82 Conn. App. 41 | Conn. App. Ct. | 2004
Lead Opinion
“The tortured history of this case demonstrates the detrimental effect that procedural dysfunction in a marital dissolution action can have on the judicial process.” Grimm v. Grimm, 74 Conn. App. 406, 407, 812 A.2d 152, (2002), cert. denied, 263 Conn. 911, 821 A.2d 766 (2003). In this appeal, the defendant, Robert L. Grimm, claims that (1) General Statutes § 46b-40 (c) (l)
The parties first separated in 1988, and the plaintiff, Beverly L. Grimm, commenced divorce proceedings in
Documentary and testimonial evidence were presented to the court on approximately sixteen trial dates from May 22 to July 9, 2002. In January, 2003, the court dissolved the parties’ marriage and entered various financial orders. The court ordered that the defendant (1) convey his interest in the parties’ marital residence located in New Canaan to the plaintiff, (2) pay the plaintiff lump sum alimony in the amount of $100,000, and (3) pay the plaintiff $100,000 in attorney’s fees. The defendant appeals from the judgment rendered.
I
The defendant first claims that § 46b-40 (c) (1) violates the free exercise of religion clauses of the federal
The first amendment to the United States constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” The fundamental concept of liberty embraced in the first amendment applies to the states through the fourteenth amendment. Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 303, 60 S. Ct. 900, 84 L. Ed. 1213 (1940). The United States Supreme Court has “consistently held that the right of free exercise does not relieve an individual of the obligation to comply with a valid and neutral law of general applicability on the ground that the law proscribes (or prescribes) conduct that his religion prescribes (or proscribes).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Employment Division, Dept. of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872, 879, 110 S. Ct. 1595, 108 L. Ed. 2d 876 (1990). General Statutes § 46b-40 (c) (1) is a valid and neutral law of general applicability. The statute does not in any manner infringe on the defendant’s right to exercise his religious beliefs merely because it permits the plaintiff to obtain a divorce from him against his wishes.
Our Supreme Court has held that § 46b-40 (c) (1) is constitutional. “The legislature could rationally conclude that public policy requires an accommodation to the unfortunate reality that a marital relationship may terminate in fact without regard to the fault of either marital partner, and that such a relationship should therefore be dissoluble in law upon a judicial determination of irretrievable breakdown. Courts in other juris
II
The defendant next claims that the court abused its discretion in finding that the marriage had irretrievably broken down and by precluding expert testimony on the subject. We are not persuaded.
A
The defendant argues that the court abused its discretion in finding that the marriage had broken down irretrievably.
The following additional facts are necessary to review the defendant’s claim. At trial, the plaintiff testified that the marriage had irretrievably broken down. She testified that the defendant was very cold, distant, abusive, cruel, dishonest and controlling. She further testified that the defendant exposed himself in the presence of a child, committed larceny and made inappropriate and unwanted sexual advances. The defendant countered that he was willing to seek marriage counseling and that the plaintiffs pattern of behavior of commencing and withdrawing divorce proceedings demonstrated that she was mistaken in her belief that the marriage had broken down irretrievably. The plaintiff contended that her pattern of behavior was the result of the defendant’s campaign to thwart her efforts to dissolve the marriage by prolonging the litigation. She cited the numerous continuances, stays, depositions, motions and other tactics that the defendant had utilized to delay the divorce proceedings. She also testified that the defendant had warned her that if she attempted to end the marriage, he would “drag out” the litigation
“The determination of whether a breakdown of a marriage is irretrievable is a question of fact to be determined by the trial court.” Eversman v. Eversman, 4 Conn. App. 611, 614, 496 A.2d 210, cert. denied, 197 Conn. 806, 499 A.2d 57 (1985). “We decline, as have other courts that have considered the issue ... to circumscribe this delicate process of fact-finding by imposing the constraint of guidelines on an inquiry that is necessarily individualized and particularized.” (Citations omitted.) Joy v. Joy, supra, 178 Conn. 255. “The fact that the defendant maintains hope for reconciliation will not support a finding that there are prospects for a reconciliation. ... A difference, to be irreconcilable, need not necessarily be so viewed by both parties. . . . [S]ee In re Marriage of Baier, 39 Colo. App. 34, 561 P.2d 20 (1977) (evidence supported finding of irretrievable breakdown even though husband claimed strong attachment to wife and that difficulties could be resolved by counseling).” (Citations omitted.) Eversman v. Eversman, supra, 614.
“Factual findings, such as those determinations, are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard of review. A factual finding is clearly erroneous when it is not supported by any evidence in the record or when there is evidence to support it, but the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. . . . Simply put, we give great deference to the findings of the trial court because of its function to weigh and interpret the evidence before it and to pass upon the credibility of witnesses.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Advanced Financial Services, Inc. v. Associated Appraisal Services, Inc., 79 Conn. App. 22, 31-32, 830 A.2d 240 (2003).
The defendant failed to demonstrate that the court improperly found that the marriage had broken down irretrievably. The record clearly demonstrates the breakdown in the parties’ marriage. The fact that the defendant claims to maintain hope for reconciliation will not support a finding that there are prospects for reconciliation. The allegations raised by the plaintiff concerning the difficulties in the marriage were serious and spanned almost the entire length of the marriage. The court was within its discretion to credit the plaintiffs version of the facts that the pattern of litigation was the result of the defendant’s attempt to thwart the dissolution proceedings, not the plaintiffs lack of intent to end the marriage. Accordingly, we conclude that the court did not improperly find that the marriage had broken down irretrievably.
The defendant claims that he was precluded from presenting expert testimony from a third party witness that the marriage had not irretrievably broken down. The court reasoned that whether the marriage had broken down irretrievably was “an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact” and that the court “does not need expert assistance in deciding that issue.”
Section 7-3 (a) of the Connecticut Code of Evidence provides in relevant part: “Testimony in the form of an opinion is inadmissible if it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact, except that . . . (b), an expert witness may give an opinion that embraces an ultimate issue where the trier of fact needs expert assistance in deciding the issue.” We conclude that expert testimony was not necessary to determine whether the marriage had irretrievably broken down because such a matter could be considered within the knowledge and experience of the trier of fact.
Ill
The defendant next claims that the court improperly denied his motion to open the evidence to allow what he called newly discovered evidence of the valuation of the plaintiffs stock options. We disagree.
At trial, the court sustained the plaintiffs objection to the defendant’s offering of expert testimony on the valuation of General Electric Corporation (General Electric) stock options on the basis of data from the company’s annual report. The court ruled that no expert witness had been disclosed. After the trial concluded, but before the court rendered judgment, the defendant filed a motion to open the evidentiary hearing because General Electric had made a public statement after the evidentiary hearing, adopting a valuation method for its stock options. The court denied the defendant’s motion.
The defendant did not meet that standard. The defendant merely stated in a conclusory fashion that General Electric had made a public statement adopting a new valuation method for its stock options. The defendant did not demonstrate how that new evidence could be distinguished from his earlier unsuccessful attempts to offer expert testimony from a General Electric employee on the same subject matter. That evidence was properly excluded because the defendant did not disclose an expert witness on the subject matter. Further, the evidence was not material and likely would not have produced a different result. General Electric’s purportedly new valuation method would be just one of numerous methods that could be utilized in valuing the plaintiffs stock options. See, e.g., Wendt v. Wendt, 59 Conn. App. 656, 663 n.4, 757 A.2d 1225, cert. denied, 255 Conn. 918, 763 A.2d 1044 (2000). Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion by the court in refusing to open the evidence.
IV
The defendant next claims that the court improperly determined the amount by which he had reduced the marital assets and abused its discretion in ordering him to pay the plaintiffs counsel fees. We conclude that the
A
The defendant claims that the court improperly determined the amount by which he had reduced or dissipated the marital assets. The applicable standard of review has been set forth in part II.
The court stated in its decision that its financial orders were based on numerous factors. In its memorandum of decision, the court referred to the parties’ age, health, employment, education, earnings and earning capacities, as well as the behavior of the defendant. See General Statutes §§ 46b-81 (c) and 46b-82. Further, the court pointed out the defendant’s failure to make any meaningful effort to obtain employment subsequent to 1998. The court found that his behavior was the principal cause of the breakdown of the marriage and that he inappropriately had diminished the value of the marital assets. The memorandum of decision indicated that the court properly considered and weighed the statutory factors in making its financial award.
The defendant argues that the court erroneously adopted the plaintiffs trial brief in finding that the defendant wrongfully had diminished the marital assets by approximately $2.9 million. The court found that the defendant had diminished the marital assets by his liquidation of retirement funds in the amount of $1,121,737, his expenditure of $717,865 in charitable contributions and his expenditure of more than $1,130,000 in counsel fees.
The defendant contends that his charitable contributions did not wrongfully diminish the marital assets
The court adopted the plaintiffs argument that the defendant had diminished the marital assets by approximately $2.9 million. That amount was determined by taking the total of the liquidated retirement funds, the charitable contributions and defendant’s counsel fees. It was incorrect to total those categories because a portion of the liquidated retirement funds was used in part to make charitable contributions. By the court’s
The court improperly included a portion of the charitable contributions and the retirement funds in the amount that it determined was the defendant’s wrongful reduction of the marital assets. On the other hand, the court’s finding that the defendant had diminished the marital assets did not fully take into account the 40,635 shares of General Electric stock that he had sold or given away. That factor would offset, to a degree, any amount by which the court improperly determined that the defendant had diminished the marital assets. In determining the impact of the incorrect findings, it is significant that the court’s finding was not directly linked to any specific property distribution that was ordered by the court. We note further that the defendant should not be entitled to benefit from the ambiguity that he created by his refusal to provide clear and accurate financial records.
We conclude that the court’s findings as to the specific amount of the marital assets that the defendant wrongfully dissipated and the method by which he did so constituted harmless error that did not undermine the financial orders.
B
The defendant also claims that the court abused its discretion in ordering him to pay the plaintiffs counsel
A clear picture of the plaintiffs financial status can be gained by a review of the court’s financial orders and her financial affidavit. The plaintiff earned a salary of more than $100,000 a year, possessed significant retirement accounts and had valuable stock options from her employer, General Electric. She was awarded both of the parties’ Connecticut residences, which were valued together at more than $1 million, and received a lump sum alimony award of $100,000.
General Statutes § 46b-62 governs the award of counsel fees in dissolution proceedings. It provides in relevant part that “the court may order either spouse . . . to pay the reasonable attorney’s fees of the other in accordance with their respective financial abilities and the criteria set forth in section 46b-82. ...” “Courts ordinarily award counsel fees in divorce cases so that a party . . . may not be deprived of [his or] her rights because of lack of funds. . . . Where, because of other orders, both parties are financially able to pay their own counsel fees they should be permitted to do so. . . . Whether to allow counsel fees and in what amount calls for the exercise of judicial discretion. . . . An abuse of discretion in granting the counsel fees will be found only if this court determines that the trial court could not reasonably have concluded as it did.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Cordone v. Cordone, 51 Conn. App. 530, 537, 752 A.2d 1082 (1999).
Here, the record does not support a finding that the plaintiff lacked sufficient liquid assets with which to
Our Supreme Court and this court “have often described financial orders appurtenant to dissolution proceedings as entirely interwoven and as a carefully crafted mosaic, each element of which may be dependent on the other. . . . Consequently, when an appellate court reverses a trial court judgment based on an improper alimony, property distribution, or child support award, the appellate court’s remand typically authorizes the trial court to reconsider all of the financial orders.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Smith v. Smith, 249 Conn. 265, 277, 752 A.2d 1023 (1999); Ehrenkranz v. Ehrenkranz, 2 Conn. App. 416, 424, 479 A.2d 826 (1984). “Every improper order, however, does not necessarily merit a reconsideration of all of the trial court’s financial
The judgment is reversed only as to the award of counsel fees to the plaintiff and the case is remanded with direction to vacate that order. The judgment is affirmed in all other respects.
In this opinion LAVERY, C. J., concurred.
General Statutes § 46b-40 (c) provides in relevant part: “A decree of dissolution of a marriage or a decree of legal separation shall be granted upon a finding that one of the following causes has occurred: (1) The marriage has broken down irretrievably . . . .”
The first amendment to the United States constitution provides in relevant part: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . . .”
The constitution of Connecticut, article first, § 3, provides: “The exercise and eryoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall forever be free to all persons in the state; provided, that the right hereby declared and established, shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or to justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the state.”
We need not address the defendant’s fifth claim that the court improperly denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss or transfer because it is barred by the doctrine of res judicata. See Rathblott v. Rathblott, 79 Conn. App. 812, 821, 832 A.2d 90 (2003). That issue became moot after the defendant’s first appeal in Grimm, v. Grimm, supra, 74 Conn. App. 406.
The defendant took the alternative position at trial that the marriage was void and had never occurred because one or both of the plaintiffs prior marriages may not have been legally dissolved prior to his marriage to her. The court found that argument baseless.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting in part. I concur with parts I, II, III and IV B of the thoughtful majority opinion. I respectfully dissent from the holding regarding financial orders in part IV A.
Prior to making its financial orders, the court made findings that from 1998 to 2002, the defendant “reduced” marital assets by approximately $2.9 million. I agree that as to approximately $650,000 of the $2.9 million that the court found was reduced or dissipated by the defendant, the findings were inaccurate. I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that this can be rendered harmless on the basis of this court’s finding that the trial “court’s finding that the defendant had
“This court cannot find facts or draw conclusions from primary facts found, but can only review such findings to determine whether they could legally, logically and reasonably be found and whether the trial court could thereby conclude as it did. Appliances, Inc. v. Yost, 186 Conn. 673, 676-77, 443 A.2d 486 (1982); Hallmark of Farmington v. Roy, 1 Conn. App. 278, 280-81, 471 A.2d 651 (1984).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Parkview Paving Co. v. New Haven, 13 Conn. App. 574, 575, 537 A.2d 1049, cert. denied, 207 Conn. 810, 541 A.2d 1240 (1988). We cannot guess as to the existence of a factual predicate. State v. Hoeplinger, 27 Conn. App. 643, 647, 609 A.2d 1015, cert. denied, 223 Conn. 912, 612 A.2d 59 (1992). As we stated in LaVelle v. Ecoair Corp., 74 Conn. App. 710, 721, 814 A.2d 421 (2003), “[t]his case must be reviewed on the facts found by the trial court.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
This is not an academic question. For example, the award was disproportionate with respect to real estate apportioned to these two spouses. The court awarded to the plaintiff title to two Connecticut houses that were valued at more than $1 million in the parties’ financial affidavits, but allotted to the defendant only an Ohio house worth between $372,000 and $500,000 that was burdened with a substantial mortgage, according to those same affidavits. Financial orders are part of a “carefully crafted mosaic . . . .” Ehrenkranz v. Ehrenkranz, 2 Conn. App. 416, 424, 479 A.2d 826 (1984). “Normally, when a portion of the court’s financial order is found to be flawed, we return the matter to the trial court for a new hearing on the ground that in marital dissolution jurisprudence, financial orders often are interwoven.” Rosato v. Rosato, 77 Conn. App. 9, 20, 822 A.2d 974 (2003). A remand of all financial orders is
As in Ehrenkranz v. Ehrenkranz, supra, 2 Conn. App. 423, “[t]he underpinning of the decision is not sound.” Because I believe that “[e]ach party is entitled to overall financial orders which reflect the court’s discretion and are based upon the facts elicited and the statutory criteria”; id., 424; I would reverse the award as to the financial orders and remand the case for a new hearing on them.
