly.”
Aside from the testimony of the physician who attended plaintiff, the above is the principal testimony offered in her behalf.
On behalf of the defendant, the testimony offered tended to show that plaintiff attempted to get on the car while it was in motion; that she started from the sidewalk towards the car but when she reached the latter it was in motion, and that she caught hold of
Of its own motion, the conrt gave the following instruction:
“The court instructs the jury if you find and believe from the evidence that on or about the 16th day of May, 1910, the defendant was operating a certain line of street railway upon and along Seventh street and crossing Morgan street where it intersects Seventh street in the city of St. Louis, and if you further find from the evidence that on or about the 16th day of May, 1910, the plaintiff signalled the motorman in charge of one of defendant’s cars running north on said Seventh street to stop said car on the north side of Morgan street for the purpose of enabling her to become a passenger thereon, and that said motorman did stop said car at said point for the purpose of receiving or discharging passengers, and that while the car was so stopped the plaintiff took hold of the upright at the rear end of said car and placed one of her feet upon the step for the purpose of boarding said car and becoming a passenger thereon, and if you further find from the evidence that thereupon defendant’s servants in charge of said car negligently and carelessly started the same without giving plaintiff reasonable time in which to get upon said car, and by so starting the same eaused the plaintiff to be thrown backward and dragged and thereby injured her, your verdict must be for the plaintiff, provided you further believe from the evidence that the plaintiff at the time exercised ordinary care in attempting to board the car in the manner shown by the evidence. ’ ’
The following instruction, known as instruction No. 1, requested by the defendant, was refused by the court, viz.:
‘ ‘ The court instructs the jury that if you find and believe from the evidence that at the time plaintiff took hold of the hand rail of the car, said car was moving,
Tbe defendant also requested an instruction, known as instruction No. 5, as follows:
‘‘ The court instructs tbe jury that if you find and believe from tbe evidence that tbe plaintiff attempted to board a car while said car was in motion, then she cannot recover and your verdict must be for defendant.”
Tbe court refused this instruction as offered, but gave it after modifying it by tbe addition of tbe words which we italicize below, so that tbe same, as given, is as follows:
“Tbe court instructs tbe jury that if you find and believe from tbe evidence that tbe plaintiff attempted to board a car while said car was in motion, and that such act of plaintiff was negligence, and that the same contributed to her injury, then she cannot recover and your verdict must be for defendant.”
Tbe assignments of error pertain to tbe refusal of tbe court to give these two instructions as offered • by the defendant. It is unnecessary to notice tbe other instructions in tbe case.
Tbe cause was first argued and submitted at tbe last term of this court, and thereafter tbe court through Reynolds, P. J., banded down an opinion in which we held, upon tbe authority of Peck v. Transit Company, 178 Mo. 617, 77 S. W. 736, that tbe trial court erred in refusing defendant’s two instructions above mentioned. Thereafter a motion on behalf of respondent for a rehearing was sustained, and tbe cause is now before us, after a second argument thereof.
Tbe appellant says that tbe instructions in question were not offered by it upon tbe theory that it is negligence per se to attempt to board a moving car, but upon tbe ground that plaintiff was confined to tbe allegations of her petition and to tbe case presented by her under tbe theory upon which her petition proceeds;
The crucial question for our consideration is whether the point here involved is governed by the Peck case, which learned counsel for appellant insist is the last controlling decision of our Supreme Court upon the precise question before us. In that case the plaintiff was injured while attempting to alight from a car; there was a verdict and judgment therein for defendant, and the plaintiff appealed, assigning as error the giving of two instructions at the instance of the defendant. The petition charged that the car had stopped for the purpose of allowing plaintiff to alight and that when she was in the act of alighting the defendant suddenly started the car, throwing her to the ground.
At the request of the plaintiff, in the Peck case, the court instructed the jury that plaintiff was entitled to recover if they found that the car was stopped in compliance with her signal to enable her to alight, and if while she was in the act of stepping from the car it suddenly started forward, etc.
Three instructions were given in the case for the defendant, and on appeal the plaintiff assigned the giving thereof as error. Two of these instructions were as follows:
“2. If you find from the evidence that the plaintiff’s injuries, if any she sustained, were caused by her leaving the defendant’s car before it had stopped still on the south side of Laclede avenue, and while the same was in motion, and that but for such attempt on her part to alight from said car while the same was in motion she would not have sustained any injury, then
“3. If the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff got off the car while it was about to stop to permit passengers to alight, but while it was yet moving, then there is no evidence of negligence on the part of defendant, and the verdict must be for the defendant. ’ ’
As to the propriety of giving these instructions, under the facts and circumstances presented by the record in that case, the Supreme Court through Valiant, J., said:
“The serious complaint, however, against these two instructions is, that they require the jury to find that the car had actually stopped when the plaintiff was stepping off, and prohibited the finding of a verdict for the plaintiff in case the jury should believe that the car had slowed down in its motion to such a degree that the plaintiff might, without passing the bounds of ordinary prudence, have attempted to alight, and that while doing so a quick motion was suddenly imparted to the car which threw her down.”
Then, after discussing the case of Ridenhour v. Railroad, 102 Mo. 270, 13 S. W. 889, 14 S. W. 760, and reaffirming the doctrine of that case, the learned author of the opinion proceeds to say:
“But has this plaintiff either by her pleadings, her proof of her instructions given this defendant any such case to answer as that presented in Ridenhour v. Railroad, above mentioned, or in any of the other cases cited? In her petition she said that the car had stopped, in her evidence she stated the same thing, and in her instructions she founded her right to recover on that condition. The court in its instructions both for the plaintiff and the defendant followed the line the plaintiff had marked out. If there was any error the plaintiff induced it. No such theory as she now
‘1 The plaintiff now insists that although all of her evidence conformed to the letter of her petition and all of her instructions were based on her evidence, yet because the defendant’s witnesses stated that the car had slowed down, she was entitled to have had submitted to the jury the question of whether under the circumstances as detailed by the defendant’s witnesses she was not exercising ordinary care in attempting to alight from the moving car. If it be conceded that she was entitled to have had that question submitted to the jury, she has no right to complain of the court for not submitting it, because she did not ask it. And she has no right to complain of the instructions given at the request of the defendant, because they were in effect only the plaintiff’s instructions turned around so as to show the other side of the same theory.”
It appears, therefore, from the language of the .opinion in the Peck case, quoted above, that the decision of the court holding that it was not reversible error to give the instructions in question proceeded upon the theory that the plaintiff had induced or invited the error, if any there was, in giving such instructions. It will be noticed that the court did not decide that in such a case the defendant would be entitled to an instruction to the effect that plaintiff could not recover if the car was moving at all when plaintiff attempted to alight from it. It was held that the plaintiff, having alleged in her petition that the car had stopped, having so testified, and having requested instructions founding her right of recovery upon that condition, was in no position to complain of the giving of instructions on behalf of the defendant which presented merely the converse of the theory which she had adopted and followed throughout her case. In that- state of the record, the Supreme Court remarks:
■ Undoubtedly the Peck case goes off on a question of waiver on the part of the plaintiff; she having, as the. court held, induced and invited the action of the trial court of which she undertook to complain on appeal. The case, therefore, cannot be said to necessarily be decisive of the precise question which is before us. It was there held not reversible error to give the instructions in question because the plaintiff had induced it; in the case before us, the question is whether, in the state of this record, it was error for the court to refuse defendant’s two instructions of the same character as those involved in the Peck case.
Learned counsel for appellant insist that the plaintiff here, as in the Peck case, founded her right to recover upon the theory that the car was motionless when she undertook to board it, and pursued this theory throughout her case. Even if this be so, it would not necessarily follow, as we have indicated above, that the trial court was bound to give an improper instruction merely because the plaintiff had lost her right to complain thereof.
There appears, however, to be a distinction between the two cases, so far as concerns plaintiff’s inducing the giving of such instructions, in that the plaintiff here did not, as did the plaintiff in the Peck case, request the giving of instructions based upon the theory that the car was standing still when she attempted to board it. The first instructions which we have set out above, covering plaintiff’s case, the record discloses to have been given on the court’s own motion.
In Ridenhour v. Railroad, 102 Mo. 270, 13 S. W. 889, 14 S. W. 760, it was held that the averment in the petition that the car had stopped to. allow the plaintiff to alight was a matter of inducement; that the actual negligence of defendant charged was in “permitting the car to be put in motion when plaintiff was in the act of leaving the car without giving him a reasonable time to alight safely therefrom.” It appeared that the car did not stop, but merely slackened speed, and it was held that this was not such variance between the petition and proof as would preclude submission of the case to the jury.
In Bond v. Railroad, 110 Mo. App. 131, 84 S. W. 124, an alighting case, the Kansas City Court of Appeals held that where the petition counted on the negligence of defendant in suddenly starting its train while plaintiff was in the act of alighting therefrom,
In Green v. Metropolitan Street Railway Company, 122 Mo. App. 647, 99 S. W. 28, the plaintiff averred in her petition that the defendant stopped its car for the purpose of taking on and' letting off passengers ; that plaintiff started to alight and while she was in the act of so doing, the defendant negligently caused the car to be started forward with a sudden and violent motion whereby she was thrown and injured. The defendant complained of the refusal of .an instruction to the effect that.if the jury found that plaintiff voluntarily attempted to step off the car while it was in motion, and by reason thereof fell and was thereby injured, she could not recover. Of this the Kansas City Court of Appeals, through Johnson, J., said:
“Evidently the instruction under consideration was intended to present a state of facts to the jury which found support in the evidence of defendant and which, if believed, disproved the act of negligence averred, but we condemned a similar instruction in Hurley v. Railway, 120 Mo. App. 262, 96 S. W. 714, on the ground that it was misleading and in addition to the reasons given for our conclusion in that case (which we here adopt) another may be assigned. Without qualifications or exception, the instruction directs a verdict for defendant, should the jury find that plaintiff ‘voluntarily attempted to step off the car while it was in motion.’ This means that if the car had any motion at all, however slight, when plaintiff began her step to the ground, still she could not recover notwithstanding a sudden acceleration of speed might have been the immediate cause of her fall. It would be extremely harsh and technical should we say that the existence of an almost imperceptible motion when plaintiff’s last step began would disprove the act of
In Kinyoun v. Railroad, 153 Mo. App. 477, 134 S. W. 15, the same court reaffirms the doctrine announced in Green v. Railway Co., supra, quoting therefrom. [See, also, Hurley v. Railway, 120 Mo. App. 262, 96 S. W. 714; Saegar v. Railroad, 131 Mo. App. 282, 110 S. W. 686.]
From the decisions of the Kansas City Court of Appeals subsequent to its decision in the Bond case, supra, it would appear that our brethren of that court did not regard the question under consideration as foreclosed by the opinion in the Peck case. Neither are we persuaded that the latter case is authority for the proposition that it was error on the part of the trial court to refuse the instructions in question in the case before us. The difficulty with these instructions is that they, in effect, tell the jury that plaintiff cannot recover if the car had any motion, however slight, at the precise moment when she took hold of the handrail and attempted to step upon the car step. The doctrine in the Green case, supra, appeals to us as being sound.
It is true that it is well established in this State that the plaintiff must recover, if at all, upon the specific negligence alleged. [See Israel v. Railroad, 172 Mo. App. 656, 155 S. W. 1092, and cases there cited.] But, as is said, in effect, in Green v. Railroad, supra, it would be extremely harsh and technical to hold that proof of any motion of the car, even though almost imperceptible, at the precise instant when plaintiff caught the handrail thereof and undertook to step upon it, would necessarily disprove the act of negligence alleged and perforce defeat plaintiff’s recovery.
Furthermore, the allegation here is that the car was stopped when plaintiff “started to get on it.” (Italics ours.) Starting to board a car must necessarily mean some movement or movements on the part of the intending passenger prior to grasping the handrail or setting foot upon the car step; and the requested instruction may well have misled the jury, for one may start to get on a standing car which begins to move before he grasps the handrail or places his foot upon the step, but when he cannot check his further movements. We think that defendants’s refused instruction No. 1 is certainly in this way misleading, for, without qualification, it tells the jury that plaintiff cannot recover if the car was moving when she took hold of the handrail; and the same vice appears to inhere in instruction No. 5. Such is the holding in Hurley v. Railway Co., supra (l. c. 269), which is approved in Green v. Railway Co., supra. These are “alighting cases,” but the general principle involved is the same so far as concerns an instruction
Onr conclusion is, that the refusal of these instructions, as offered, was not reversible error under the state of the record before us. It follows that the judgment should be affirmed. It is so ordered.
Dissenting Opinion
DISSENTING OPINION.
I am unable, on reconsideration of the case, even with the very carefully prepared opinion of my Brother Allen before me, to which I have given full consideration, to come to any other conclusion than that arrived at on the former hearing of this case, and still am of the opinion that the judgment of the circuit court should be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings. My Brother Allen has set out verbatim the charging part of the petition in the case. He also summarizes the answer as pleading contributory negligence.
My Brother Allen has set out a summary of the testimony but I think it well to give it more fully, italicizing portions of it.
That of plaintiff herself was to the effect that she wanted to board the car at Seventh and Morgan streets on the day named and signaled the motorman to stop the car; that he stopped; that she got her right foot on the step of the car and was dragged, the car jerking her backward; that the motorman had started the car before she got on; that she had hold of the handrail of the car with her left hand, and a man held her
A witness called for plaintiff testified that he was standing on the back platform of this car; that the car started with a rush as plaintiff was about to step on the oar but it had started and she grabbed for the rail or upright rod and held it and ran along with the car until somebody pulled the signal rope and stopped the car. The car had run probably twenty feet and plaintiff “kind of fell back” on to the step of the car and a gentleman standing alongside of witness jumped over and reached with his arm and caught plaintiff before she fell. By that time the car had stopped and plaintiff straightened up and walked over by the sidewalk and stood there. This witness testified that he thought, when the car started forward, that plaintiff had both feet on the ground and that she ran along with the car. On cross-examination he testified that he thought the car was already in motion when plaintiff took hold of the rod or grabbed for it and tried to get on the car; that the car had stopped within fifteen or twenty feet after she had attempted to board it and that she was not dragged; that the. car had stopped at the corner to take on passengers and that while it was
Except the testimony of the physicians who had attended her, this is the substance of the evidence for plaintiff.
The evidence for defendant tended to show that plaintiff had attempted to get on the car while it was in motion; that she had started out from the sidewalk and when she reached the car it was already moving but she caught hold of the rail or rod and attempted to get on the car. This was substantially the testimony of the passenger who was identified as the gentleman who had seized hold of plaintiff and kept her from falling when she attempted to board the car.
My Brother Allen has also set out the instruction given by the court of its own motion as well as the instruction asked by appellant and refused, and the instruction asked by appellant but modified by the court. I repeat what I have said in my former opinion in this case, that in the light of the decision of our Supreme Court in Peck v. St. Louis Transit Co., 178 Mo. 617, 77 S. W. 736, we are compelled to hold that it was error to refuse the instructions asked by defendant. In the Peck case there was a verdict and judgment for defendant and plaintiff appealed, the assigned error being to the giving of two instructions at the instance of defendant. It was complained of these instructions that they narrowed the issue, narrowed the inquiry to the specific, particular, act of negligence charged. They will be found in full 'on page
It is claimed that the Peck case has never been cited by our Supreme Court in any subsequent case, and we are referred to several decisions of our court and of the Kansas City Court of Appeals which it is claimed lay down a different rule. But I find no reference to any subsequent decision of the Supreme Court which can be construed as modifying or overruling the decision in the Peck case. Whatever may be the decisions of our own or of the Kansas City Court of
I think that the error into which my learned brethren have fallen in this case is in placing too much stress upon what is said by Judge Valliani in the Peck case, supra, as to plaintiff being estopped to complain of the instructions given at the instance of the respondent in that case. It is true that that is referred to as an element controlling the decision in that case but as I read that opinion it is only one of the elements in it. The phrases in that opinion which I have italicized, to my mind, demonstrate that Judge Valliant had in mind not merely the question of the instructions, but the pleading and the evidence. In the case at bar the averments in the petition are plain and specific, to the effect that plaintiff “signalled the motorman in charge of one of defendant’s cars . . . to stop said car at the north side of Morgan street, . . . for the purpose of enabling her to board said car and become a passenger thereon, and that said motorman did stop said car at said point. That while said car was so stopped, plaintiff, with due care and caution on her part, started to get on the same, and that while the plaintiff was so engaged, defendant, through its agents and servants, did, before plaintiff had a reasonable time to which to get safely on said car, negligently and carelessly start said car, thereby hurling and throwing plaintiff backwards with great force and violence, and dragging her, causing the injuries herein complained of. And for further allegation of negligence, plaintiff says that defendant, through its agents and servants, negligently and carelessly failed to allow plaintiff a reasonable time to get safely on said car, before starting it, and said defendant, through its agents and servants, negligently and recklessly started said car, while plaintiff was, with
Unlike Ridenhour v. Kansas City Cable Ry. Co., supra, the averments that the car was at a stop are of the substance and not mere matter of inducement.
The testimony of plaintiff herself, as also that given by her own witnesses, is on the theory that plaintiff tried to board the car while it was at a stop. But there was distinct testimony to the contrary; testimony to the effect that when plaintiff attempted to board it, the car had started and was already in motion. Hence, considering the averments of the petition and the testimony in the case, it is impossible for me to arrive at any other conclusion than that plaintiff put her case before the jury by her pleading and her testimony, on the distinct ground that she had attempted to board a car which had come to a stop, and, that while she was in the act of boarding it, it had started. I can come to no conclusion other than that that being so, appellant was entitled to the instructions which it asked in the form in which it asked them.
The rule that you cannot sue on one cause of action and recover on another, is so reasonable that it would seem no one would deny it; it has been recognized and enforced in very many decisions of our Supreme Court and of our other appellate courts, including our own. I cannot but think that my learned associates have overlooked it here. Nor can I agree that if respondent made her case by proving that the car was in slow movement, “nearly” at a standstill, when she attempted to board it. If the car was moving, was in motion, when she attempted to board it, then plaintiff could not, under the averments of her petition, recover. If it was not at a stop and she attempted to board it, her case must fail. The degree of motion has no bearing on the issue made by the pleading.
