69 N.C. 242 | N.C. | 1873
On the 20th of April, 1872, plaintiff issued a summons requiring defendants to appear before the clerk of the Superior Court of Bladen on the 13th of May, 1872, to answer, c. The summons was executed by the sheriff of Bladen on 1st May, 1872, so that the return day fell within less than twenty days after the service.
The complaint stated that defendant, Melvin, in 1857 executed a deed to Thomas J. Purdie for land and personal *245 property in trust to secure sundry debts, and among others one to plaintiffs. In 1863, Thomas J. Purdie died; the other defendants, (besides Melvin) are his administrators and his heirs at law, who refuse to execute the trust. It prayed for their removal and the appointment of another trustee.
The defendants appeared and moved to dismiss the summons, because it was made returnable within less than twenty days after service. The Probate Judge allowed the motion, and plaintiff appealed to the Judge of the Superior Court. The Judge held that a proceeding to procure the removal of one trustee, or of one body of trustees, and the substitution of another, was neither an action or a special proceeding, but a motion which required no service of any summons and no notice, and the order might be made by the Probate Judge ex parte, and he remanded the case to the Probate Judge with directions to make the order desired.
We cannot agree with the District Judge that the removal of one trustee and the substitution of another is a thing which can be done on an ex parte motion. Before the Constitution of 1868, it could only be done on a bill in equity, to which the trustee and all the cestui que trusts were necessary parties. It is a proceeding in which each of them may have an important interest. It may be that the trustee has made advances or incurred liabilities on the faith of the trust property, or is entitled to compensation for his services as trustee. And it may be that some or most of the cestui que trusts, desire him to continue to act as a trustee for their interests. Important questions of title to property may be involved; it cannot be maintained that such rights can be determined on an ex parte application by one or several only of the cestui que trusts. Those who were not parties to the proceeding for the removal of the trustee, clearly could not be bound by it, and any order so made would be a source of litigation and confusion. These views are general. It *246 may very well be that the present is a perfectly proper case for a substitution of a trustee, that the trustees have no claims, and that no injury would result from summary and ex parte action. But the rules of law are necessarily of general and even of universal application. The law is no respecter of persons; both sides must be heard. If in the present case one of many cestui que trusts can upon an ex parte application remove a trustee whom all the parties have chosen to execute the trust, can take from him the possession of the property and transfer it to the mover's nominee, without giving the trustee or the other parties interested any opportunity to be heard, it must follow that one of several cestui que trusts may do so in every case, and the consequences are too obvious to need mention.
After the Constitution of 1868, and before the Act of 1869-'70, chap. 188, jurisdiction in such a case was exclusively in the Superior Court, and it still remains there, except in the cases to which the Act is applicable. The proceeding to obtain the relief would have been called a civil action, and governed by all the rules as respects parties and procedure applicable to such actions. All persons interested must have been parties, with full time and opportunitw [opportunity] to set up their respective claims.
That Act says "that where any trustee of a deed in trust has died, removed from the county where the deed was executed and the State, or in any way become incompetent to execute the said trust, that the Judge of Probate of the county wherein the said deed of trust was executed, be authorized and empowered to appoint some discreet and competent person to act as trustee," c.
The Legislature had the right, under the Constitution, to confer this jurisdiction on the Probate Judge. Art. IV, sec. 17. But it would be unjust to the Legislature to suppose that it intended to confer so important a jurisdiction on a Probate Judge, free from the ordinary securities for just *247 decision, which were imposed on the Superior Courts, and which, except in exceptional cases, are ever held sacred.
It is immaterial whether the procedure in such cases may with the stricter accuracy be called a civil action or a special proceeding, probably it would most accurately be the former. But a name is merely a short way of expressing more or less precisely the idea of a thing, instead of describing it by an enumeration of its qualities. In this case all the qualities of the procedure are known from the statutes respecting it, and if we call it by the one name or the other, it is only for convenience and brevity, and not to alter or change its qualities in any respect.
Independent of the Act of 22d March, 1869, (Acts of 1868-'69, chap. 76, p. 179,) and of the subsequent acts continuing that Act in force, there is no difference in the procedure in civil actions, and special proceedingsinter parties, except of course in a few cases where peculiar proceedings may be prescribed. This Act is confined to actions of which the Judge of the Superior Court exclusively has jurisdiction. It does not apply to any proceedings before the clerk as Probate Judge. The procedure before him remains (at least generally) as it was before that Act, and is regulated by chap. 93, Acts 1868-'69, (ratified the 27th March, 1869,) sec. 4 enacts that such actions shall be begun as is prescribed for civil actions in the Superior Courts, and section 6 enacts that the proceedings shall be as is prescribed for civil actions by C. C. P.
This reasoning shows, we think, that the Judge erred in remanding the case to the Probate Judge with instructions to proceed in it without making all the persons interested parties, and without notice to them or any of them, and ex parte.
We will now proceed to consider what directions the Judge should have given upon remanding the case:
1. As to the duty of the Probate Judge upon the return of the *248 summons executed less than twenty days before the return day. C.C.P., sec. 73, says: "It (the summons) shall command the officer to summon the defendant to appear, c., within a certain number of days after the service exclusive of the day of service to answer," c. Sec. 74, clause 3. The number of days shall in no case be less than twenty, c.
In the present case the plaintiff made the summons returnable on a day certain, and not on a certain day after service. We do not say that this deviation from the statute form is such an irregularity as will make the summons void, although it is always best and safest to follow the form prescribed by the Code. But clearly the defendant cannot be abridged of any right by such an irregularity; he is not obliged to appear until the twentieth day after service, exclusive of the day of service, and any proceeding had before that day is null and void. We think the Probate Judge was not bound to dismiss the proceeding for the irregularity, but that he should have allowed the defendants the time allowed by the Code for an appearance. As that time has long since expired, when the case is remanded to him it will be his duty to allow them a reasonable time (which will be generally twenty days,) after notice of the remanding within which to appear and answer. He will then proceed as required by law.
2. As to the parties. Of course no one can suppose that by the death of a trustee there ceases to be a trustee. The real property descends to his heirs, and the personalty goes to his administrator, clothed with trusts. The plaintiff properly made the heirs and administrator parties defendant. The other cestui que trusts who have an interest in the question ought either to be made parties, or the summons should be on behalf of the plaintiff and all others in like situation who choose to come in, and they should receive pendency of the action. The plaintiff of course will be allowed to amend in these respects. *249
PER CURIAM. Judgment reversed, and the case is remanded to the Superior Court to be proceeded in in conformity to this opinion. Inasmuch as the plaintiff, by making the summons returnable on a day certain, which as it turned out, was less than twenty days after service, gave occasion to the error of the defendants in moving to dismiss, instead of moving (if they chose to move when there was no necessity for motion) for time to appear on the proper return day, viz: the twentieth day after service, we consider that both parties erred, consequently each must pay his own costs in this Court.