Plaintiff-vendor at wholesale of meat products sued defendant Atlas Poods, Inc. (Atlas), a Missouri corporation, and defendant Jerome B. Goldenberg to collect $28,-520.57 representing the unpaid purchase price for the sale of cattle and cattle parts. The identity of the purchaser is the disputed issue. Plaintiff claims it sold to defendant Goldenberg or in the alternative to Atlas which was the alter ego of Golden-berg. Defendant Goldenberg claims that plaintiff sold to Atlas only. Count I of plaintiffs first amended petition alleges a sale contract to both defendants, Golden-berg and Atlas, as purchasers. Count II, for the same sum, alleges an account stated against both defendants. Count III, pleaded in the alternative, and for the same sum, alleges Goldenberg is personally obligated for the purchase price because Atlas Poods Inc. was operated by him as his alter ego and the corporation never had any genuine or separate existence in its relations with defendant. A fourth Count was not tried. The original petition stated a cause of action only against Atlas Poods Inc. Because of an intervening involuntary bankruptcy of Atlas Poods Inc., plaintiff dismissed its claims against the corporation.
In a court tried case the court entered findings of fact, conclusions of law and judgment for defendant Goldenberg. The trial court rejected plaintiffs theories that Goldenberg was liable either as an undisclosed principal or as the alter ego of Atlas Poods Inc.
For purposes of this opinion the following facts are not in dispute. Plaintiff corporation engaged in the wholesale meat supply business from 1948 forward. For some time prior to May, 1983, plaintiff sold meat products to John Volz Packing Company, a Missouri corporation (Volz Co.). In May, 1983, Atlas Poods Inc. purchased the inventory of Volz Co. It did not purchase Volz Co. It also acquired the consent of Volz Co. to register and use the fictitious name of Volz Poods. Thereafter, John Volz became an employee of Atlas. Defendant Goldenberg and his wife purchased the Volz Company building at the same time Atlas bought the inventory of Volz Co.
According to Goldenberg and the document evidence, Atlas Catalog Inc. was *382 formed as a Missouri corporation in 1979. It remained inactive until April or May, 1983, when it was renamed Atlas Poods Inc. Goldenberg was the sole share holder and president. The initial assets of Atlas Foods Inc., were $3,000 worth of inventory purchased from Volz, $60,000 in the form of inventory contributed by Sanford Kus-mer, and $30,000 as consideration paid for 15,000 shares of $1 par common stock and a loan from Goldenberg of $30,000. The evidence of this financial position was presented to the trial court by the testimony of defendant Goldenberg and from the corporate records of Atlas. In answer to interrogatories defendant Goldenberg said, “Gerry Goldenberg initially invested $30,-000 in cash and loaned an additional $30,-000 to the corporation. This was subsequently changed in July of ’83 so as to be shown as a loan.” On May 2, 1983 defendant Goldenberg and wife, as the sole directors of Atlas, conducted the following business: “RESOLVED, THAT JEROME B. GOLDENBERG CONTRIBUTE TO THE CORPORATION AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO THIRTY THOUSAND ($80,-000) WHICH SHALL BE IN EXCHANGE FOR 14,999 SHARES OF THE ONE DOLLAR ($1.00) PAR VALUE COMMON CAPITAL STOCK OF THE CORPORATION. FURTHER RESOLVED, that the corporation be and it is hereby authorized and directed to borrow the sum of thirty thousand ($30,000) from Jerome B. Goldenberg, according to the terms and conditions set forth in the Promissory Note attached hereto and by this reference made a part hereof; ...” The inquiry of defendant Golden-berg on direct examination during trial relative to the investment and loan to the corporation was as follows:
Q. And were you the sole shareholder? A. Yes.
Q. How many shares of stock did you have?
A. I believe I had one share.
Q. Okay. And what did you pay for that one share?
A. I wasn’t quite sure. I thought we were paying $30,000 for the one share. Q. Okay. And did you in fact pay that $30,000?
A. According to my knowledge, yes.
Defendant Goldenberg personally borrowed $60,000 from Mercantile Bank to invest and loan to Atlas. His personal loan from the bank was secured by a UCC security agreement which placed a lien on the inventory, fixtures, and receivables of Atlas. The loans were guaranteed by Golden-berg and his wife.
Goldenberg and wife purchased and rented their Volz building to Atlas and Golden-berg was employed by Atlas at a salary of $750 per month. He also received from Atlas an additional $400 per month. The additional $400 per month was part of an agreement with Kusmer and was payable until letters of credit arranged by Golden-berg on behalf of Atlas were terminated. Goldenberg described this $400 as “salary”.
On July 13, 1983, Atlas paid Goldenberg $60,000. The next day, Atlas Inc. borrowed $60,000 from Mercantile Bank. The bank received a security agreement from Atlas similar to the agreement made by Goldenberg. The Atlas loan was required to repay Goldenberg who in turn repaid the bank on his personal borrowing. This was done on the advice of accountants serving Goldenberg. The accountant gave that advice in the belief that the capital contribution by Goldenberg for shares of stock was $500, not $30,000. The accountant testified that he would not have so advised defendant Goldenberg if $30,000 or $60,000 was a capital contribution as opposed to a loan. The accountant had no knowledge whether Atlas Inc. had ever authorized loans from Mercantile by an act of share holders or directors. The bank loans to Goldenberg and Atlas loans were rearranged before plaintiff sold the products for which the price was not paid.
Other evidence supports a finding that Atlas functioned as a corporation in its relations with third parties to this lawsuit. It banked in that form, had employees and utilized withholding tax numbers, leased property in that name, and filed income tax forms as a corporation.
*383 Bruce Grote recalled a meeting in July, 1983, with John Volz and defendant Gold-enberg. Bruce Grote testified that he was told that Goldenberg had purchased the Volz business and would purchase meat products from plaintiff. He claimed that he was given no information that Atlas Foods had purchased Volz or that the corporation would be a purchaser. Bruce Grote testified Goldenberg “basically told me that he had been buying meat products from Spencer Foods and I think Iowa Beef, other packers, Snider Packing Company, and that — and he was a wealthy man and that I wouldn’t have to do — worry about any problems as far as credit was concerned, that he was an honorable person and his word was good.” Goldenberg did not tell Bruce that Goldenberg was an employee of Atlas Foods Inc. Nothing was said at the meeting about Atlas Foods Inc.
The first two sales from Grote to Golden-berg, or Atlas, or both, occurred on August 4, 1983. The sales were invoiced by Grote to “IN ACCOUNT WITH: Volz.” Payment was made on these invoices on August 19, 1984 by a check drawn on Mercantile Bank by “Atlas Foods Inc., d/b/a Volz Foods.” Plaintiff also delivered meat products invoiced to “Volz” on August 5, August 12, August 15, August 17, and August 18 before the first payment was received. On August 26, by a similar check plaintiff received payment for the August 5-August 15 invoices. On September 1, plaintiff was paid by a similar check for the August 17 and August 18 invoices. Between August 19 and September 12 plaintiff delivered meat products and in every invoice described “Volz” as the buyer. No deliveries were made after September 12, 1983. On that date plaintiff received payment for the August 19 through August 26 invoices. The subject matter of this lawsuit is the unpaid invoices for deliveries on August 30 through September 12,1983. The evidence supports and the court found that the unpaid total sum was $28,520.57.
The findings and conclusions of the trial court which are significant for this appeal are:
1. Atlas/Volz [the corporation Atlas Foods, Inc.] was capitalized by means of a contribution of $60,000 of inventory from Sanford Kusmer and $60,000 in cash from Jerome Goldenberg, said money being borrowed by Goldenberg from Mercantile Trust Company in April, 1983. On or about July 14, 1983, prior to Atlas/Volz having any business relationship with Grote Meat Company, and on the advice of an accountant Goldenberg restructured the loan to the company by making it a corporate obligation to Mercantile Trust Company rather than a personal obligation. “After these transactions, all of which occurred on or about the same day, Atlas Foods Inc. still had the same operating capital in its account as it did before the transactions were completed”.
2. The actual day to day operation of the business was handled mainly by Sanford Kusmer and Jack Volz, both of whom had previous meat packing company experience. Goldenberg did some office work, but not having any experience in the meat packing operation, did not take part in any sales, and did very little, if any, ordering of product from meat suppliers.
3. It was at the suggestion of Jack Volz who had previously done business with Grote Meat Co., that Atlas Foods began to purchase cattle and cattle parts from Grote in late July or early August, 1983. There was no indication that Goldenberg indicated he would be personally responsible nor personally guarantee the obligations of Atlas Foods to Grote Meat Co. or any other supplier.
4. Grote Meat Co. had received payment from Atlas Foods Inc., d/b/a Volz Foods, in the total amount of $42,903.46 as payment on a portion of deliveries made through September 12, 1983. These payments were made by check drawn on the account of Atlas Foods Inc., d/b/a Volz Foods, and were clearly marked as such.
5. After receiving the first two Atlas Foods Inc., d/b/a Volz Foods checks in August, 1983, Grote Meat Co. continued to deliver products to Atlas Foods Inc.
6. None of plaintiff’s invoices were directed to Jerome Goldenberg personally, but all *384 were directed to Volz or to Atlas Foods Inc., d/b/a Volz Foods.
7. “Grote Meat Company at the time it delivered the meat products for which it is now making claim for payment knew, or should have known, that it was selling its products to Atlas Foods Inc. since it had accepted and deposited a number of checks from the corporation in payment of invoices through August 15, 1983.”
8. “In addition, as previously noted, the plaintiffs original suit was only against a corporation and is clear admission that it knew it was dealing solely with the corporation, not its president as an individual. Plaintiff corporation knew the identity of the entity which was liable for the deliveries in question and plaintiff can not now be allowed to change its position merely because the debtor corporation became insolvent.”
9. The facts in the case do not support the “alter ego” theory. “There is no significant evidence to show that Jerome Golden-berg was using the corporation to perpetuate injustice or to accomplish an unlawful purpose. If the purpose of the corporate existence is legal, fair and equitable and its use is not to accomplish an improper or unlawful purpose, then the corporation will not be found to be the alter ego of an individual. This court concludes that the plaintiff, who had the burden of proof, did not establish any unlawful or improper purpose as to this corporation, Atlas Foods Inc., nor did the plaintiff prove that the corporate entity was being used as a subterfuge in this cause.”
We review the claims of error assigned in a court tried case according to Rule 73.01 as interpreted in
Murphy v. Carron,
We reverse and remand with direction that the trial court enter judgment for the plaintiff and against defendant Jerome Goldenberg for the unpaid balance with interest and costs. We find that the judgment of the trial court is unsupported by substantial evidence, against the weight of the evidence and erroneously declares and applies the appropriate law.
We first consider the liability of defendant Goldenberg as a agent of an undisclosed principal. The principles governing the liability of an agent who acts for an undisclosed principal were succinctly stated in
David v. Shippy,
It is a general rule that where one who is in fact the agent for another makes a contract with the third party without disclosing the fact of agency, or if he discloses such fact without disclosing the identity of his principal, he will be individually bound by the contract and the third party may hold the agent or the undisclosed principal at this election.
*385 Additional authorities for this proposition, including Restatement (Second) of Agency Sections 320, 321 and 322 (1958) are cited in David v. Skippy. Id. at 588. “To be relieved of personal liability, it is not enough for the agent to disclose or for the third party to know the agent is acting for another. A legal encyclopedia states: It is not the third person’s duty to seek out the identity of the principal; rather, the duty to disclose the identity of the principal is on the agent. The disclosure of an agency is not complete for the purpose of relieving the agent from personal liability unless it embraces the name of the principal; without that, the party dealing with the agent may understand that he intended to pledge his personal liability and responsibility in support of the contract and for its performance.” Id. at 588.
Prior to selling product to defendant Goldenberg or Atlas, or both, Bruce Grote met with John Volz and defendant Golden-berg. There is no dispute that the meeting occurred. Bruce Grote testified nothing was said at the meeting about Atlas Poods Inc. On the contrary he testified that Goldenberg told him he would be buying meat products, he was a wealthy man, he was an honorable person and his word was good and not to worry about any problems as for as credit was concerned. John Volz and defendant Goldenberg testified about the meeting, but gave no contrary testimony to rebut this evidence. In the face of this evidence the trial court found “there was no indication that Goldenberg indicated he would be personally responsible nor personally guarantee the obligations of Atlas Poods to Grote Meat Company or any other supplier.” There was no evidence of a personal guarantee, but there clearly was unrebutted evidence of personal responsibility. Of equal importance the duty to disclose and the risk for failure to disclose agency falls upon defendant Goldenberg. Missouri law does not require a vendor to ascertain the agency prior to the contract; the agent must affirmatively disclose the agency and his principal,
Rankin v. Vest,
Defendant Goldenberg argued and the trial court found that two payments made on August 19, 1983 and August 26, 1983 were made by checks drawn on the account of Atlas Poods Inc., d/b/a Volz for deliveries made between August 4 and August 15, 1983 constituted disclosure of agency. For that reason the court found that plaintiff is not entitled to recover on the unpaid invoices for deliveries from August 30 to September 12, 1983. “It is, therefore, not enough that the other party has the means of ascertaining the name of the principal; the agent must either bring to him actual knowledge, or, what is the same thing, that which to a reasonable man is equivalent to knowledge or the agent will be bound.”
David v. Shippy,
The trial court considered and relied on the position of defendant Golden-berg that the original lawsuit of the plaintiff was filed only against the corporation. The court found this to be a “clear admission that it [plaintiff] knew it was dealing solely with the corporation, not its president as an individual.” This finding is also erroneous as a matter of law. Bruce Grote testified that the first knowledge his company had of the existence and participation of Atlas Foods Inc., occurred long after all of the sales were made. This occurred when plaintiff received notice that Atlas Foods Inc. was in bankruptcy. Even on defendant Goldenberg’s theory Atlas Foods Inc. was a principal. Plaintiff was entitled to recover from Atlas Foods Inc., as principal and the original lawsuit was an attempt to do so. The institution of the suit was not a conclusive and irrevocable election of remedies.
Hart v. Midkiff,
We also find plaintiff was entitled to recover from defendant Goldenberg on the theory that Goldenberg used Atlas Foods Inc. as an alter ego and, in the alternative, is individually liable on that theory. Courts will disregard the existence of a corporate entity when the plaintiff shows: (1) Control, not mere majority or complete stock control, but complete domination, not only of finances, but of policy and business practice
in respect to the transaction attacked
so that the corporate entity
as to this transaction
had at the time no separate mind, will or existence of its own; and (2) such control must have used by defendant to commit fraud or wrong, to perpetrate the violation of a statutory or other positive legal duty, or dishonest and unjust act in contravention of plaintiff’s legal rights; and (3) the aforesaid control and breach of duty must proximately cause the injury or unjust loss complained of.
Collet v. American National Stores Inc.,
The source of the error of the trial court is a finding of fact that “on or about July 14, 1983, prior to Atlas/Volz having any business relationship with Grote Meat Company, and on the advice of his CPA, Dan *387 Bindler, Jerome Goldenberg restructured the loan to the company by making a corporate obligation to Mercantile Trust Company rather than his personal obligation. He did this by withdrawing $60,000 from Atlas Foods Inc. and used that to pay Mercantile Trust Company the $60,000 that he had originally borrowed from it. Mercantile Trust Company then loaned Atlas Foods Inc., $60,000 as evidenced by the note dated July 14, 1983 (plaintiffs exhibit “41”) a copy of which is attached hereto. After these transactions, all of which occurred on or about the same day, Atlas Foods Inc. still had the same operating capital in its account as it did before the transactions were completed.”
As a matter of fact and as a matter of law, this finding is erroneous. Prior to the restructuring of the financing the capitalization of Atlas Foods Inc. included $15,000 for 15,000 shares of $1.00 par stock and $15,000 of earned surplus because defendant Goldenberg paid $30,000 for the stock. It also owed defendant Goldenberg $30,000. After the refinancing the capitalization was not the same. After the refinancing the corporation had no capital account and was $60,000 in debt to Mercantile Trust Company. The difference is significant because the capitalization of the company is subject to the claims of all creditors including plaintiff before the rights of share holders. Before the refinancing there was $30,000 in the capitalization of Atlas Foods Inc. available to creditors. After the refinancing there was no capitalization available to creditors. The refinancing was therefore, in relation to the claim of plaintiff as a creditor, a wrong which violated numerous statutory duties and was unjust in contravention of plaintiffs legal rights.
Under Missouri statutes directors of corporations are liable for wrongful withdrawals. Section 351.345 RSMo 1978. Shareholders are liable to creditors for the purchase price of their stock. Section 351.-275 RSMo 1978. Plaintiff’s claim in the present case is for less than the $30,000 withdrawn by defendant Goldenberg as a shareholder without any consideration to Atlas Foods Inc. or its creditors. Courts will disregard the existence of a corporate entity when it is operated while undercapi-talized.
Collett v. American National Stores, Inc.,
We reverse and remand to the trial court to enter judgment in favor of plaintiff and against defendant Jerome Goldenberg for the unpaid balance supported by the evidence with interest and costs. Our holding that plaintiff’s appeal is meritorious disposes of defendant’s motion for damages for frivolous appeal.