107 La. 251 | La. | 1901
The opinion of the Court was delivered ;by
The defendant firm, the E. C. Drew Investment Company, was engaged in the business of buying and selling lands and timber and of acting as agent for the owners of lands and timber in selling the same. It bargained with the co-defendant, Manning S.
Maguire pleads the general denial, and that he bought the timber in good faith. The E. O. Drew Investment Company and the members individually, plead the general denial, and also- that the timber sold by them was on their own property. They specially deny the allegations of conspiracy.
We think that Maguire bought the timber in goo.d faith. Drew & Co. were a reputable firm selling timber for their own account and for others; to deal with them was in regular course. Maguire was under no obligation to investigate their authority; our law does not expect that suspicion and distrust shall inspire the conduct of our business men in dealing with each other, but rather an honest business confidence. Good faith, says our code, is presumed until disproved.
For certain purposes registry conveys notice, or knowledge, and defendant’s counsel argues that the registry of plaintiff’s title conveyed to Maguire knowledge that Drew & Co. were not owners of the land. Counsel cites in support ©f this contention the case of Heirs of Dohan vs. Murdock, 41 Ann. 494. The case is good authority against the contention of counsel. See also the cases of 4. La. 474; 5 La. 242; 33 Ann. 769; 38 Ann. 885; and Heirs of Ford vs. Phillips, 47 Ann. 339.
The E. O. Drew Investment Company and the individual members thereof must be held liable to plaintiff as trespassers in bad faith. The sale ©f the .timber was made advisedly; and it was made in the course of the partnership business, by the managing partner of the firm, in the name of and for the benefit of the firm; and the price went into the coffers of the firm. Under these facts all the partners are liable.
Their defences are, first, that Drew did not authorize Harris to sell the timber on the land of plaintiff, but only the timber on the land of the E. C. Drew Investment Company,; and, second, on the part of the individual members of the firm, that they had no knowledge of the transaction, and, as. a consequence, are, not parties to it and are not responsible for it.
But, as a matter of fact, Harris did not transcend his authority. When he made the sale he had in his possession a map on which were marked the lands of the Drew Company, and among these the lands of the plaintiff figured; and he testifies that this map was given him by Drew for his guidance in making the sale. If so, he did not transgress his authority. Drew was not permitted to testify on the trial, as to whether he had, or not, given such a map to Harris, the court holding that the point was settled by a judgment on a rule taken on Drew early in the case to produce the map; which, it seems, had been left by Harris in the office of the Drew Co. Whether this ruling was correct or not, need not be considered, for if we assumed that Drew had testified and had denied most positively and circumstantially that he hád given the map, we should accept the statement of Harris on the subject; and this for two reasons: first, that it accords with the attending circumstances of the case; and, secondly, that on the trial of the rule in question Drew testified that he did not “exactly remember” whether he had given any map at all to Harris; and, of course, this absence of recollection could not well be reconciled with a subsequent positive denial.
The want of knowledge on the part of a member of a firm of the tort of his co-partner will not be good ground for exemption from liability for such tort, if, as in this ease, the tort was committed in the course of the partnership business, and in the name of' and for the benefit of the partnership; and especially if the partnership profited by the transaction.
In combatting this proposition, counsel for defendant cite Addison on Torts, vol. 1, p. 667, as follows:
“One partner cannot drag another into a trespass without his previous consent, or without his subsequent concurrence. It must be shown, either by evidence before the transaction that they joined in committing the trespass, or by evidence afterwards that they concurred in and received the benefit of it.”
If by this is meant merely what is said, namely, that as a general proposition one partner cannot drag his co-partners without their consent into every trespass which he may choose to indulge in, we have
One of the members of a partnership between dealers in real estate poured petroleum upon a tract of land to induce plaintiff to believe that it was oil producing land, and sold the land to plaintiff as of that character, all without the knowledge of his co-partners: held, syllabus, as follows:
“Where a fraud is perpetrated by one of the members of such a partnership in the prosecution of a partnership enterprise, all the partners are liable, although the others had no connection with, knowledge of, or participation in the fraud.”
Thus it is seen that the ease does not support the text. But counsel cite one of our decisions, Allen, Nugent & Oo. vs. Carey et als, 33 Ann. 1455, as supporting the text in question. On examination it will be found that that case is authority for nothing more than that a partnei cannot bind the firm as security for the debt of himself, or of a third person, outside of the course of the partnership business.
The proposition laid down by us above is well supported by authority.
In the Am. & Eng. of L. Vol. 17, p. 1067, we find the following:
“While the willful and malicious torts of a member of a firm are not usually within the scope of his employment, and consequently do not render his partners liable, yet if .such an act is committed clearly and plainly for the benefit of all, and in the usual and ordinary prosecution of the partnership business, all are liable, notwithstanding the malicious motives of the partner committing the act.” Vol. 17, p. 1067. .
Story, treating the same subject, after discussing the liability as deduced from the maxim, qui facit per alium facit per se, goes on, as follows:
“The doctrine has been carried further; and the partnership has been held for libel which was published and sold by one partner in the course of the business of -the firm, as, for example, by a printer or bookseller, one of the firm in that business. The same rule might*255 apply to cases of written slander, as by declaring a rival merchant a bankrupt, or a cheat, if written in the name, and as an act, of the firm. So, if breaches of the revenue laws by fraudulent importations, or smuggling, or entries at the customhouse, are committed by one of the firm in the course of the business thereof, all of the firm would be liable penally, as well as civilly, therefor." Story on Partnership, para. 166.
In a note on page 149 of Lindley on Partnership, Wentworth’s Notes, we find the law on the subject stated, as follows:
“Partners are liable in civil actions upon the principle of agency for the fraudulent or malicious conduct of one of their members done without the knowledge of the others for the benefit of the partnership and within the scope of its business,” Citing a long list of cases.
In the case of Stockwell vs. United States, 13 Wallace, 491, the defendants were sued as members of a partnership for double the value of certain shingles imported by the partnership without payment of import duties. The debt was by way of penalty for breach of the revenue laws. The fraud upon the government was the act of only one of the members of the firm, the other members had no knowledge of it; but the firm received the shingles, and sold them in due course of business. It was argued that the innocent members of the firm could not be charged with knowledge of the fraud of their associate. The court held that they were liable, and in the course of the opinion' said:
“It is not seriously denied that in civil transactions a principal or a partnership is affected by a knowledge of the agent or co-partner, and that the knowledge of the agent is in law attributed to his principal, as well as that of the partner to all the members of the firm; nor is it much insisted that a principal, or a co-partner, is not liable for the tort of an agent, or co-partner, done without his knowledge or authority, in suits brought by third persons to recover compensation or indemnity for loss sustained in consequence of the tort; but it is argued that the rule does not apply to the case of suits for a penalty.” And again:
“That as a general rule partners are liable to make indemnity for the tort of one of their number, committed by him in the course of the partnership business, is familiar doctrine. * * * * “The tortious act of the agent is the act of the principal, if done in the course of hi3 agency, though not directly authorized. And this is emphatically .true*256 when the principals, as in this case, have received and appropriated the benefit of the act.”
The same rule obtains in the civil law. We translate from Euzier Herman, 1384, as follows:
“The responsibility of the principal for the injury caused by his agent is not restricted to cases where the acts complained of came within the terms of the agent’s authority; in order that the principal should be responsible it is sufficient that the act complained of should be connected with “(se rettache a)” the object o'f the agency, and that it should have been done in the course of the execution of the agency, (a l’occasion de son execution).”
Among the cases cited as illustrative of the acts for which the principal is thus held to be responsible, we find the following: Owner of a line of stage coaches held liable for damage caused by one of its drivers in diverting travelers from plaintiff’s hotel. Bordeaux, 29 Juilliet, 1856. Railway company liable to government for smuggling done by one of the employees on its trains. Lyon, Ier Juilliet, 1872. All members of firm civilly liable for a forgery committed by one of the members in the course of the partnership business. Alger, 29 Mai, 1879. Lessees of a preserve civilly liable for murder of one of the sub-lessees by one of the special guards in the course of a hunting expedition in which the murderer was taking part in his capacity of guard. Baris, 19, Mai, 1874. These are, of course, the extreme cases, and are given here, not by way of approval, but merely to show how far the doctrine has been carried.
The liability of the innocent partners is not to be deduced entirely and exclusively from the principles of the law of agency. As stated by Judge Story, supra, it “has been carried.” It derives also to some extent from the equity of making the loss fall, as between -two innocent parties, on the one of the two who contributed to bring it about. By holding themselves out as members of the firm of Drew & Co., the defendants gave business standing to the cornern, thereby contributilig to the tort! .If it'had not been for the prestige given by them to the firm, Maguire might not have dealt with Drew, or, a least, might have been more cautious. In fact Drew, standing by himself, might have been entitled to so little confidence that in dealing with him Maguire might have exposed himself to the imputation of bad faith. We do not wish to be understood as saying that such was the case, but only that such might háve been the case. The record does not show what the reputation or business standing of Mr. Drew were. Eor ail
We adopt the estimate of the lower court as to the quality of timber taken, namely, 661,000 feet. This we understand to be the number of feet, according to the measurement made for the sale of the timber, and for the settlement between Drew Co. and] Maguire; but computed under Doyle’s rule, as required by our law. Maguire having been in good faith, must pay according to the value at the stump, shown to have been 50 cents per thousand. Eor the other defendants, holding them to have been trespassers in bad faith, we must adopt a different basis.
In the case of Wooden Ware Co. vs. United States, 106, U. S. 482, the defendant who had in good faith bought 242 cords of wood from the trespasser, was sued for the value of the wood; and the question was whether his liability should be measured by the value of the timber on the ground after it had been felled, or at the place it had been removed to when sold. At the former place the value was 25 cents, at the latter place $3.50, per cord. The court held that this last value had to be taken at the proper measure. The case has been cited with approval and its doctrine enforced in a very large number of cases. See also Am. & Eng. Ency. of L., Yol. 26, p. 640, Note. We shall adopt the same basis.
The E. C. Drew Investment Company and its members áre, therefore, liable for the timber when sold at Monroe, namely, $4.50 per thousand feet.
The defendants being held for a tort, their liability is in solido. Art. 2324 C. C.
It is, therefore, ordered, adjudged and decreed that the judgment of the lower court be set aside; and it is now ordered adjudged and decreed that the plaintiff, the Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Com