Grier v. the StateGrier v. the State
Where, as here, the underlying merger claim has merit, the trial court must determine whether trial counsel‘s deficient performance was the cause of the failure to file a timely direct appeal. Stephens, supra, 291 Ga. at 839 (2). Thus, the trial court must hold an evidentiary hearing on this issue.4 Id.
The trial court in this case summarily dismissed Reid‘s motion without conducting a hearing. Having concluded that Reid‘s merger claim would entitle him to relief, we find that the trial court‘s failure to conduct a hearing is error. See Stephens, supra, 291 Ga. at 839 (2). We therefore vacate the triаl court‘s order in part and remand this case with instructions for the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing on trial counsel‘s performance.
In sum, we affirm the trial court‘s order to the extent that it denied Reid‘s motion for out-of-time appeal with respect to his claim that his plea was involuntary. We vacate the trial court‘s order with respect to the merger issue, and we remand this case with direction that the trial court consider whether trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to advise Reid of his right to appeal his void sentenсe.
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part, and case remanded with direction. McFadden, J., concurs. McMillian, J., concurs in judgment only.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, Davis v. State, 275 Ga. App. 714, 715 (1) (621 SE2d 818) (2005), the evidence demonstrates that Grier was a Spanish teacher at Stephenson Middle School when he initiated a sexual relationship with the 14-year-old victim, who was in fostеr care under DFACS custody. The sexual encounters included sodomy and intercourse, occurred multiple times in Grier‘s classroom, and, on at least one occasion, outside of school, from January 2008 until the victim reported the sexual relationship in April 2008.
1. In two related enumerations, Grier contends that he was entitled to the victim‘s DFACS records pursuant to
(a) Grier maintains that the enactment of the reciprocal discovery act expanded discovery tо include DFACS records. However, contrary to his assertion, the act does not provide an independent statutory basis for the discovery of DFACS files. Horne v. State, 192 Ga. App. 528, 531 (4)(a) (385 SE2d 704) (1989). See Ellis v. State, 289 Ga. App. 452, 456 (2) (657 SE2d 562) (2008) (“contrary to [appellant‘s] contentions, the reciprocal discovery act does not provide an independent statutory basis for the discovery of [the therapist‘s] files.“). Thus, access to the DFACS files “is prohibited except as [otherwise] provided by statute.” Davidson v. State, 183 Ga. App. 557, 559 (4) (b) (359 SE2d 372) (1987).
To that end,
In this case, Grier‘s trial counsel twice subpoenaed the victim‘s DFACS records, but in each instance, rather than request an in camera inspection by the trial court as mandated by statute, the subpoena directed that the files be sent to the attorney‘s office. DFACS filed a motion to quash, to which Grier‘s trial counsel did not respond, and ultimately trial counsel never reviewed the victim‘s DFACS records. Accordingly, because Grier‘s trial counsel did not follow the statutorily prescribed procedure for obtaining the DFACS files, and given that
(b) The trial court conducted an in camera inspection of the DFACS records
“A defendant who is denied access to certain information after the court performs an in camera inspection has the burden on appeal of showing both the materiality and the favorable nature of the evidence sought.” (Footnote omitted.) Stephens v. State, 305 Ga. App. 339, 343 (3) (699 SE2d 558) (2010). Evidence is material “only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Young v. State, 290 Ga. 441, 443 (2) (721 SE2d 839) (2012). This Grier has not done. His core contention appears to be that the victim lacked credibility and that the DFACS records chronicled her prior misconduct, and were thus exculpatory. But, as noted by the trial court, this information was merely cumulative of testimony about the victim‘s misconduct presented at trial. Further, Grier has not met his burden on appeal of demonstrating what excluded information in the DFACS records, which are included in the record on appeal, would have been so material that there is a reasonable opportunity that the outcome of his case would have been different, if the records had been disclosed at trial.
Moreover, Grier‘s contention that due process per Brady v. Maryland, 373 U. S. 83 (83 SCt 1194, 10 LE2d 215) (1963), requires that he have access to any exculpatory information regardless of its duplicative nature is also meritless. This court has found that the trial court‘s in camera inspection of evidence satisfies the requirements of Brady because this рrocedure balances the public‘s interest in protecting the confidentiality of those records and the defendant‘s right to due process. Davidson, 183 Ga. App. 557. As previously noted, on appeal Grier has the burden of showing both the materiality and the favorable nature of the evidence sought. Young, 290 Ga. at 443 (2). “Evidence is constitutionally material when its exculpatory value is ... of such a nature that a defendant would be unable to obtain other comparable evidence by other reasonably available means.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Mussman, 289 Ga. 586, 590 (2) (713 SE2d 822) (2011). Grier has not demonstrated that the еvidence he contends was contained in the DFACS file meets this standard, and thus this argument fails.
2. Grier contends that his trial counsel was ineffective in several regards relating to the DFACS records. He maintains that his trial counsel was ineffective by failing to obtain them, failing to argue that portions of the record were discoverable under
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance, Grier
must show counsel‘s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance рrejudiced him to the point that a reasonable probability exists that, but for counsel‘s errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different. A strong presumption exists that counsel‘s conduct falls within the broad range of professional conduct.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Pruitt v. State, 282 Ga. 30, 34 (4) (644 SE2d 837) (2007). If he fails to meet his burden on one prong of the two-prong test, then the appellate court need not review the other prong. Wright v. State, 291 Ga. 869, 870 (2) (734 SE2d 876) (2012). “We accept the trial court‘s factual findings and credibility determinations unless clearly erroneous, but we independently apply the legal principles tо the facts.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Robinson v. State, 277 Ga. 75, 76 (586 SE2d 313) (2003).
Moreover, even if this claim were not waived, Grier has failed to show how this deficiency prejudiced him “to the point that a reasonable probability exists that, but for counsel‘s errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different,.” (Citations omitted.) Pruitt, 282 Ga. at 34 (4). The trial court reviewed the records before ruling on the motion for new trial and held that there was “no exculpatory evidence contained therein.” Thus, Grier has not shown that the trial court would have reached a different conclusion if it had viewed the records before trial.
(b) Grier also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to arguе that portions of the record were discoverable under
(c) Grier contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object and request a continuance after the State‘s expert testified that she had viewed portions of the victim‘s DFACS records. We do not agree.
During Grier‘s cross-examination of the State‘s expert, his trial counsel asked her if she had viewed the victim‘s forensic interview, and she responded that she had. Counsel later asked her if she had reviewed any of the statements that the victim gave to “doctors or nurses when she was examined,” and she responded, “I believe in the case file, when she was forensically examined, it was in that report.” Grier‘s counsel then questioned the expert about what documents she had reviewed to prepare for her testimony, and the following exchange took place:
[COUNSEL]: As a part of your preparation to come in and testify about this case . . . were you given access to [the victim‘s] DFACS records?
[EXPERT]: The full file DFACS, no.
[COUNSEL]: Were you given access to her school records?
[EXPERT]: The full records, I was not.
[COUNSEL]: Any of them from school?
. . .
[EXPERT]: I did not ask. My understanding of testimony is not so much as to fact in this particular case, but, rather, my experience in the area of child sexual abuse. If I were to have been asked to assess a bucket load of records, I would be happy to do so.... [I]n this particular case, I was given a copy of discovery, and in that discovery was included the areas of the investigation, a synopsis of the general medical, the forensic interview, the steps of when the case was disclosed, when the outcry was made and as such. And so, no, I did not ask for the full DFACS records nor did I ask for the full school records.
(Emphasis supplied.)
Contrary to Grier‘s assertion, the expert‘s testimony did not reveal that she had access to any records other than those supplied to him in discovery, or that she had viewed the DFACS records in whole or part. Further, Grier did not subpoena the expert for the hearing on his motion for new trial to ascertain whether she viewed any DFACS records. Trial counsel testified that he did not recall his reasoning for not objecting to the testimony or requesting a continuance. He testified, “I don‘t know whether at the time I took that to mean that she didn‘t ask for or didn‘t receive any of the records at all or whether at the time I‘m thinking that she had gotten some of the records but not . . . the full records. I just don‘t remember what I was thinking at that time.”
We need not determine whether counsel‘s performance was deficient if we determine
In this case, Grier‘s mere speculation that the State‘s expert may have reviewed DFACS records and his trial counsel‘s failure to object thereto does not demonstrate prejudice to the point that a reasonable probability exists that the outcome of his trial would have been different.
3. Grier maintains that the sodomy statute is unconstitutionally vague, because the statute was never amended to reflect the redefinition of the offense in Powell v. State, 270 Ga. 327, 335 (3) (510 SE2d 18) (1998). The statute still states that “[a] person commits the offense of sodomy when he or she performs or submits to any sexual act involving the sex organs of one person and the mouth or anus of another,”
However, our Supreme Court has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over “[a]ll cases . . . in which the constitutionality of a law, ordinance, or constitutional provision has been drawn in question.”
Further, while Grier argues his trial counsel were ineffective for failing to argue that
4. Grier also asserts that his trial counsel were ineffective “for failing to understand
Grier was represented by two attorneys at trial. When asked about the application of Powell to Grier‘s case, one trial counsel testified:
[I]n my mind at the time, sodomy was not applicable [to] . . . Grier‘s case. It was only applicable in the context of it‘s kind of a sub[-]definition of the aggravated child molestation statute. ... I saw aggravated child molestation and sodomy as two completely separate and distinct offenses as defined in the [C]ode, and it never occurred to me to ask for sodomy as a lesser included offense of child molestation.
The other trial counsel testified that in hindsight he should have asked for a charge on the lesser included offense of sodomy, but he would not have thought of that argument at trial because he did not recognize the merits of the argument then.
[T]he standard for effectiveness of counsel does not require a lawyer to anticipate changes in the law or pursue novel theories of defense. [Grier] has not cited, and we have not found, any case addressing a similar . . . challenge to
OCGA §§ 16-6-2 and16-6-4 . Trial counsel‘s failure to raise this novel legal argument does not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel.
(Punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Hughes v. State, 266 Ga. App. 652, 655 (3) (a) (598 SE2d 43) (2004).
5. Grier also maintains that the trial court erred by admitting a portion of an out-of-court statement that he gave to a detective recounting that a female student had once falsely accused him of touching her, arguing that the statement was inadmissible evidence of a prior bad act that warrants a reversal of his convictions. We do not agree.
Before the detective testified, the jury was excused. During an ensuing bench conference, Grier requested that his taped statement be stopped before he mentioned that other kids had made false allegations about him, including “one girl said I held her after class and touсhed her inappropriately” He argued that the statement would be more prejudicial than probative. Grier acknowledged that he had been provided with the statement the week before his trial began, but maintained that the State had not filed notice of its intention to introduce evidence of prior bad acts and was therefore foreclosed from offering the evidence. The trial court overruled his objection and allowed the State to play the entire statement.
“[T]he admission of evidence is a matter which rests largely within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Barclay v. State, 306 Ga. App. 766, 766 (702 SE2d 907) (2010). In its order denying Grier‘s motion for new trial, the trial court found that this portion of Grier‘s statement was not prior bad act evidence subject to analysis under
a reversal is not required if the evidence of guilt is overwhelming in that there is no reasonable probability that the verdict of the jury would have been different in the absence of this error. Having reviewed the transcript of the proceedings below, we find that . . . the [admission of the] statement does not constitute reversible error, since, viewing the posture of the entire record, we find that it is highly probable that [its admission] did not contributе to the verdict.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Lowther v. State, 263 Ga. App. 282, 283 (1) (587 SE2d 335) (2003) (admission of defendant‘s statement to officer that he would not have been alone with the eight-year-old victim because he learned his lesson after he ran off with a fifteen-year-old girl and got her pregnant did not warrant reversal under highly probable test).
6. Grier last contends that his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution were violated by the grossly disproportionate and thus cruel and unusual sentence for the crime of aggravated child molestation by sodomy, particularly compared to the much lesser sentence for the crime of sodomy. He further argues that his equal protection rights were violated because similarly situated people — those who commit the act of sodomy with someone younger than 16 — may be charged under either
Our Supreme Court previously considered the slightly different argument that
there is no rational basis for treating child molestation based on an act of sodomy differently from child molestation based on other acts, and the different treatment [for the act of sodomy] violates . . . equal protection and due process rights under the United States and Georgia Constitutions.
Odett v. State, 273 Ga. 353, 354 (2) (541 SE2d 29) (2001). The appellant in Odett argued that
in light of Powell, there is no rational basis for treating child molestation based on an act of sodomy differently from child molestation based on other acts, and the different treatment violate[d] his equal protection and due process rights undеr the United States and Georgia Constitutions.
Id. Our Supreme Court observed that Powell did not hold that the right to privacy protects sodomy generally, that sexual conduct with a minor is not protected by any privacy right, and that, “[a]s the statute at issue does not affect a fundamental right or a suspect class, to survive the [appellant‘s] constitutional challenge [
Here, Grier compares the aggravated child molestation statute by sodomy to the general sodomy statute, but he prеviously argued that
Further, even if, as Grier argues, he could still be charged under either the sodomy statute or the child molestation statute and that his equal protection rights were violated because the same act of consensual sodomy is punished differently under those statutes,
[u]nder
OCGA § 16-1-7 (a) , “when the same conduct of an accused may establish the commission of morе than one crime, the accused may be prosecuted for each crime.” Therefore, as [Grier‘s] conduct satisfied the elements of aggravated child molestation, the argument that he should have been sentenced for the lesser crime of simple sodomy is unavailing. The State is not required to prosecute only a lesser offense committed. It may prosecute the defendant under any or all statutes that fit the defendant‘s conduct. [Grier‘s] arguments that the . . . sodomy statute conflicts with the aggravated child molestation statute, and that his equаl protection rights were violated as a result, are equally without merit. The . . . sodomy statute is irrelevant here as [Grier] was not charged with that crime. [He] was charged with aggravated child molestation and his actions satisfied the elements of that offense. SeeOCGA § 16-6-4 (c) .
(Citations omitted.) Hunter v. State, 263 Ga. App. 747, 748-749 (2) (589 SE2d 306) (2003).
Regarding Grier‘s claim that the mandatory sentence for aggravated child molestation constitutes cruel and unusual punishment based on the disparity between the sentences for sodomy and aggravated child molestation, first, accepting without deciding that Grier‘s argument that the current sodomy statute does not comport with Powell, then he could not be charged under the sodomy statute with criminal conduct for committing the act of sodomy against someone older than ten.
Second,
[i]f the sentence falls within the statutory range of punishment set by the legislature, the presumption is that the sentence does not violate the Eighth Amendment, and the presumption remains until a defendant sets forth a factual predicate showing that such legislatively authorized punishment was so overly severe or excessive in proportion to the offense as to shock the conscience.
(Punctuation omitted.) Jones v. State, 325 Ga. App. 845 (1) (755 SE2d 238) (2014). Grier has failed in so demonstrating. See Pepe-Frazier v. State, 331 Ga. App. 263, 273 (3)(c) (770 SE2d 654) (2015) (no ineffective assistance for failing to object to appellant‘s life sentence for one act of oral sex with 14-year-old because it “does not raise a threshold inference of gross disproportionality“).
Judgment affirmed. Boggs and Dillard, JJ., concur.