68 Conn. 424 | Conn. | 1896
The statute (Chap: 176 of the Public Acts of 1895) provides that “ no suit or action for damages on
The case at bar is an action against an electric street railway company for damages on account of an injury to the plaintiff occurring on the 8th of June, 1895, caused, as it is alleged, by the carelessness and negligence of said company in running one of its cars against the wagon of the plaintiff in which she was traveling on the highway. The suit was brought after August 1st, 1895, and consequently after the Act aforesaid went into effect, and the complaint contains no allegation that the notice required by that Act was given to the defendant. The defendant demurred to the complaint “because there is no allegation therein contained that notice was given to the defendant of the time, place and nature of said accident, as by law required.” The court below sustained the demurrer and thereupon rendered judgment for the defendant, and from that judgment the present appeal is taken.
The plaintiff claims that this case is not within the statute, and that the court below erred in holding (1) that an allegation of notice was necessary, (2) that notice was necessary. If the case is not within the statute, then clearly no notice under the statute was required; and if none was required, none need be alleged in the complaint. The question, then, whether notice was necessary is the first question to be considered; for if it was not, the other question is of no importance here.
The Act, in terms at least, applies (1) to all future cases of injury of the kind described in it; and (2) to all past cases of this kind which occurred prior to June 1st, 1895. In the former class the statutory notice is required by the express terms of the Act, while in the latter it is required by clear implication, and in this last class the notice may be given at any time within four months after the Act takes effect. The Act thus expressly or by implication covers all cases of injury of this kind, past or future, except those occurring between June 1st, 1895, and August 1st, 1895. These last are not covered expressly, nor do we think they are by any necessary implication. It seems to be a case of omission which cannot well be supplied by construction.
“ One of the firmly established' canons for the interpretation of statutes declares that all laws are to commence in the future and operate prospectively, and are to be considered as furnishing a rule for future cases only, -unless they contain language unequivocally and certainly embracing past transactions. The rule is one of such obvious conven
In the case at bar the Act in question manifestly affected to a certain extent rights which were vested rights when it took effect; for it imposed a new dutjr in respect to a past transaction as a condition to the enforcement of the right; and in such cases, where rights previously vested may be injuriously affected, courts uniformly refuse to give to statutes a retrospective operation, “unless compelled to do so by language so clear and positive as to leave no room to doubt that such was the intention of the legislature.” Chew Heong v. U. S., supra.
Assuming then, for the purposes of the argument, that the legislature had the power to pass this Act (a question not involved in this case) and to give it a retrospective effect, it has plainly limited that retrospective effect, and the courts are not at liberty to enlarge that effect by construction. To do so in this case would be to violate the plainest rules of interpretation and construction, without excuse or justification; for substantially full effect can be.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.