601 N.W.2d 426 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1999
Shirley A. GROW, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
W.A. THOMAS COMPANY and Dennis Arquette, Defendants-Appellants.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*429 Kurt Berggren, Ann Arbor, for Shirley A. Grow.
Barlow & Derby (by Matthew S. Derby and Christine R. Essique), Troy, for W.A. Thomas Company and Dennis Arquette.
Clark Hill P.L.C. (by Duane L. Tarnacki, J. Walker Henry, and Julie A. Lawson ), Detroit, amicus curiae for Michigan Manufacturers Association.
Before MURPHY, P.J., and DOCTOROFF and NEFF, JJ. *427
*428 NEFF, J.
Defendants W.A. Thomas Company (hereafter defendant) and Dennis Arquette appeal as of right from the trial court's judgment for plaintiff in this sexual harassment case involving an alleged hostile work environment. We affirm in part, vacate the judgment in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I
Plaintiff began working for defendant in March 1994. Plaintiff testified that from the very beginning Arquette, her supervisor, *430 subjected her to continuous sexual harassment. We do not deem it necessary to describe in detail the specific conduct described by plaintiff. It is sufficient to note that plaintiff testified that Arquette's alleged conduct toward her included sexually explicit comments and unwanted kissing and groping. Plaintiff testified that she complained about Arquette's conduct to another supervisor and to the plant manager, and that these men personally witnessed some of Arquette's sexual conduct in the workplace, but that no action was taken to punish Arquette for the sexual harassment or to prevent further occurrences.
Plaintiff testified that after Arquette began berating her for things such as her attitude, work output, and attendance record, she quit. Plaintiff testified that defendant sent her a copy of a newly formed sexual harassment policy and ordered her to return to work. Plaintiff complied, but found the harassment had turned from sexual to something more hostile. After four days back on the job, plaintiff quit again. She described for the jury the emotional distress she suffered, including a suicide attempt and various physical ailments.
Defendants denied that plaintiff was subjected to a sexual and hostile work environment. Arquette stated that although he may have touched plaintiff, or given her a casual hug on occasion, he denied ever touching her in a sexual manner. In addition, defendant's plant manager denied witnessing any inappropriate conduct by Arquette and denied that plaintiff ever complained of sexual harassment before quitting. Defendants presented evidence regarding their investigation of Arquette's conduct, which failed to reveal any corroboration of plaintiff's allegations.[1]
Defendants also presented evidence that plaintiff, rather than Arquette, was the one who made crude, sexual comments and engaged in offensive behavior in the workplace. In addition, defendants presented the testimony of some of plaintiff's former employers, who testified that the reasons for plaintiff's leaving previous employment were insubordination and poor attendance, contrary to plaintiff's representations on her employment application with defendant.
Plaintiff filed a complaint alleging a hostile work environment pursuant to the Civil Rights Act (CRA), M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq. On defendants' motion, plaintiff's constructive discharge claim was summarily dismissed, thus leaving only her claim for emotional distress damages. A mediation evaluation for $125,000 was accepted by plaintiff and rejected by defendants.
After a six-day jury trial, the jury found defendants liable and awarded plaintiff $80,555 in emotional distress damages. The court awarded plaintiff $43,376.66 in attorney fees and costs, and $37,827.50 in mediation sanctions, bringing the total judgment to $192,684. This appeal followed.
II
Defendants raise several challenges to the instructions given to the jury. A trial court's decisions regarding jury instructions are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Lagalo v. Allied Corp. (On Remand), 233 Mich.App. 514, 519, 592 N.W.2d 786 (1999). We review the instructions in their entirety and will not reverse a court's decision regarding supplemental instructions unless failure to vacate the verdict would be inconsistent with substantial justice Nabozny v. Pioneer State Mut. Ins. Co., 233 Mich.App. 206, 217, 591 N.W.2d 685 (1998).
A
Defendants first argue that the trial court erred in its instructions regarding the effect of defendants' investigation of *431 plaintiff's complaints and subsequent remedial action. We disagree.
As defendants correctly note, an employer may avoid liability under the CRA "if it adequately investigated and took prompt and appropriate remedial action upon notice of the alleged hostile work environment." Downer v. Detroit Receiving Hosp., 191 Mich.App. 232, 234, 477 N.W.2d 146 (1991); see Radtke v. Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 396, 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993). However, the duty to investigate arises only if the employer has actual or constructive notice of the alleged offensive environment. Downer, supra at 234-235, 477 N.W.2d 146.
In the recent cases of Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998), and Faragher v. Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998) both decided after trial in the present case the United States Supreme Court held that an employer is vicariously liable for a supervisor's creation of a hostile environment unless the employer can prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, both elements of the following affirmative defense:
(a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise. Ellerth, supra, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. at 2270; Faragher, supra, 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. at 2293.]
This affirmative defense is not available where the supervisor's harassment culminates in a tangible employment action, such as discharge, demotion, or undesirable reassignment. Id.
On appeal, defendants complain that the trial court erred in refusing to give their proposed instruction regarding this subject in its entirety.[2] We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's decision. Although the court's instructions perhaps were not as detailed as defendants may have liked, they fairly and accurately advised the jury of the applicable law. The jury was instructed that it must determine whether defendant, once it knew or should have known of the alleged harassment committed by Arquette, adequately investigated and implemented prompt and appropriate corrective action. On its verdict form, the jury specifically found that defendant did not.[3] The result of this determination by the jury, whether viewed as an element of plaintiff's claim or as a part of an affirmative defense, is vicarious liability for defendant. Consequently, substantial justice does not require reversal of the jury's verdict on the basis of the trial *432 court's failure to read instruction 36 in its entirety.
B
Defendants also argue about the trial court's rulings regarding defendant's proposed instructions 33 and 34, which focus on evidence of plaintiff's own sexual activities in the workplace. The trial court gave the first paragraph, but not the second, of each of these instructions:
33.
DEFINITION OF UNWELCOME SEXUAL CONDUCT OR COMMUNICATION
The threshold for determining that sexual conduct or communication is unwelcome is that the employee did not solicit or incite it, and the employee regarded the sexual conduct or communication as undesirable or offensive.
Evidence of an employee's participation and/or initiation in the sexual conduct or communication is relevant to determining whether the employee found the sexual conduct or communication of others unwelcome. An employee's participation and/or initiation in the sexual conduct or communication will defeat an employee's allegation of unwelcomeness unless the employee establishes a point at which her participation and/or initiation stopped and at which she made known to her coworkers or supervisors that the sexual conduct or communication would henceforth be considered unwelcome.
34.
DEFINITION OF INTIMIDATING, HOSTILE, OR OFFENSIVE WORK ENVIRONMENT
Not all sexual conduct or communication constitutes hostile environment sexual harassment. To sustain a claim of hostile environment sexual harassment, the harassment must be sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment.
Evidence of an employee's active contribution in the sexual conduct or communication is relevant to determining whether a hostile working environment existed. An employee's active contribution in the sexual conduct or communication will defeat an employee's allegation of hostile work environment.
In the present case, plaintiff bore the burden of establishing the following elements of a hostile work environment:
(1) the employee belonged to a protected group;
(2) the employee was subjected to communication or conduct on the basis of sex;
(3) the employee was subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct or communication;
(4) the unwelcome sexual conduct or communication was intended to or in fact did substantially interfere with the employee's employment or created an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment; and
(5) respondeat superior. Radtke, supra at 382-383, 501 N.W.2d 155 (emphasis added).]
Defendants presented evidence in support of their claim that plaintiff often engaged in sexual conduct herself. Plaintiff's own conduct was therefore relevant to the question whether Arquette's alleged acts were "unwelcome." See, e.g., Balletti v. Sun-Sentinel Co., 909 F.Supp. 1539, 1547 (S.D.Fla., 1995) ("Where a plaintiff's action in the work place shows that she was a willing and frequent participant in the conduct at issue, courts are less likely to find that the conduct was `unwelcome' or `hostile.'") However, plaintiff's participation in sexual behavior or comments, standing alone, does not necessarily defeat a claim of hostile work environment. To the contrary, it is merely a factor to consider when determining whether the conduct or comments at issue *433 were "unwelcome." For this reason, the second paragraph of defendants' proposed instruction 34 is an incorrect statement of the law and was properly rejected by the trial court.
Regarding the second paragraph of instruction 33, we note that the last sentence is a reasonable paraphrase of a footnote in Loftin-Boggs v. City of Meridian, 633 F.Supp. 1323, 1327, n. 8 (S.D.Miss., 1986). Accordingly, had the trial court chosen to give this portion of the instruction, it would have been a proper exercise of discretion. See Radtke, supra at 381-382, 501 N.W.2d 155 (Michigan Courts often turn to federal precedent interpreting title VII for guidance when interpreting the CRA).
However, the trial court's refusal to give the second paragraph of instruction 33 does not require reversal. The first paragraph of this instruction, which was read to the jury, advised that in order for the conduct at issue to be "unwelcome," plaintiff herself must have found the conduct at issue to be offensive. The court also instructed the jury regarding the other elements of a hostile work environment claim, including the requirement that the alleged harassment be so severe as to substantially interfere with plaintiff's employment or create an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. Read in its entirety, the court's charge represented a fair and adequate statement of the applicable law. Murdock v. Higgins, 454 Mich. 46, 50, 559 N.W.2d 639 (1997).
C
Defendants next challenge the trial court's refusal to instruct the jury, pursuant to the after-acquired evidence rule, that plaintiff's compensatory damages should be limited as of the date defendants discovered certain false statements on her employment application.[4] We disagree.
1
In McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co., 513 U.S. 352, 115 S.Ct. 879, 130 L.Ed.2d 852 (1995), an age discrimination case, the United States Supreme Court resolved a split in the circuit courts of appeal regarding whether after-acquired evidence of wrongdoing by an employee could bar recovery against an employer who had illegally discriminated against the employee. The Court unanimously held that after-acquired evidence of wrongdoing that would have resulted in termination did not bar all relief for an employee discharged in violation of the ADEA, but rather operated to limit the relief available.
The Court concluded that, as a general rule, neither reinstatement nor front pay is an appropriate remedy because it would be "both inequitable and pointless to order the reinstatement of someone the employer would have terminated, and will terminate, in any event and upon lawful grounds." Id. at 361, 115 S.Ct. 879. Back pay, however, may still be appropriate: "[t]he beginning point" for determining back pay "should be calculation of back pay from the date of the unlawful discharge to the date the [evidence of the employee's misconduct] was discovered." Id. at 362, 115 S.Ct. 879. This Court has adopted these general guidelines in the context of an action under the CRA. Smith v. Union Twp. (On Rehearing), 227 Mich.App. 358, 575 N.W.2d 290 (1998) (failure to hire); Horn v. Dep't. of Corrections, 216 Mich.App. 58, 548 N.W.2d 660 (1996) (wrongful termination); Wright v. Restaurant Concept Management, Inc., 210 Mich.App. 105, 532 N.W.2d 889 (1995) (sexual harassment).
2
Neither McKennon nor the Michigan authorities cited above address the *434 question whether the after-acquired evidence rule applies to noneconomic damages such as those for emotional distress.[5] In the one federal case decided after McKennon that addresses the issue, Russell v. Microdyne Corp., 65 F.3d 1229 (C.A.4, 1995), the court assumed, without explanation, that the plaintiff would be eligible for both compensatory and punitive damages despite the application of the after-acquired evidence rule. The Russell court further described an "after-acquired evidence" case as follows:
In contrast to the narrow analytic distinctions between the indirect single-motive case and the mixed-motive case, the "after-acquired evidence" case stands on completely different ground. While the current label has become widespread, it is something of a misnomer, for consistency and accuracy would title it the "after-acquired motive" case. In such a case, the employer does not assert that it had in its mind a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason that explains its challenged action and that would insulate it, to whatever extent, as in the mixed-motive case; instead, the employer argues that it has acquired evidence since the time of that action that, had it known it at the time, would have led it to do exactly what it did, except for a legitimate reason rather than an illegal one. Thus, unlike the two styles of cases, there is no dispute as to the motivating force behind the decision as made; instead, the employer attempts to demonstrate that there was what can only be called a "constructive motive" for the decision that should insulate its action from attack. [ Id. at 1237.]
In the present case, we find that the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury regarding the after-acquired evidence rule. Equitable in nature, the rule is usually applied in a situation involving termination or another adverse employment action to ensure that an employee does not benefit from the employee's own misconduct or misrepresentation. The rationale of the cases applying the rule is that a plaintiff who was not entitled to the employment in the first place cannot claim economic damages for the loss of it. Thus, the general rule announced in McKennon that front pay and reinstatement are barred, and back pay stops as of the date the employee's misconduct is discovered represents a reasonable balance of the CRA's dual goals of deterring employers from discrimination and compensating employees for injuries caused by the prohibited discrimination. McKennon, supra at 358, 115 S.Ct. 879; Wright, supra at 112-113, 532 N.W.2d 889.
In a case involving an allegation of emotional distress damages, however, the situation is much different. As noted by the court in Baab v. AMR Services, Corp., 811 F.Supp. 1246, 1262 (N.D.Ohio, 1993), where a plaintiff seeks emotional distress damages, "the injury is to one's person and plaintiff is entitled to be free of that injury regardless of her status as a dischargeable employee." Moreover, emotional distress damages are not as easily quantified as economic damages: they are, as the trial court noted, of a continuing nature, and it would be inequitable to treat them the same as claims for back pay, reinstatement, or front pay. Consequently, we find that a claim for emotional distress damages should be treated differently from one for purely economic damages with respect to the after-acquired evidence rule.[6]*435 For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court properly refused to instruct the jury that plaintiff's emotional distress damages could be terminated as of the date defendants learned that she had made false statements on her employment application.
III
Defendants next challenge certain trial court decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence. We review such matters for an abuse of discretion. Sackett v. Atyeo, 217 Mich.App. 676, 682, 552 N.W.2d 536 (1996).
A
Defendants argue that the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of what they call a rebuttal witness. We disagree.
The trial court correctly noted that because defendants did not file a counterclaim, they were not permitted to present rebuttal evidence after resting their defense. Moreover, the proposed rebuttal testimonyregarding plaintiff's own sexual conduct in the workplacewould have been cumulative to evidence already presented by other defense witnesses. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing defendants' request.
B
Defendants also argue that the trial court erred in permitting plaintiff to testify that she felt compelled to quit her job, and in excluding from evidence the court's previous order stating that, as a matter of law, plaintiff was not constructively discharged.
We first note that because defendants failed to object at trial, they have waived any challenge to plaintiff's testimony that she felt compelled to quit her job. Napier v. Jacobs, 429 Mich. 222, 227-228, 414 N.W.2d 862 (1987). Regarding defendants' assertion that the actual order should have been admitted into evidence, we find that the trial court was properly concerned about not distracting the jury with extraneous matters. MRE 403. The jury was carefully instructed that plaintiff's sole claim was for emotional distress damages. To admit an order that mentions another claim, only to dismiss it, would have great potential for juror confusion. Accordingly, the trial court's ruling was not an abuse of discretion.
C
Defendants argue that the trial court erred in qualifying plaintiff's treating therapist, Domenic Tamboriello, MSW, CSW, as an expert witness and permitting him to render his opinion regarding plaintiff's symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Defendants insist that because Tamboriello is a certified social worker, and not a psychologist or psychiatrist, he was not competent to testify about PTSD. We disagree.
Pursuant to MRE 702, a person may be qualified to testify as an expert witness by virtue of his knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education in the subject matter of the testimony. Michigan has long endorsed a broad application of these requirements for qualifying an expert, Dudek v. Popp, 373 Mich. 300, 306, 129 N.W.2d 393 (1964), and the question whether a particular witness qualifies as an expert is left to the trial court's discretion. Price v. Long Realty, Inc., 199 Mich.App. 461, 468, 502 N.W.2d 337 (1993).
Tamboriello testified that during his fourteen years of clinical experience, he counseled victims of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. He further described his lengthy history of experience with clients *436 suffering from anxiety, depression, and PTSD. The mere fact that Tamboriello is not a medical practitioner does not render him unqualified as an expert witness. See People v. Beckley, 434 Mich. 691, 712 (Brickley, J.), 742 (Boyle, J.) 456 N.W.2d 391 (1990); (finding no error in the trial court's qualification of a certified social worker as an expert to testify regarding sexually abused children). Any limitations in Tamboriello's qualifications are relevant to the weight, not the admissibility, of his testimony. Triple E Produce Corp. v. Mastronardi Produce Ltd., 209 Mich.App. 165, 175, 530 N.W.2d 772 (1995).
IV
Defendants next challenge the trial court's postverdict award of attorney fees, costs, and mediation sanctions.
A
Defendants contend that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding $42,000 in attorney fees pursuant to the CRA. Specifically, defendants argue that the court failed to consider the facts that plaintiff lost her constructive discharge claim, that she received much less damages than she had asked for, and that she and her counsel had a contingent fee agreement. We disagree.
Whether to award attorney fees pursuant to the CRA is left to the trial court's discretion. Wilson v. General Motors Corp., 183 Mich.App. 21, 42, 454 N.W.2d 405 (1990). Where attorney fees are to be awarded, the court must determine the reasonable amount of fees according to various factors, including (1) the skill, time, and labor involved, (2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer, (3) the fee customarily charged in that locality for similar services, (4) the amount in question and the results achieved, (5) the expense incurred, (6) the time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances, (7) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client, (8) the professional standing and experience of the attorney, and (9) whether the fee is fixed or contingent. Wood v. DAIIE, 413 Mich. 573, 588, 321 N.W.2d 653 (1982); Head v. Phillips Camper Sales & Rental, Inc., 234 Mich.App. 94, 114, 593 N.W.2d 595 (1999).
In fashioning its attorney fee award, the trial court was mindful that plaintiff's constructive discharge claim had been dismissed and that the jury verdict was less than the mediation evaluation. However, the court opined that the pretrial cost and effort put forth by plaintiff's counsel would not have been substantially different had plaintiff not raised the constructive discharge claim at all. The court thus declined to apportion the fee according to the number of claims actually won.
The trial court also noted, correctly, that the existence of a contingent fee agreement does not automatically preclude an award of attorney fees under the CRA. Rather, such an arrangement is only one of the factors to be considered when determining a reasonable attorney fee. King v. General Motors Corp., 136 Mich.App. 301, 308, 356 N.W.2d 626 (1984). The court rejected defendants' suggestion that plaintiff's contingent fee agreement satisfies the purposes of the CRA's attorney fee provision. If this were true, the court stated, there would rarely be an award of attorney fees, noting that most civil rights actions are brought pursuant to contingent fee agreements.
Contrary to defendants' argument, the trial court clearly and carefully considered the question of the results achieved, and the existence of a contingent fee arrangement, in determining a reasonable attorney fee. We find no abuse of discretion in the court's award.
B
Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees *437 as mediation sanctions pursuant to MCR 2.403 in addition to the fee awarded pursuant to the CRA. In light of our Supreme Court's recent decision in McAuley v. General Motors Corp., 457 Mich. 513, 578 N.W.2d 282 (1998), we find that the trial court's award of attorney fees pursuant to MCR 2.403 must be vacated.
As a general rule, a party who rejects a mediation evaluation is subject to sanctions if the party fails to improve its position at trial. Meagher v. McNeely & Lincoln, Inc., 212 Mich.App. 154, 157, 536 N.W.2d 851 (1995). MCR 2.403(O)(1) provides in relevant part:
If a party has rejected an evaluation and the action proceeds to verdict, that party must pay the opposing party's actual costs unless the verdict is more favorable to the rejecting party than the mediation evaluation.
If sanctions are appropriate, the costs to be charged are those taxable in any civil action plus a reasonable attorney fee. MCR 2.403(O)(6).
When the trial court granted plaintiff's motion for mediation sanctions, controlling authority permitted the award of attorney fees under both the CRA and MCR 2.403. Howard v. Canteen Corp., 192 Mich.App. 427, 481 N.W.2d 718 (1991).[7] Recently, however, our Supreme Court held in McAuley, supra, that a prevailing party may not recover a second award of attorney fees under MCR 2.403 where the party has already been compensated for reasonable attorney fees under a fee-shifting statute.
In reversing the double award of attorney fees in the case before it, which involved the Handicapper's Civil Rights Act (HCRA),[8] the Court stated that both the mediation court rule and the HCRA were compensatory, rather than punitive, in nature. Both provisions were intended to compensate the prevailing parties for the reasonable costs of all or part of the litigation, and not to impose a penalty or to permit a party to recover an amount in excess of a reasonable attorney fee. Id. at 519, 578 N.W.2d 282. Consequently, where the prevailing party has already been fully reimbursed for reasonable attorney fees through the operation of a statutory provision such as the HCRA, there are no "actual costs" remaining to be reimbursed to the party under the court rule. Id. at 523, 578 N.W.2d 282. So-called "double recovery" under both the statute and the court rule is thus neither warranted nor required. Id. at 525, 578 N.W.2d 282.[9]
Applying this analysis to the present case, we find that the purpose of the attorney fee award provision in the CRA, like that of the HCRA, is compensatory rather than punitive. Likewise, the mediation court rule is compensatory in nature. As our Supreme Court has stated, a plaintiff cannot be "compensated" twice. Id. We find nothing in the record to suggest that the trial court awarded plaintiff anything less than a "reasonable" attorney fee under *438 the CRA.[10] Accordingly, the attorney fee award provisions of the CRA and the mediation rule cannot be applied together to impose a penalty on defendants, and the trial court's award of attorney fees pursuant to MCR 2.403 must be vacated.[11]
In light of our holding, we find moot defendant's alternative argument that, pursuant to MCR 2.403(O)(3), the "adjusted verdict" was more favorable to defendants than the mediation evaluation.[12] We note briefly, however, that the trial court properly interpreted this subrule, and added to the verdict all assessable costs, including attorney fees, rather than only those costs for the period between the filing of the complaint and the date of the mediation evaluation. See Dale v. Beta-C, Inc., 227 Mich.App. 57, 69, 574 N.W.2d 697 (1997) ("[I]t is a general rule of statutory, as well as grammatical, construction that a modifying clause is confined to the last antecedent unless a contrary intention appears.").
C
Defendants also challenge the trial court's imposition of prejudgment interest on the award of attorney fees and costs. We find their argument to be without merit.
Interest on civil money judgments is provided for in M.C.L. § 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013. As amended in 1993, this statute provides in relevant part:
(1) Interest shall be allowed on a money judgment recovered in a civil action....
* * *
(6) ... for complaints filed on or after January 1, 1987, interest on a money judgment recovered in a civil action shall be calculated at 6-month intervals from the date of filing the complaint at a rate of interest that is equal to 1% plus the average interest rate paid at auctions of 5-year United States treasury notes during the 6 months immediately preceding July 1 and January 1, as certified by the state treasurer, and compounded annually, pursuant to this section. Interest under this subsection shall be calculated on the entire amount of the money judgment, including attorney fees and other costs. However, the amount of interest attributable to that part of the money judgment from which attorney fees are paid shall be retained by the plaintiff, and not paid to the plaintiff's attorney. [Emphasis added.]
Contrary to defendants' argument on appeal, the last sentence of subsection 6013(6) does not render ambiguous the sentence immediately before it. There is nothing ambiguous about the statute's mandate that interest be awarded on plaintiff's money judgment, including costs and attorney fees. That plaintiff, rather than her counsel, is entitled to the interest on the portion of the judgment representing the attorney fee does not change this fact. Accordingly, the trial court properly awarded prejudgment interest on the entire judgment, including plaintiff's costs and attorney fees.
*439 V
In her prayer for relief, plaintiff requests that this Court award reasonable appellate attorney fees. The purpose of the CRA's attorney fee provision is to encourage persons deprived of their civil rights to seek legal redress, to ensure victims of discrimination access to the courts, and to deter discrimination. Howard, supra at 441, 481 N.W.2d 718; Collister v. Sunshine Food Stores, Inc., 166 Mich.App. 272, 274, 419 N.W.2d 781 (1988). Moreover, this Court has held that an award of appellate attorney fees is proper under the CRA. Schellenberg v. Rochester Elks, 228 Mich.App. 20, 56, 577 N.W.2d 163 (1998); McLemore v. Detroit Receiving Hosp. & Univ. Medical Center, 196 Mich.App. 391, 402-403, 493 N.W.2d 441 (1992). Accordingly, we remand this case and instruct the trial court to determine and award plaintiff reasonable appellate attorney fees. In determining its award, the court is instructed to consider all appropriate factors, including the fact that plaintiff did not prevail in full on appeal. See Head, supra at 114, 593 N.W.2d 595.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1] Arquette did receive a written reprimand from the company, however, for touching and telling dirty jokes to two other female employees.
[2] The trial court read the first paragraph, and rejected the remainder, of the following proposed instruction:
36.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT: EMPLOYER AVOIDANCE OF LIABILITY ADEQUATE INVESTIGATION, PROMPT AND REMEDIAL ACTION
If you decide that a hostile work environment did in fact exist, you must then decide whether Defendants adequately investigated and took prompt and remedial action upon notice of the alleged hostile work environment.
Adequate investigation and prompt remedial action are established where: the employee admits no further harassment occurred; the employee fails to complain of further harassment subsequent to employer's remedial efforts; or the employer's remedial efforts were both timely and reasonably likely to prevent the alleged conduct or communication(s) from recurring.
Your verdict will be for the Defendants if you find that W.A. Thomas Company adequately investigated and took prompt and remedial action.
Your verdict will be for the Plaintiff if you do not find that W.A. Thomas Company investigated and took prompt and remedial action.
[3] This conclusion is supported by the evidence presented by plaintiff that not only did she complain during the summer months to both a supervisor and the plant manager, but also that these supervisors actually witnessed some of Arquette's offensive behavior and yet took no action until after plaintiff quit.
[4] We note that defendants did not tender a proposed jury instruction with regard to this issue. However, the court advised the parties, before the beginning of trial, that it would not instruct the jury regarding the after-acquired evidence rule and its application to plaintiff's claim for emotional distress damages.
[5] Emotional distress damages are among the broad range of remedies available under the CRA. Hyde v. Univ. of Michigan Regents, 226 Mich.App. 511, 522, 575 N.W.2d 36 (1997).
[6] This is particularly true here, where plaintiff's employment was not terminated, either constructively or otherwise. As stated by the court in Russell, supra, the after-acquired evidence rule excuses (at least to some degree) a discriminatory action, such as termination, because of the existence of employee misconduct even though the employer did not know about the misconduct at the time of termination. In the present case, plaintiff alleged that she suffered severe emotional damage stemming from the oppressive atmosphere caused by Arquette. We refuse to conclude that, merely because plaintiff lied on her employment application, defendants were free to cause her emotional harm by subjecting her to an otherwise illegal, hostile, work environment; plaintiff was not fair game for harassment even though she might have been less than candid on her employment application.
[7] In Howard, this Court held that because each provision served an independent policy and purpose, double recovery was appropriate:
The policy behind the mediation sanction rule is to place the burden of litigation costs upon the party who insists upon trial by rejecting a proposed mediation award. The purpose of the civil rights attorney fee provision is to encourage persons deprived of their civil rights to seek legal redress, to ensure victims of employment discrimination access to the courts, and to obtain compliance with the act and thereby deter discrimination in the work force. [ Howard, supra at 441, 481 N.W.2d 718.]
The Supreme Court expressed its agreement with this general proposition in McAuley, supra at 522, 578 N.W.2d 282.
[8] MCL 37.1101 et seq.; MSA 3.550(101) et seq.
[9] The Supreme Court declined to overrule the result in Howard, supra, stating only that it "neither indorsed nor condoned" the result reached in that case. McAuley, supra at 522, 578 N.W.2d 282.
[10] Indeed, it appears that all parties, as well as the trial court itself, relied on then-controlling case law (Howard, supra) and proceeded under the assumption that double recovery under the CRA and the mediation rule was appropriate
[11] Plaintiff argues that because the trial court reduced her requested attorney fees from nearly $70,000 to $42,000, she was not fully compensated, and thus the court's award of mediation sanctions was not punitive. A similar argument was rejected by the Supreme Court in McAuley, supra at 523-524, 578 N.W.2d 282. We thus find no merit in plaintiff's attempt to avoid the result dictated by McAuley, that is, the vacation of the trial court's award of mediation sanctions.
[12] MCR 2.403(O)(3) provides in part:
For the purpose of subrule (O)(1), a verdict must be adjusted by adding to it assessable costs and interest on the amount of the verdict from the filing of the complaint to the date of the mediation evaluation, and, if applicable, by making the adjustment of future damages as provided by M.C.L. § 600.6306; MSA 27A.6306.
