Lead Opinion
OPINION
Appellant Jimmie Gross appeals his conviction for murder under the law of parties. Because the evidence is insufficient to support appellant’s conviction for murder under law of parties, we reverse the conviction and render judgment of acquittal.
On September 4, 2006, the complainant, Corkney Lee, was shot and killed by appellant’s brother-in-law John Jones. Appellant, who was charged with murder of Lee, testified at Jones’s murder trial. Jones was convicted of the murder of Lee. Subsequently, at appellant’s trial for murder, the State read into the record the transcript of appellant’s testimony from Jones’s murder trial.
According to appellant’s testimony, he and Jones were in a white Dodge Ram truck in the right hand lane at a stoplight. The female passenger of a vehicle in the left lane signaled for appellant to roll down his window. Lee, who was driving, asked appellant, “Do you know me?” Appellant responded, “No, I don’t.” Lee asked appellant, “Well, why are you watching me?” Appellant responded, “I’m not.” This exchange continued until Lee asked appellant to pull into a gas station. Appellant complied.
Once at the gas station, appellant and Lee resumed their “verbal altercation” and exited their vehicles. Less than a minute later, Jones got out of the truck. Appellant testified that he did not know that Jones had gotten out of truck until Lee started running toward the store. At that moment, appellant looked back to see Jones raising a 12-gauge shotgun to his chest and pointing it in his and Lee’s direction. Appellant yelled, “No, no,” and ran back to the truck.
Appellant testified that he had been carrying the shotgun, which he claimed belonged to someone else, on the backseat of his truck for six to twelve months; the shotgun was unloaded but had ammunition stored in its “stock.”
Appellant heard the shotgun, but claims he did not see Jones fire it or know that anyone had been shot. Appellant panicked, and he and Jones left the scene in appellant’s truck. Appellant dropped off Jones, with the shotgun, at Jones’s grandmother’s house. Appellant drove back to the gas station where he saw eight or nine police cars and someone lying in the door of the store. When appellant found out that someone had been killed, he became “scared” and “panicked” and left gas station. Lee died of multiple gunshot pellet wounds to the back.
Appellant called a friend who was an officer with the Houston Police Department the next morning. On that friend’s advice, appellant contacted an attorney who had previously represented him in a misdemeanor case. That attorney testified that he advised appellant not to “answer any questions without me being present.”
One of the HPD investigators testified that a break in the case came from a
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, appellant contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sustain his conviction for murder under the law of parties. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that the Jackson v. Virginia,
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine, based on that evidence and any reasonable inferences from it, whether any rational fact finder could have found the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Gear v. State,
A person commits the offense of murder if he “intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1) (West 2011). A person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or both. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.01 (West 2011). A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if, acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he or she solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2) (West 2011).
Because appellant is not the principal actor, the State must prove conduct constituting an offense, plus an act committed by appellant with intent to promote or assist such conduct. See Beier v. State,
The State argues evidence that appellant assisted Jones in fleeing from the scene by serving as the getaway driver and disposing of the murder weapon, and by refusing to come forward and denying his involvement is sufficient to support his conviction for murder under law of parties.
While appellant was present when Jones shot Lee and fled from the gas station immediately thereafter, such facts are not sufficient without more to sustain his conviction for murder under law of parties. See Thompson v. State,
The State argues that appellant’s driving the getaway car and helping Jones dispose of the weapon are sufficient to support his conviction. While the undisputed evidence shows that appellant drove Jones away from the scene of the offense and that Jones took the shotgun with him when appellant dropped him off at his grandmother’s house, this is not sufficient to support a murder conviction. Standing alone, proof that an accused assisted the
The State relies on a Court of Criminal Appeals opinion and an opinion from this court in support of its getaway-driver theory. See Thompson,
In Thompson, the defendant was found guilty of aggravated robbery as a party to the offense that was committed by Jerry Wayne Fears. See
In Webber, the appellant was found guilty as a party to offense of aggravated robbery.
Similarly, Hoang v. State
In Hernandez, the defendant was convicted of capital murder as a party.
The dissent also relies on Guevara v. State for the proposition that appellant’s failure to notify the police of his involvement supports an inference that he was attempting to mislead investigators about his role. See
Simply because actions or events occurring after the event are relevant to show pre-existing intent does not mean those actions or events may form the basis for solicitation, encouragement, direction, aid, or an attempt to aid. See Morrison,
Even indulging the inferences that Jones (1) was involved in the altercation while the parties were still in their vehicles, and (2) knew that appellant kept a shotgun in his truck, as the jury was entitled to do, these inferences do not support a prior or contemporaneous plan to shoot Lee once the altercation moved to the gas station. Any conclusion to the contrary is based on mere speculation. See Hooper v. State,
There is no evidence — direct or circumstantial — of Jones and appellant’s “acting together” pre-murder. There is no evidence that appellant assisted Jones before Jones loaded the shotgun, got out of truck, aimed the shotgun at Lee, and pulled the trigger. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, no rational trier of fact could have found appellant guilty as a party to Lee’s murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, the evidence is insufficient to support appellant’s conviction. We sustain appellant’s first issue.
Having sustained appellant’s first issue, we reverse and render a judgment of acquittal.
FROST, J., dissenting.
Notes
. The background recited here derives from appellant's testimony from Jones’s trial that was read to the jury in this case. Though the jury might have disregarded some or all of this account, there is no other account of the crime. Other than appellant, no eye witnesses testified. One investigating officer interviewed witnesses and his complete testimony, which is consistent with appellant's account, is as follows: "We learned that [the crime] appeared to be involving some sort of altercation between two vehicles where the victim and his girlfriend were involved in an altercation with two other males in another car, a white Dodge Ram pickup. The altercation moved from the roadway into the convenience store area where the crime actually occurred where the individuals got out of the car and exchanged words again, specifically the driver of the white Dodge Ram and the victim in this case, Corkney Lee. When they did so, the passenger in the pickup truck got out of the car and fired one time striking and killing our victim.”
. The attorney was no longer representing appellant on the murder charge at the time of trial.
. The dissent argues an alternate theory of sufficiency of the evidence, characterizing appellant and his brother-in-law as "a pair of hotheads with a gun” acting as cohorts "from start to finish.” This rendition of facts is colorful but derives from nothing in the record beyond (1) appellant’s presence at the scene, and (2) his verbal altercation with the complainant. If, as the dissent urges, appellant's presence and verbal altercation with the complainant amount to an appropriate inference that appellant provided a distraction to facilitate the murder, presence will always be sufficient to convict under the law of parties. The mere fact that a jury is willing to indulge an inference does not make it an appropriate inference; otherwise, appellate review of legal sufficiency would become unnecessary. Under the undisputed facts in this case appellant committed other, lesser, uncharged offenses. Appellate courts cannot stretch beyond an appropriate treatment of evidence to affirm a conviction where no reasonable jury could convict of the crime actually charged.
. See
. See
. In light of our disposition, we need not address appellant’s remaining issue claiming ineffective assistance of counsel.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Corkney Lee is dead because of a pair of hotheads with a gun. Appellant and his cohort acted together from start to finish. Together, they got into a truck where a shotgun and ammunition lay within easy reach. Together, the twosome traveled the roadway, spewing heated words at the occupants of another vehicle until the ugly exchange escalated to a showdown. Together, the impetuous pair, gun in tow, went to face their roadway nemesis in a nearby parking lot, where the pull of a trigger would forever silence him. And, together, the cohorts sped away from the scene and fled to a relative’s house, where one took the gun and the other the truck, and both worked to conceal the terrible deed.
Together, the twosome transformed a random roadway encounter into to a deadly confrontation. Appellant was the driver, not the shooter, but under Texas law the jury found him guilty just the same because he acted with the intent to promote or assist the shooter in the commission of the murder by soliciting, encouraging, directing, aiding, or attempting to aid him in the commission of that offense. The twelve jurors who evaluated the evidence were convinced of appellant’s guilt
How could the majority look at the same evidence and come to such a different conclusion? The explanation is simple: the jury evaluated all permissible proof — evidence and reasonable inferences from the evidence — but the majority focuses only on isolated pieces of evidence without considering the context or the full picture. In the process, the majority insists on higher proof than the law demands. Ultimately, the majority concludes, “There is no evidence — direct or circumstantial — of [the shooter] and appellant’s ‘acting together’ pre-murder.”
Factual and Prooedural Background
Appellant was traveling home from a njght club with his brother-in-law of eight years, John Jones, who was his frequent companion. According to evidence at trial,
While appellant and Jones were stopped at a traffic signal, the complainant Cork-ney Lee pulled his vehicle up beside them. The drivers began to engage in heated talk. The encounter soon escalated to the point that both drivers pulled into the parking lot of a nearby service station and convenience store. The stage was set for
a face-off. Appellant exited his truck, leaving Jones with the shotgun. Lee also exited his vehicle. Appellant and Lee continued the escalating verbal exchange. Appellant claimed to have been two to three steps away from the Lee’s vehicle— close enough to touch it. For about a minute, appellant stood face to face with Lee, exchanging heated words. Then a shotgun blast rang out.
Appellant claimed that before the shooting, he saw Lee turn to run away and then turned to see Jones aiming the shotgun in Lee’s direction. Appellant testified that he did not see Jones fire the weapon but that he heard the sound of the shotgun blast. Appellant claimed to have said, “No, no,” and turned to run to his truck. Even though appellant was standing right there and even though Lee suffered multiple wounds from the blast, appellant claimed he did not know that anyone had been hit.
After the shooting, appellant and Jones immediately fled the scene in the truck, with appellant at the wheel and Jones in the passenger seat. Appellant drove Jones to a relative’s home. Jones got out of the truck and took the shotgun with him.
Five minutes later, appellant returned to the scene of the shooting. He claimed that was when he learned that Lee had been shot and killed. Eight to nine law enforcement vehicles had arrived and one officer on the scene described seeing the dead body of 26-year-old Lee laying in the open doorway of the convenience store. Another officer testified that by the time he arrived, a large crowd had gathered at the scene. This officer interviewed several
The autopsy report reflects that Lee sustained multiple shotgun pellet wounds primarily in his back with a few on the back of his head and on one of his arms. Postmortem x-rays of Lee’s head revealed six shotgun pellets in the scalp tissue. The bulk of the shotgun blast entered Lee’s back; wounds are spread over an eleven-inch zone. The medical examiner determined that the cause of Lee’s death was the multiple wounds to the back.
Investigating officers testified that they identified appellant as a suspect following a tip. According to the investigators, when appellant was questioned by authorities, he repeatedly denied any involvement in the offense. Ultimately, appellant was charged with Lee’s murder and the ease proceeded to trial.
The trial court included instructions in the jury charge indicating that appellant could be convicted as a party to the charged offense. The jury found appellant guilty as charged. The trial court ordered a pre-sentence investigation report and recessed the case. Following a punishment hearing, the trial court sentenced appellant to ten years’ confinement.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In appellant’s first issue, he asserts the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction under the law of parties.
In evaluating a party’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Wesbrook v. State,
A majority of the judges of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has determined that “the Jackson v. Virginia legal-sufficiency standard is the only standard that a reviewing court should apply in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a criminal offense that the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” Brooks v. State,
A person commits the offense of murder if that person intentionally or knowingly causes the death of another or if that person intends to cause serious bodily injury and commits an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of another. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b) (West 2011). There is no dispute that Jones was the principal actor in the commission of Lee’s murder.
Under the law of parties, the State may enlarge an accused’s criminal responsibility to include acts in which he may not be the principal actor. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.01(a) (West 2011); Goff v. State,
To prove that an accused acted as a party to an offense, the State was required to show that appellant acted with the intent to promote or assist Jones in the commission of Lee’s murder by soliciting, encouraging, directing, aiding, or attempting to aid Jones in commission of that offense. See Martin v. State,
Mere presence at the scene of the offense does not establish guilt as a party to the offense. Porter v. State, 634 S.W.2d
Moreover, appellant took the lead in the heated exchange that culminated in the parking lot showdown. Appellant transported both the shooter and the shotgun to and from the murder scene. Appellant then deposited the shooter and the shotgun at a relative’s home, and appellant did not reveal the location of either to law enforcement at the scene or in the various interviews that followed. Throughout the investigation appellant concealed his involvement.
Investigators testified that witnesses reported seeing a white Dodge Ram truck at the scene. According to the trial testimony of one investigating officer who spoke with three unnamed witnesses, investigators learned that an altercation between the occupants of two vehicles had broken out. The conflict involved, on one side, Lee and his girlfriend in one vehicle, and on the other side, appellant and Jones in appellant’s truck. Appellant does not dispute that he drove the truck, that he participated in the heated roadway exchange, and that he was present at the scene when Lee was shot. Nor does appellant dispute that the encounter with Lee escalated after the two drivers stopped their vehicles at the service station. The record reflects that the firearm Jones used was one that appellant kept behind the headrests in the backseat of his truck “for protection.” The gun, which had been in the truck for at least six months, was not concealed but on top of the seat behind the window. According to appellant, he presumed that Jones knew about the firearm and had seen it in the back of the truck given that the two brothers-in-law spent time together.
Given the evidence that the altercation involved the occupants of both vehicles, the jury reasonably could have inferred that appellant and Jones were acting together as they both participated in the roadway encounter and as their heated exchange with Lee intensified to the point that the drivers of the vehicles pulled into the service station for a confrontation. The jury was entitled to believe that appellant worked with and assisted Jones by engaging Lee in the verbal altercation, by driving Jones and the firearm to the service station with the intention of facing off with Lee, and by exiting the truck and engaging Lee while Jones remained in the truck readying the shotgun.
The evidence shows the two brothers-in-law were acting in tandem with the common purpose of confronting the roadway stranger whose heated words they did not welcome. There is no suggestion from the record evidence that either Jones or appellant sought to avoid the conflict; the evidence shows that appellant, instead of driving away from a confrontation, drove straight toward one. All of the ingredients for a deadly encounter were present: a heated exchange, a refusal to walk away, escalating tensions, a shotgun within easy reach, and a driver (appellant) willing to bring them all together for a showdown.
The jury reasonably could have inferred from the evidence that (1) appellant exited the truck to draw Lee’s attention while providing an accessible firearm and ammunition to Jones, (2) appellant, by getting out of the truck, walking within touching distance of Lee’s vehicle and drawing
According to the record, after appellant heard the gun fire, he immediately returned to his truck and fled with Jones. A defendant can be convicted as a party if the evidence establishes that he participated in the commission of the offense by driving the getaway vehicle. Thompson v. State,
According to appellant’s testimony, as read into evidence, he already had engaged Lee in a verbal altercation that led both drivers to pull into the service station to continue the heated exchange. Appellant knew he was well-equipped for a deadly confrontation. Appellant carried a firearm and ammunition in clear view in his truck and presumed that Jones, his frequent companion, was aware of the firearm. Appellant knew that Jones was aiming the shotgun in Lee’s direction in the minutes following the heated verbal altercation. According to appellant’s testimony, the nature of the particular twelve-gauge, pump-action shotgun required Jones to take time to load the ammunition and pump the firearm before actually firing it. Thus, the loading, pumping, pointing, aiming, and shooting process was not instantaneous. Although appellant claimed that he did not see Jones loading the gun or firing the actual shot from the gun, appellant acknowledged that he heard the sound of the gun fire and was in the presence of both the shooter and the victim when the shot was fired.
The jury was free to disbelieve appellant’s claim that he did not know Lee had been shot or fatally shot. See Sharp,
The jury could infer from the evidence that following the heated roadway encoun
The Texas Legislature has determined that one who acts with the intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense and encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another to commit the offense, cannot escape the consequences
Conclusion
Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s determination that appellant is just as guilty of murdering Lee as if appellant had pulled the trigger himself. The jury held appellant accountable for his role in the murder; the majority does not. Instead of reversing appellant’s conviction, this court should overrule appellant’s sufficiency challenge and address appellant’s other issues. Because it does not, I respectfully dissent.
. See ante at p. 244.
. Jones was convicted of Lee’s murder. Jones also was convicted of murder of another person completely unrelated to the charged offense. Appellant testified at both of Jones's trials. Appellant's testimony at Jones’s trials was read into evidence at trial in the case under review.