OPINION
{1} Plаintiffs, Suzanne Guest and the Guest Law Firm (Guest), appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendants, David Berardinelli (Berardinelli) and Cheryl McLean (McLean) (collectively referred to as Defendants), on three claims: (1) malicious abuse of process, (2) interference with existing and prospective contractual relations, and (3) prima facie tort. Guest argues that genuine issues of material fact preclude summary judgment on all claims. We disagree and therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
{2} On March 11, 1997, Jamie Deveney and Travis Durham (the Durhams) were involved in an automobile accident with an uninsured drunk driver and made uninsured motorist (UM) claims against Allstate Insurance Company (Allstate) under Deveney’s automobile insurance policy. Guest represented Allstate as defense counsel in the arbitration of the Durhams’ UM claims. The Durhams wеre represented by McLean. The Durhams were so upset by Allstate and Guest’s behavior in settlement discussions, discovery, and the arbitration hearing that they asked McLean to explore the possibility of suing Guest and Allstate.
{3} On January 30, 2002, the Durhams sued Guest, Allstate, and an Allstate adjuster over the handling of their UM claims. The Durhams were represented by McLean, as well as Berardinelli, an attorney known to specialize in bad faith actions against Allstate. The Durhams asserted claims against Guest in her role as arbitration counsel for Allstate for violations of the New Mexico insurance code, aiding and abetting a violation of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, malicious abuse of process (MAP), malicious defense, and prima facie tort. The complaint accused Guest of malicious character assassination of the Durhаms and of maliciously abusing process to obtain their employment and medical records outside the scope of discovery or in violation of protective orders with the intent to humiliate the Durhams, to cause or threaten them to lose their employment, to extort and intimidate them to give up their rights, and to retaliate against them for not accepting Allstate’s settlement offer.
{4} These claims were based on the underlying premise that these allegedly unfair or deceptive claims handling practices were conducted pursuant to Allstate’s aggressive national CCPR (claims core process redesign), DOLF (defense of litigated files) and SFXOL (settle for X or less) policies and procedures, which Berardinelli and McLean believe to be fraudulent. All claims against Guest, with the exception of thе MAP claim, were dismissed by the district court with prejudice in December 2002. The remaining MAP claim was dismissed with prejudice in an order entered on September 12, 2005, and this Court recently affirmed the dismissal of all claims in Durham v. Guest,
{5} The instant dispute arose while Durham was still pending in New Mexico district court. On June 24, 2005, Guest filed an amended complaint against McLean, Berardinelli, and Allstate. Guest’s claims against Allstate are not the subject of this appeal. The complaint alleged that McLean and Berardinelli had purposely filed the Durham suit against Guest to discourage and intimidate Guest and other attorneys from defending Allstate in current or future UM litigation; to improperly hold Guest responsible in her individual capacity as defense counsel for Allstate’s actions, policies, and procedures; and to punish Guest for her defense of Allstate. Guest sought damages from McLean and Berardinelli for MAP, tortious interference with Guest’s existing and prospective contractual relations with Allstate, and prima facie tort. McLean and Berardinelli moved for summary judgment on all three claims, and the district court granted the motions in an oral ruling that was transcribed and made part of the record in this appeal at the district court’s request.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
{6} A district court’s grant of summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Rule 1-056(C) NMRA. Once the movant meets the initial burden of negating at least one of the essential elements upon which the opponent’s clаims are grounded, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to come forward with admissible evidence to establish each element of the claim that has been so negated. Blauwkamp v. Univ. of N.M. Hosp.,
{7} The non-moving party must show “at least a reasonable doubt, rather than a slight doubt, as to the existence of a genuine issue of fact.” Ciup v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 1996— NMSC-062, ¶ 7,
{8} Our review is de novo, meaning that we will “apply our own judgment in gleaning the facts frоm the record, assimilating them into a coherent story, weighing their relevance, and evaluating their legal significance.” Reed v. State ex rel. Ortiz,
II. Malicious Abuse of Process
{9} In New Mexico, the tort of MAP is generally disfavored as a cause of action. Dawley v. La Puerta Architectural Antiques, Inc.,
{10} With this in mind, the elements of MAP are:
(1) the initiation of judicial proceedings against the plaintiff by the defendant; (2) an act by the defendant in the use of process other than such as would be proper in the regular prosecution of the claim; (3) a primary motive by the defendant in misusing the process to accomplish an illegitimate end; and (4) damages.
Id. ¶ 17. The parties’ arguments in this case focus principally on the second element, which may be satisfied by Guest in one of two ways: (1) with proof that Defendants filed the Durham complaint without probable cause or (2) by demonstrating that Defendants engaged in some other procedural impropriety “suggesting extortion, delay, or harassment.” See DeVaney,
A. Probable Cause
{11} In granting summary judgment on Guest’s MAP claim, the district court ruled that Defendants had probable cause to name Guest as a party in the Durham suits. The district court applied the proper standard: whether Defendants had a reasonable belief, founded on known facts established after a reasonable pre-filing investigation, that a claim could be established to the satisfaction of a court or a jury. DeVaney,
{12} We first inquire whether Defendants have made a prima facie showing that they performed a reasonable pre-filing inquiry. See DeVaney,
{13} Next, we inquire into whether Defendants have made a prima facie showing that the knowledge arising from their prefiling inquiry supported a reasonable belief that they had grounds to bring their claims against Guest. See id. In doing so, we must recognize that “[p]robable cause does not require certainty,” a standard which we understand to grant attorneys reasonable latitude in asserting novel claims under New Mexico law. See S. Farm Bureau Cas. Co. v. Hiner,
{14} Defendants had evidence that Guest’s pre-arbitration discovery inquired into whether Deveney had ever been the victim of, reported, or received counseling for domestic abuse, a potential violation of the Domestic Abuse Insurance Protection Act, NMSA 1978, § 59A-16B-6 (1997), and the insurance Trade Practices and Frauds Act, NMSA 1978, § 59A-16-20(O) (1997). Defendants knew that Guest served an employment records subpoena upon Rocky Mountain Awning, Deveney’s past employer, under the judicial authority and command of the Second Judicial District Court and with a cover letter stating that the subpoena was “the equivalent of a Court Order,” despite the fact that no case was pending in any court. They also knew that Guest served this subpoena on September 25,1998, despite what the arbitrator believed to be her oral ruling on September 22, 1998, that Guest withdraw her request for employment information and records from Deveney’s previous employers, including Rocky Mountain Awning, which was confirmed by the arbitrator in writing on September 28, 1998. Moreover, they knew that after learning that Deveney’s supervisor at her current employer, the retail establishment Laura Ashley, had threatened Deveney with the loss of her job unless the records subpoena Guest served on the store was withdrawn, Guest telephoned Deveney directly and told her to make sure Laura Ashley complied with the subpoena. These facts reasonably support a potentially viable claim for MAP.
{15} Even if Guest is correct that the arbitrator’s oral ruling of September 22, 1998, was unclear as to whether it applied only to the current employer, and not past employers, there is nothing in the record showing that Berardinelli had personal knowledge of such lack of clarity since he got his information from McLean and Deveney, and the arbitrator specifically confirmed the nature of her oral ruling in writing on the later date. Thus, Berardinelli made a stronger ease for summary judgment than McLean. But even McLean’s case was a prima facie one because of the other undisputed facts concerning the Rocky Mountain Awning subpоena and the belief that Guest’s actions were part of Allstate’s aggressive protocols to which we now turn.
{16} Next, the district court found that there was a reasonable basis for Defendants’ belief that the Durham arbitration was addressed under Allstate’s aggressive CCPR and DOLF claims handling procedures, which Defendants believed constituted a violation of Allstate’s common law fiduciary duty to the Durhams as insured parties, and that Guest was acting pursuant to those policies. We hold that the facts known by Defendants prior to filing support such a belief. As a result of their inquiry, Defendants knew that six days before arbitration, Allstate made a settlement offer of $5,800 to Deveney and $7,500 to Durham and that both offers were significantly lower than the Durhams’ policy limits of $25,000 per individual, not to mention the final total arbitration award of $45,000. Defendants also knew, bеcause McLean was present at the arbitration hearing, that Guest offered evidence and arguments that implicated sensitive aspects of the Durhams’ personal lives, including Deveney’s pediatric medical records, Deveney’s gynecological and pregnancy records, evidence that Durham had been abused as a child, and evidence that Deveney was a life-long drug addict based on his prescribed use of Ritalin to treat Adolescent Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
{17} The district court found, and we agree, that a reasonable attorney could have determined based upon Allstate’s settlement offers and Guest’s conduct in discovery and at the arbitration hearing that Guest and Allstate were acting pursuant to the aggressive Allstate UM claims handling policies with which Berardinelli had become familiar through his previous suits for bad faith against the company, thus supporting a novel claim for holding Guest individually liable for statutory violations of the Insurance Code, including the insurance Trade Practices and Frauds Act. See NMSA 1978, § 59A-16-3 (1984); § 59A-16-20(G), (O). In granting summary judgment, the district court correctly noted that it was irrelevant at the time of filing whether or not Allstate’s CCPR and DOLP protocols were actually implemented in this case. Probable cause is to be determined by facts as they appeared to Defendants at the time of filing, not by later-discovered facts. See Weststar Mortgage Corp.,
{18} Accordingly, we hold that the facts Defendants ascertained from their pre-filing inquiry give rise to a prima facie showing that Defendants had probable cause to name Guest as a party in her individual capacity in the Durham suits. In so holding, we notе that the fact that Defendants’ claims were ultimately dismissed by the district court has no bearing on the question of whether Defendants had probable cause to file suit. DeVaney,
{19} This is particularly true when evaluating probable cause in the context of MAP suits against attorneys. In Durham, we relied on the notions that attorneys have some measure of freedom in representing their clients, and we did not want to chill an attorney’s vigorous representation of the client; accordingly, except in unusual circumstances, an attorney should not have to worry about asserted duties to non-clients. Durham,
{20} Similarly, the Connecticut Supreme Court said, “ ‘The vitality of our common law system is dependent upon the freedom of attorneys to pursue novel, although potentially unsuccessful, legal theories.’ ” Falls Church Group, Ltd. v. Tyler, Cooper & Alcorn, LLP,
{21} It would be inconsistent with these authorities to require plaintiffs’ attorneys, such as Berardinelli or McLean, to interview and investigate the defendant, Guest, and her witnesses and then disregard what their own client told them. It would be inconsistent with the attorneys’ professional duty to zealously advocate for their clients were we to hold Berardinelli and McLean to the standard Guest prоposes.
{22} We now turn to Guest’s burden under our summary judgment standard. In opposing summary judgment, Guest’s burden is to show specific evidentiary facts in the form of admissible evidence that require a trial on the merits. See Ciup,
{23} Our decision to affirm the district court rests on the distinction between a disputed fact and a genuine issue of material fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment. The former may be any fact upon which the parties disagree, while the latter is defined as “a triable, substantial, or real question of fact supported by substantial evidence.” Black’s Law Dictionary 708 (8th ed.2004). Although Guest’s arguments, affidavits, and attachments demonstrate the existence of a number of disputed facts, we are unpersuaded that any of these disputes gives rise to a genuine issue that is material to the question of whether Defendants had probable cause to file suit. The facts that Guest contends are in dispute include (1) whether it was Guest or her former law partner who issued the Laura Ashley subpoena, (2) whether McLean provided Berardinelli with an accurate copy of a letter she sent to Guest and the arbitrator on September 17, 1998, (3) whether Guest was ever in possession of Deveney’s Laura Ashley employment file, (4) whether McLean had ever seen а copy of the Laura Ashley subpoena, (5) whether Guest argued at the arbitration hearing that Deveney was promiscuous or that Durham was a drug abuser, and (6) whether Guest was “rude and condescending” to the Durhams at the arbitration hearing. Guest swears in her affidavit that the erroneous and misleading caption on the Rocky Mountain Awning subpoena was the product of clerical error. She swears that she never directly contacted Deveney. She attests that she did not know what Allstate’s CCPR and DOLF protocols were until after the Durham suits were filed. The Barela affidavit raises a factual dispute regarding whether McLean ever spoke with Barela to confirm Deveney’s statement that Barela told Deveney she would lose her job due to the Laura Ashley subpoena, controverting McLean’s sworn statement to the contrary. It also provides evidence that Barela never told Deveney that her job could be jeopardized based on a request for employment records or information.
{24} We hold that the determination by a jury of any of the above facts would not negate Defendants’ probable cause to file suit based upon the remaining undisputed facts before them at the time of filing. See Oschwald,
{25} Guest further alleges that the exhibits attached to Dеfendants’ motions for summary judgment show that “it was likely if not probable” that false or manufactured evidence was created and relied upon by Defendants. Guest contends that she has been damaged by Defendants’ “false pleadings, false accusations and false facts” and cites to In re Gabell,
B. Procedural Impropriety
{26} Under DeVaney, lack of probable cause is not the only way to establish misuse of process, the second element of an MAP claim.
excessive execution on a judgment; attachment on property other than that involved in the litigation or in an excessive amount; oppressive conduct in connection with the arrest of a person or the seizure of property, such as illegal detention and conversion of personal property pending suit; extortion of excessive sums of money.
Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
{27} We understand Guest to be contending on appeal that Defendants wrongfully named her as a defendant in the Durham suit to punish her for her representation of Allstate, to force her to defend herself, and to extort a money settlement from her. Her argument seems to focus on facts that she believes call into question Defendants’ stated motives in filing the Durham lawsuit — namely, to further the Durhams’ rights and interests and to expand the law in New Mexico by pursuing a novel theory of liability against insurance defense attorneys. Guest states that she insisted that Defendants dismiss her from the Durham suit with prejudice pursuant to Rule 1-041 NMRA and that in a letter dated June 5, 2002, Berardinelli offered to move for such a dismissal without payment as part of a global settlement of all claims against Guest, Allstate, and Allstate’s adjuster. After Allstate refused to participate in this global settlement, Berardinelli then insisted that Guest settle individually. Guest refused Berardinelli’s settlement offer and informed him she would defend. Guest contends that Defendants thеn demanded payment of $35,000 from her and “refused any resolution with Guest for years” unless Guest agreed to release Defendants personally from any liability for suing her. Guest also describes a statement by Berardinelli before the Durham court in which he acknowledged that the Durhams did not want any money from Guest, they did not want to pursue any causes of action against her, they were satisfied with the $35,000 they had agreed to accept from Allstate in settlement of all claims, and they “just wanted to dismiss the lawsuit.” In the same exchange, Guest’s counsel responded that “Guest does not want to be a party to a settlement, period.” A settlement was never reached, and Defendants never agreed to dismiss Guest. Guest characterizes Defendants’ settlement offers as “outrageous, an abuse of process, extortionate, fraudulеnt, harassing, offensive, threatening, meant to intimidate, improper and unethical.”
{28} We disagree with Guest’s contention that Defendants’ refusal to dismiss her from the underlying case without a settlement agreement rises to the level of behavior satisfying the “procedural impropriety” prong of the second element of her MAP claim. Public policy favors settlement of cases. Hovet v. Lujan,
C. Preclusion Doctrines
{29} Guest argues further that the allegations brought against her are barred by res judicata, collateral estoppel, waiver, laches, or abandonment because they were or could have been raised at the arbitration hearing. She argues that the factual discovery allegations raised in the Durham lawsuits were either unsuccessful when raised during the 1998 arbitration proceedings or were thereafter abandoned, waived, or never raised despite adequate opportunity to do so. Guest cites Bank of Santa Fe v. Marcy Plaza Associates,
D. Hovet v. Allstate Insurance Company
{30} Guest also argues on appeal that the Durham suits were barred as a matter of law under Hovet,
{31} We affirm the dismissal of Guest’s MAP claim.
III. Tortious Interference with Contract
{32} Guest alleges that Defendants interfered with both her existing contractual relationship and her prospective contractual relationship with Allstate. Under New Mexico law, these are separate claims, although there is considerable evidentiary overlap between the two causes of action. To prove intentional interference with an existing contract, Guest must demonstrate that (1) Defendants had knowledge of a contract between Guest and Allstate, (2) performance of the contract was refused, (3) Defendants played an active and substantial part in causing Guest to lose the benefits of the contract, (4) damages flowed from the breached contract, and (5) Defendants induced the breach without justification or privilege. See Ettenson v. Burke,
{33} Guest contends that Allstate refused to defend her against the Durhams and terminated its working relationship with her as a direct result of Defendants’ filing of the Durham suit. The district court granted summary judgment on this issue because it believed that the undisputed facts failed to establish a connection between the filing of the Durham suit and any actions that Allstate may have taken in its contractual relations with Guest. The court ruled that the undisputed evidence showed that Allstate took its actions related to the representation of Guest based upon its own evaluation and determination of what its obligations were under law and under contract, not based on the actions of Defendants, and that any other action Defendants may have taken could not provide a basis for tortious interference with the contract between Guest and Allstate. We agree with the district court and affirm the summary judgment on this issue.
{34} We begin by holding that Defendants have made a prima facie showing negating an essential element of both causes of action. See Blauwkamp,
{35} We next inquire whether Guest raised a genuine issue of material fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment. However, Guest’s brief in chief fails to cite to any specific disputed fact that is material to this particular claim. Instead, she states in her brief that all of the undеrlying facts were disputed, and then she provides her version of the facts of this entire case without explaining why summary judgment was improperly granted on her interference with contract claim. General assertions of the existence of a triable issue are insufficient to overcome summary judgment on appeal. See Clough v. Adventist Health Sys., Inc.,
{36} Similar deficiencies plague Guest’s reply briefs. In her reply to Berardinelli’s answer brief, Guest states that “Berardinelli spent most of Durham interfering with Guest’s defense and her ability to represent Allstate and its insureds.” Guest alludes to “a very odd collusion” between Allstate and Defendants and suggests that further discovery is necessary in order to establish this theory. Guest asserts that Berardinelli put a provision in a proposed settlement agreement with Allstate that Berardinelli would sue Guest’s defense attorney if Guest ever made a claim against him for suing her and that doing so had “no other effect than interfering with Guest’s defense, which in fact it did.” We need not guess at the meaning or intention of these allegations; we do not consider arguments raised in a reply brief for the first time. Rule 12-213(C) (“The appellant may file a brief in reply to the answer brief. Such brief ... shall be directed only to new arguments or authorities presented in the answer brief.”); see Brashear v. Baker Packers,
IV. Prima Facie Tort
{37} Finally, Guest argues that genuine issues of material fact preclude summary judgment on her prima facie tort claim. In its oral ruling, the district court stated that it found a “mirror image” between the facts necessary to establish Guest’s prima facie tort claim and those necessary to establish her MAP claim. Having found no genuine issue of material fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment on Guest’s MAP claim, the district court granted summary judgment on her prima facie tort claim as well. Prima facie tort is not intended to be a “catch-all” alternative for every action that cannot stand on its own legs. Beavers v. Johnson Controls World Servs. Inc.,
{38} Guest’s briefing on this issue is mаnifestly deficient. In her brief in chief, Guest makes no argument rebutting the district court’s finding that her MAP and prima facie tort claims rely on the same set of facts. Nor does she direct this Court to evidence in the record sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact to overcome summary judgment on this particular claim. To present an issue on appeal for review, appellants must submit argument and authority. Rule 12 — 218(A)(4). In her reply briefs, Guest argues for the first time that she should be given opportunity to marshal all of the evidence necessary to support her claim because factual circumstances, “some yet to be discovered[,] ... could technically involve ‘legal’ actions by the Defendants ... fitting the parameters of a prima facie tort claim.” Because Guest raises this argument for the first time in hеr reply brief, we may disregard it. Rule 12-213(C) (“The appellant may file a brief in reply to the answer brief. Such brief ... shall be directed only to new arguments or authorities presented in the answer brief.”).
{39} Guest also asserts in her reply brief for the first time that the facts supporting a finding of MAP and the facts supporting prima facie tort claims in this case are not identical because it is necessary for a jury to determine whether Defendants’ novel claims of first impression lacked justification. See Schmitz v. Smentowski,
CONCLUSION
{40} We have found no genuine issue of material fact sufficient to defeat the district court’s grant of summary judgment on any of Guest’s three claims against Defendants. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment and deny Guest’s requests for sanctions, costs, and attorney fees.
{41} IT IS SO ORDERED.