36 La. Ann. 484 | La. | 1884
Lead Opinion
The opinion of the Court was delivered by
This is an action to recover, with lien, the price of cotton, attached and sequestered within five days after the day of sale, -in the hands of third persons who, by intervention and answer, assert adverse title thereto.
There was judgment against F. Beer, the purchaser, condemning him to pay the unpaid price, $8690 62, recognizing the lien on the cotton
The intervenors alone appeal.
The contention is : that the seizure of the cotton was illegal, because of the insufficiency of the affidavits made to obtain the writs under which it was effected; that the plaintiffs are estopi>ed from questioning the ownership of Lionnet to the cotton; that the original law of 1854, securing the five days’ lien in favor of vendors of agricultural products, has been, if not repealed, at least modified, so as not to apply to cash sales and to cases where the vendor, although unpaid, has parted with possession of the cotton, which was subsequently pledged or transferred by the purchaser, in favor of or to innocent parties, who have acquired rights for valuable consideration.
I.
Much has been said and written to show the insufficiency of the affidavits made to obtain the writs of attachment and sequestration, under which the cotton sold by plaintiffs to Beer, was seized within five days after the sale.
The pith of the charges is: that the affidavits are insufficient, the first, in toto on its face; the second, because taken by the creditor himself, who swore to the allegations of the second petition as true, “ to the best of his Imowledge and belief," which is permissible only when the oath is taken by the agent.
The plaintiffs contend that the intervenors have no right to show any irregularity in the suit, for the sole purpose of rescuing their property, as, whether the plaintiffs, the court and the sheriff have been acting legally or not, is none of their business.
It must be noted that the intervenors had been made defendants in the suit by supplemental petition.
Conceding that the intervenors, either as such, or as defendants, or in both capacities which are practically one and the same, have a right to seek the dissolution of the writs and thus release the property seized in their possession, it by no means follows that the ground upon which they rely is well taken.
The first affidavit made to obtain the attachment and sequestration against Beer cannot be successfully attacked, as insufficient to procure the writs which were issued and executed within five days from the sale.
It is a decided mistake to assume that, because neither the petition nor the affidavit contains the averment that the affiant fears that the
Were this position we.ll taken the suit would here, end as to the intervenors.
The law which authorizes a sequestration under the state of facts expressed in those terms, is paragraph 8 of article C.P. 275, but it does not prescribe that the writ shall issue only in such cases.
The article provides explicitly that a sequestration may be ordered in the following cases — stating them, eight in number, the seventh of which is: that a plaintiff may obtain a sequestration in all cases where he has a lien or privilege upon property or complying with the requisites provided by law.
The next, article 276, simply declares that the plaintiff, wishing to obtain the order in any one of the cases, must annex an affidavit setting forth the cause for which lie claims such order and his obligation, etc.
Paragraph 8 is section 6 of the Act of 1839, No. 53, p. 163, which was passed to amend article 275 of the 0. P. and which distinctly does so by providing: “that in addition to the cases therein mentioned, a sequestration may be ordered,” etc. it was, therefore, an additional or supplemental legislation which did not repeal previous laws.
A reading of the remaining six paragraphs show in what other cases the writ can issue. Each paragraph announces what the circumstances are to be in each case, which will justify the granting of the remedy
In the case mentioned in paragraph 7, the. creditor must swear to the existence of the debt, of the privilege on the property, and must state the circumstances which imperil the loss of the lien.
In Selleck vs. Kelly, 11 R. 15, the affidavit made to obtain the sequestration merely stated the debt and the lien and the court properly held that this was not sufficient, that the affiant should have set forth the cause for which the order was claimed.
Neither are the words to be used sacramental. It is sufficient, if from the words used, it appears that there exists a danger for the loss of the lien, namely: that the property will be illegally disposed of by the defendant. Dumonteil vs. Dubroqua, 1 R. 531.
It has likewise been held that the omission to use the words “during the pendency of the suit” is not fatal. Wells vs. St. Didier, 1 A. 119.
Now, by reference to the original petition, it is apparent that Lengs-field unequivocally swore not only to the existence of the debt and of the vendors lien, but also to the apprehended fraudulent conversion of
It seems to be conceded that had the affidavit set forth the fear of a removal of the cotton, it would have followed the exigencies of tlio law.
There is no law which requires that the affidavit shall aver, in a case like the present, this or that. The law demands that a cause, a sufficient cause, be alleged. That the debtor is about to convert the cotton into money, to defraud his creditors, is surely good cause for the apprehension of the loss of the privilege. It is not only an equivalent but a broader averment than the allegation of removal. Property removed can be more easily reached by the executive officer of the law, than the proceeds thereof in the debtor’s pocket. Closely analyzed, it implies the essentials of even paragraph 8, which authorizes the writ when the party in possession is about to part with or dispose of the property.
Because the averment made in this case is such as can justify an attachment is no reason why it should not serve also for a sequestration, if it is, in itself, otherwise sufficient. The affidavit to the first-petition was designed to procure the two writs which are not antago-nistical or exclusive the one of the other. An attachment may issue as well when there exists a lien, as when there exists none. A sequestration always issues when a right to or on property is averred and there is danger of losing it.
The concurrence of tlio averments made was ample authority for the issuance of the writs.
The lien claimed is that resulting from the sale of the cotton, the price remaining unpaid and the seizure having taken place within the five days. It is not a lien resulting from the seizure by attachment.
The second affidavit was made at the foot of the supplemental petition and contains the averments, announced in paragraph 8 of the article, setting forth that the facts are true “to the best knowledge and belief” of affiant. It is signed by W. H. Lengfield, a member of the firm.
It was superfluous, in order to give validity to the seizure, under the first writs and to bring in Lionnet and Lehman, Abraham & Co., who were not indispensable, but merely proper parties and who, after the writs had issued and been executed, intervened, assuming the attitude of defendants in possession.
Had it not been made at all, its absence could not have prejudiced the validity of the seizures previously effected under the two writs.
This view of the matter renders it unnecessary to consider the attacks levelled at the insufficiency of the second affida/vit taken by one pf the partners “ to the best of his knowledge and belief.”
It is next contended that plaintiffs are, as to Lionnet, estopped from contesting liis title to the 124 hales seized in Ids control, which he claims to have acquired from Beer, the absconding debtor.
The matter of fact is that, on the 2d of May, Lionnet’s agent (Meil-leur) went with Beer to plaintiffs’ office, acting for Lionnet, and called for the delivery of the cotton, informing Gumbel that the cotton had been sold to a friend, meaning Lionnet, that G-umbel said that he would have the delivery order made out; that the order was drawn up and handed to Beer who endorsed it to Lionnet, who, with it, obtained, on the same day, delivery from the press.
The delivery order does not declare that the cotton is to be delivered without the vendor’s privilege.
There is no dispute that the cotton had been sold by plaintiffs to Beer on the 2d, and that, when the order of delivery was issued, it had not passed the scales, which it did on the following day only.
It is clear that on the 2d, when the delivery order was made out and handed to Beer, and endorsed over by him to Lionnet, the plaintiffs had a lien on it for the payment of the unpaid price. It affected it as effectually as a vendor’s privilege encumbers real estate, when it is duly recorded.
Previous to the present Constitution, it had been established that privileges on evon movable property would not affect third persons unless upon proper and valid registry. Not so now. The privilege exists without registry. It is true that the Constitution authorizes legislation on that matter, but as yet none has been provided for. Const. 177.
The Act of 1854, p. 45, the object of which was “to protect merchants or vendors of agricultural products in the city of New Orleans,” was re-enacted in 1855, p. 363, under the title of “An Act relative to privileges,” and now forms part of the Revised Civil Code of 1870, as Article 3227. It provides as follows:
“Any person who may sell the agricultural products of the United States in the city of New Orleans, shall be entitled to a special lien and privilege thereon to secure the payment of the purchase money for and during the space of five days only after the day of delivery, within which time the vendor shall be entitled to seize the same, in whatsoever hands or place they may be found, and his claim for the purchase money shall have preference over all others. If the vendor give a written order for the delivery of any such product and shall say therein*489 that they are to he delivered without vendor’s privilege, then no lien shall attach thereto.”
The testimony received to establish what passed at the time the delivery'order was issued and handed to Beer, fails to show that plaintiffs said any thing from which it can be inferred that they intended to forego and had waived tlieir lien on the cotton. The silence of the delivery order on that subject amounts to demonstration that the privilege was retained, the converse of the proposition, negativing the words of the statute, being: “If the vendor gimes a written order for the delivery of amj such products mid does' not say therein that they are to be delivered without vendor's pri/irilege, then the Tien shall attach thereto.”
The vendor’s lien attaches to the thing, adheret viseeribus rei, until formally abandoned or extinguished in some legal mode. 4 A. 318; 32 A. 829; 34 A.164.
The plaintiffs, far from having made any representation or done any thing inducing any one to assume and believe that they had relinquished their privilege for payment of the unpaid price due them, have done a legal act from which the intervenor should have deduced that the lien had been retained. It was Ms interest, his duty for self-protection, to have inquired from the plaintiffs whether the price had or not been paid. For not having done that wMch he should have done, so as to protect himself and avert possible injury, he has none to blame but himself.
III.
The evidence, on the merits, discloses the following salient facts :
On May 2, 1882, the plaintiffs sold to F. Beer 161 bales of cotton at 11£ cents per pound, for the delivery of which they issued to him an order on the press, without saying therein that they were to be turned over to him without vendor’s lien. With that order, he obtained possession of the cotton on the following day. There is no pretense that the price was ever paid.
It appears that, previous to his purchase of this cotton from plaintiffs, Beer had obtained from Lionnet an advance of money, in consideration of which he was to deliver to them 200 bales of cotton, which were not at the time, at least to the extent of 124 bales, in Ms possession or control; that it is only after the delivery of the cotton sold him by plaintiffs, that he turned over to Lionnet the 124 bales, the ownership of which the latter claims to have acquired by pwrehase. He does not assert that it became his by a dation en paiement, of other
Surely, there was no sale and consequently no purchase, and the cotton never ceased to he Beer’s, or if it ceased to belong to him, it passed to Lionnet cwm onere.
Three things must concur for the perfection of the contract: The thing sold, the price and the consent. R. C. C. 2439.
At the date of the latest advance of money, May, 1,1882, when a check of $9000 was given Beer l>j Lionnet, as an advance, Beer did not have and did not own the cotton which he bought from plaintiffs on the 2d. There was then no thing in existence, between Beer and Lionnet, which could have been then sold, by the former and bought by the latter. It woirld have been the sale of the property of another, which the law declares to be a nullity. R. C. C. 2452.
There was no price fixed and determined for the cotton, which is sold according to grade, and by the weight. The law declares that the price of the sale must bo certain, that is to say, fixed and determined by the parties. R. C. C. 2464.
Had the cotton in question, sold by plaintiffs to Beer on the second of May, been destroyed before passing the scales and delivery, which took place on the third, the loss would not have fallen on Lionnet. The subsequent weighing and delivery of the cotton by Beer to Lion-net, could not and did not impress upon the transaction the character of a sale. It would only be viewed at best, either as a collate] al security, pledge, or as a dation enpaiement; but if either, the intervenor could not claim, as pledgee, or as owner, under the last mode of transfer, for he has neither alleged, nor proved, nor even argued accordingly. The irresistible inference is, therefore, that, if the ownership of the cotton did not pass from Beer to Lionnet, it continued to dwell in the former and that the cotton in question, under the latter’s control, was there, for account and in the constructive possession of Beer. But if it were true that by the transfer of the cotton by Beer to Lion-net, title of ownership was convoyed and acquired, the dominant question would remain to be considered, whether it passed or not cwm onere, that is, subject to the vendor’s privilege asserted by the plaintifis.
It is generally considered by the bar and the bench, that the decision in 1852, in the case of Campbell et al. vs. Penn, etc., 7 A. 371, which threatened the destruction of agricultural industry, in this State, was the cause which prompted the adoption, in 1854, of the act of that year, p. 45, the text of which is hereinbefore given.
The principle thus recognized and laid down, was subsequently admitted and enforced in the case of Tyree vs. Sand—Miller, intervenor, 24 A. 363, in which the court enforced here, a vendor’s lien existing in Alabama, between parties, citizens of that State, its law being identical with ours on the subject. Referring to the case in 13 A., the Court said that the intervenors, bankers of Mobile, knew the law and were aware of the possibility of plaintiffs lien. “ They might have easily asked if the cotton was paid for, they .might have required their money to be used in payment of it. It is as likely as not that they knew it was not paid for.” The judgment recognizing the plaintiff’s lien as vendors was affirmed and the intervention rejected.
It is not correct to say that .the ruling first made, was subsequent repudiated by two decisions of the then Supreme Court of this State, found in 25 A. 82, and in 26 A. 6.
In the first case, the Court decided that the sixth section of the act of 1868, p. 168, concerning the transfer of bills of lading and the effects of that transfer, is only a. legislative sanction given to the commercial law of universal application, by which it is held, that a bill of lading, legally transferred, gives title to the property which it represents and that the section does not clash with the act of 1855, incorporated in the Revised Code, as Article 3227. It is true that, in the body of the opinion, which was that of a majority, the Justice who was the organ of the Court says, that the article does not give the privilege,- where the sale is made for cash and where the commodity has ceased to be in the possession of the purchaser, but it does not appear that the last portion of the article was considered. The two other parties who concurred, placed their concurrence in the decree on the ground that there had been no registry. So that what was first said, may be considered as in superabundance, as obiter. Even then, that opinion, under such circumstances, cannot have produced the effect of overruling anterior expositions of the law on the subject.
Neither can the other decision in the second case be invoked for that purpose. Two judges only concurred on the point, two on the ground of the want of registry as in the first - case, while the fifth one, dis-
A patient and careful consideration of the two acts of 1868, p. 193, No. 150, and of 1876, p. 113, No. 72, satisfies us that neither was designed to repeal the acts of 1854 and 1855, as now embodied in the Revised Code as Article 3227. The object of the former act, as its title indicates, was to prevent the issue' of false receipts, or bills of lading, and to punish fraudulent transfers of property by cotton presses, wharfingers and others.
The purpose of the latter, as announced in its title, was to govern the manner in which cotton press and similar receipts should be issued and the delivery and disposal of the property for which such receipts may be issued.
It is true that, by section five of that last act, while “the vendor’s lien of five days privilege now allowed in commercial transactions, for the payment of the purchase price,” is formally recognized, and is declared as “not to be affected by the provisions of this act,” there is stipulation that it shall not prevail “in case a warehouse receipt has been pledged as collateral, for money borrowed; * * * provided, that when the * * * pledgee may have wrongfully pledged, in violation of this act, any property, the lien of the owner shall be valid even against the third holder of the warehouse receipt.”
The guarded language used is manifestly expressive of the unwillingness of the law-giver in any way (except in that specially mentioned which does not arise in this controversy) to impair, alter or abridge the lien previously conceded in favor of merchants and vendors of agricultural products of the United States. Besides, it may be a matter of inquiry how far the derogation, however exceptional, may be deemed expressed in the title of the law.
It may be worthy of note that, in the Chaffraix case, 29 A. A. 186, while the court intimated that the vendors could have no recourse for the price but on their vendees, to whom they sold for cash, and of their own accord waived rigid compliance by the vendees with the conditions of the sale, it is a fact that the privilege claimed had not been
In the present instance, it may well be contended that the cotton was not sold for cash, which means payment on delivery, for it is apparent that the litigants are all members of the Cotton Exchange in this city and that they dealt with each other under the influence of the rules prescribed in that institution and which have become rules of usage, and custom, which prevail in such cases and which they no doubt intended to and did observe.
But were it otherwise, it is clear, even under the most rigorous interpretation and application of the law, that whether the ownership passed or not from Beer to Lionnet, the plaintiffs’ lien would still attach, for in the first case, it would have done so cum onere, and in the second, it would have simply followed Beer’s property in the hands of the possessor thereof.
It is apparent that, as it stood formerly, the law as found in Art. 3194 of the Code of 1825, now Art. 3227 of the R. C., allowed a privilege to the vendor on movables sold by him for cash or on credit over other creditors of the purchaser if the property remained in the possession of the latter; but in 1854, the Legislature, for reasons of public interest, however, thought it just and necessary to formulate an exception and to permit the assertion and enforcement of the privilege on agricultural products of the United States sold in New Orleans for the term of five days from delivery, in whatsoever hands or place they might be found.
The incorporation of the Act of 1854 (p. 45) into the R. C. as part of the old Article 3194, now 3227, amounts to demonstration that the general rule laid down^in the first paragraph, which restricted the privilege to the case where the property had continued in the possession of the vendee, was, from the beginning, modified so as to extend the exercise of the privilege on such agricultural products, in whatsoever hands found, within five days of the date of delivery, whatever the terms of sale were, where the price was unpaid and the vendor had not voluntarily and formally relinquished it.
So that the third . paragraph of the article can be read: Any person who may sell the agricultural products of the United States in the city of - New Orleans .shall, (nevertheless) be entitled to a special lien, etc. The two laws should be construed so as to be made to work harmoniously. Durand vs. Dubuclet, 24 A. 155.
Our conception of the entire legislation and of the jurisprudence is, therefore, that the vendor of agricultural products of the United States sold in New Orleans, have a lien on the commodity sold for the payment of the unpaid price, whether the sale was made for cash or on credit, and is entitled to enforce it by seizure of the identical article, either in the possession of the vendor or in the hands of third parties, within five days after the delivery thereof, provided he has not waived it and perhaps provided the same has not been validly jdedged on the faith of a properly issued warehouse or similar receipt, or bill of lading.
Touching the intervention of Lehman, Abraham & Co., it suffices to saj' that it presents substantially features kiudred to those in the cases of Allen, Nugent & Co. vs. Buisson, 35 A. 109, and of Bourg vs. Lopez, 36 A. 439; and that, even if these intervenors claimed title of ownership and had really acquired by purchase or otherwise, they would have no better ground to stand upon than that upon which Lionnet has contended, but in vain.
The plaintiffs having their lien and the intervenors knowing,the law and having it in their power to ascertain the facts, the latter cannot be listened to invoke the mile that “as between two innocent parties the loss should fall on the one whoso imprudent confidence has enabled the wrong-doer to get credit.”
In considerate, elaborate and well expressed reasons, the district judge has reached the same conclusions.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.
Dissenting Opinion
DisseNTXNg Opinion.
As conceded in the majority opinion, the essential foundation of the relief sought, so far as Lionnet and Lehman, Abraham & Co. are concerned, is the sequestration.
It is elementary that the mere existence of a lien or privilege is not, of itself and by itself, sufficient to entitle a party to a sequestration.
He must not only have the privilege, but must in addition, as stated in Paragraph 7 of C. P. 275: “Comply with the requisites provided by law,” and those requisites have been consistently held to include an ’affidavit to some of the causes provided in the article establishing the
So far as the first writ of sequestration is concerned, the affidavit is entirely lacking in any of the “requisites provided by law,” as sot forth in the articles touching sequestration, excejyb the mere existence of the privilege.
I have been unable to satisfy my mind that the insufficiency of this affidavit can be eked out by the fact that, in the same petition, the plaintiff applied for a writ of attachment also, and made an affidavit under C. P. 243, to the effect that the debtor “had converted or was about to convert his property into cash money, or evidences of in debtedness, with intent to place it beyond the reach of his creditors.” This form of affidavit is provided exclusively for attachments and is applicable to that writ alone, and not to sequestrations. In such matters there is no room for the doctrine of equivalents or for the translation of the requisites of one writ to support another. Nor does the equivalency claimed exist. Whatever effect the conversion into money or evidences of debt might have in placing the property beyond the reach of other creditors, it could have no effect to defeat or imperil plaintiff’s privilege. The affidavit is thus radically deficient. It charged no intent to remove the property out of the State, or to conceal it, or to do any act mentioned in Art. 275, or calculated to deprive him of the benefit of his privilege.
Indeed, the learned counsel for plaintiff did not attempt to support the first writ of sequestration, and I am satisfied the application for the second writ was a recognition of the invalidity of the first, and a virtual abandonment of it.
As to the second writ, the objection that the affidavit therefor was made by a member of the plaintiff firm, “to the best of his knowledge and belief,” is, in my opinion, fatal.
However absurd or unreasonable be the conditions imposed by the Legislature for the obtaining of these conservatory writs, our jurisprudence is uniform that, when imposed, they must be rigidly complied with.
The Legislature has seen fit to make a clear distinction between the affidavit made by a party and that made by an agent. In the latter case, it permits the affidavit to be made “to the best of his knowledge and belief;” in the former, it permits no such qualification.
If such distinction had not been made, I should readily concur witl) those opinions which this Court has rendered concerning affidavits
But as, witli reference to other conservatory writs, the distinction has been made, we must conform to and enforce it.
I only follow the principle firmly established by our predecessors in the following quotation: “Sequestrations and other conservatory remedies by which the property of a party is wrested from his possession and taken into the custody of the law, before judgment, without notice and upon the ex parte showing of the plaintiff, are extraordinary and rigorous, and hence the doctrine has been uniform that they are to be strictly construed and that the requisites of the law must be observed on pain of nullity.” Wilson vs. Churchman, 4 A. 456.
So far'as the writ of attachment is concerned, conceding that it continued in force, it is not given as a means of enforcing privileges; nor, under the facts disclosed in this case, could the attachment be sustained for a moment, since it conclusively appears that the plaintiff’s debtor had parted with the property before the writ issued. We have held that attachment does not lie in such case, but that the revocatory action must be resorted to. Redwitz vs. Waggaman, 33 A. 26.
Nor, regarded in the light of a mere revocatory action, has the suit of plaintiff any foundation, since whatever fraud is brought home to Beer, the skirts of Lionnet and Lehman, Abraham & Co., are entirely clear from the least complieitj'' therein.
I, therefore, dissent.
Rehearing refused.
