Gregg v. State

3 W. Va. 705 | W. Va. | 1869

Lead Opinion

Maxwell, J.

I shall first consider the question made in the third assignment of error, arising on the defendant’s third bill of exceptions. This bill of exceptions states that, “after the jury was sworn in this cause, the defendant having no witnesses summoned for the trial, moved the court that the witnesses for the State be excluded from the court room, and thereupon the court ordered the witnesses for the State and the defendant to retire from the court room— and afterwards, and during the progress of the trial, the State having closed the evidence on its part, the defendant; to maintain the said issue on his part, called as a witness iri his behalf Henry Boger, who being sworn to give evidence; in the case, the attorney for the State asked said witness if he had been in the court room during the trial, to which the said witness answered that he had been during a portion of the trial; the attorney for the State thereupon objecting to the witness giving testimony to the jury, and the court- sustained the said objection, and refused to permit the said witness to testify on behalf of the defendant;” to which opinion of the court the defendant objected and excepted. II think it pretty wrnll settled at this day in this country, that in all cases, whether civil or criminal, it is the duty of the courts to separate the witnesses if asked by either party.. The rule does not apply to attornej's or officers of the courts.

In England, in cases of the crown, the rule is laid down that, “Before the examination commences the Crown may demand that the witnesses should retire, in order to each being' questioned in the absence of the others. And the same order will be. made on the request of the defendant, but as matter of indulgence and not of right.” 1 Chitty’s Cr. L., 618, and authorities there cited.

As to whether a witness can be examined under the English rule who is in the court room in violation of an order separating the witnesses, different authors have said, and different judges have said and done different things. In Archibald’s Cr. Prac. and Pl., vol. 1, p. 167, it i.s said: “If the witness does not withdraw when ordered, or afterwards returns into court before he is called for, and is present during the examination of some other witness, it is discretionary with the judge whether he will allow him to be examined or not.”

In the case of Beaman vs. Ellice, 19 Eng Com. Law Rep., 537, — a civil caso cited by the attorney general, — the witnesses had all been ordered out of court, but one of them came into court again and heard the evidence of another witness. The witness who had so come back into court was allowed to be examined as to such facts only as had not been spoken to by .any other witness.

In the case of Parker vs. Mc Williams, 19 Eng. Com. Law Rep., 204, a civil case cited by the counsel for the defendant, the court says that where a witness remains in court after an order for the witnesses on both sides to withdraw, it rests in the discretion of the judge whether such witness shall be heard; except in the Exchequer, where he is peremptorily excluded. In the case of Rex vs. Colley & Sweet, 22 Eng. Com. Law Rep., 325 — cited by the defendants — the witnesses had been sent out, buff one of them — a witness for the crown — returned into court and heard part of the evidence, and the court decided that he was competent to testify; but the crown afterwards waived its rights to ex-,' amine the witness, and he was not examined. In a note to the case of Beaman vs. Ellice, appeared the following:

“ In the case of Rex vs. Brown, which was a case of arson, tried at Reading in 1831, one of the prisoner’s witnesses had, on an order being given for witnesses to leave the eourt, gone out, but had afterwards come into court again. Pattern, J., allowed him to be examined, notwith-etanding that his evidence was objected to. on the part of the prosecution.” The only crown cases in which the question has been, before the Euglish- court, so far as the diligence of counsel has been able to show, are the cases of Rex vs. Colley and Rex vs. Brown, and in both the cases the witness was held competent.

The American cases are not numerous- on this' question. In the case of Grimes vs. Martin—a civil case decided by the supreme court of Iowa in 1860 — this question arose, and is stated and decided in the following concise language :

“ The ground of objection to Snoddy’s testimony, which was received, was the fact that he was in the court room at the time Martin, defendant and witness, testified, whose testimony he was called to contradict. If the witness; disregarded the order of the court in the premises, he was guilty of a contempt for which he might be p-unished, but the act would not render him incompetent to testify. It might effect his credibility.”

In the case of the State vs. Sparrow, 3 Murphy, the question was considered by the supreme court of North Carolina. The case was a prosecution for murder. The- witnesses on both sides- were sent out, and after all the witnesses sworn and sent out on both sides had been examined, the prosecution offered to examine a witness who had remained in the eourt house during the trial; defendant objected, but the eourt allowed it, and the defendant was con-vieted. The supreme court was composed of three judges, one- of whom thought the witness was incompetent, and should not have been allowed to testify. The other two held that he- was competent, and properly admitted, and they appear to have done so upon the ground that the English rule of sending out witnesses does not render them incompetent, but if it does, it is inconsistent with the constitution of North Carolina. One of the judges of the majority said :■

“ Whatever may be the consequence of an omission or refusal to obey the order of the court to name or send out the witnesses, I think the court is not authorized to reject a witness offered at the proper time, because he was not sent out. This would add another objection on the score of incompetency unknown in our law, as far as I can discover, for I have never yet read or heard of a witness being rejected on that account.”

In the case of Hopper and others vs. The Commonwealth, 6 Gratt., 684,— prosecuted and convicted for robbery, — before any testimony had been offered on the trial, the witnesses on both sides were sworn and sent out. After the testimony for the State was closed, the prisoners offered a witness to whom the commonwealth objected, because he was a mulatto; and to sustain the objection offered a witness who had been in court during the whole trial, and who had not been sworn and sent out with the other witnesses. To the swearing of the witness, under the circumstances, the defendants objected, but the court allowed him to testify, which was one of the causes assigned for the writ of error. The general court refused the writ of error without assigning any reasons. No case has been cited, nor have I been ■able to find one in either England or this country, in which a witness for or against a prisoner has been excluded because he was in the court house and heard the other witnesses, in violation of an order sending the witnesses out. ¡I think it clear, therefore, that upon ■ authority, the witness ;Boger was improperly excluded. But if the books were full ¡of precedents excluding witnesses because they were in the icourt room in violation of orders sending them out, I should -be of opinion, under the bill of rights and constitution of ;this State, that the witness was improperly excluded. The provision is “In all criminal trials the accused shall be informed of the character and cause of accusation, and be confronted with the witnesses against him; and shall have the assistance of counsel for his defence, and compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor.”

One of the judges in Sparrow’s case, in reference to a similar provision in the constitution of North Carolina, used the following reasonable and appropriate language: “ This right secured by law must be claimed at the proper time and stage of the trial, and that is when the prisoner is called on to make his defence and offer his witnesses and proofs; and if it were in the power of the courts to prescribe rules for the introduction of witnesses, they might fetter down this privilege, or rather right, to nothing. The courts may prescribe rules to carry the law into execution, but not to prevent its execution. They can not by their rules exclude a party from a right, when that right is assei’ted at the time and in the manner contemplated by the law which gives that right.”

When the witnesses are separated by order of the court, it is the duty of the court officers and parties to enforce the order and keep the witnesses out. If a witness should willfully come into the court house in violation of the order, the court should fine, or fine and imprison him for his contempt. And if necessary to enforce the order, the witnesses should be sent to jail. 1 If a witness, by accident or design, gets into the court room, he is not, for that reason, to be excluded; but it is a matter going to his credit, of which the jury should be the sole judges under the circumstances of the case.

The next question raised is on the defendant’s fourth bill of exceptions for excluding the certificate of bankruptcy. I think, under the circumstances disclosed in this bill of exceptions,the defendant was entitled to give in evidence the said certificate to explain, as far as it might in the minds of the jury, his previous declaration that he had “ three ways of heading the King wood lawyers.”

I propose to consider in the next place, the eighth assignment of error, which is that the “jury did not find in their verdict what punishment was to be inflicted upon the defendant.”

According to the unpublished code of this State, as well as I can determine from the disconnected chapters which I .have seen, there is but one offence to which the law fixes the penalty of death, and that is the offence of murder in the first degree, when the jury does not see proper to say it shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for life; while the offence of treason and arson may'be punished with death, or confinement in the penitentiary, at the discretion- of the jury.

If a jury should find a prisoner guilty of murder in the first degree, and not designate the punishment, by force of the law the court would pronounce sentence of death upon him. But in case of treason, or arson, if a jury find a prisoner guilty and should fail to designate the punishment, the court could not pronounce sentence, because it is the discretion of the jury, and not of the court, which is to determine the punishment.

Under the law as it was before the first of April last,arson was punishable with death. In the case under consideration the offence is charged to have been committed before the first of April, and the jury have found the accused guilty, and the court has sentenced him to be executed. As the law was when the offence was committed, the sentence of the court would be correct; but is it correct under the law as it now is and was at the time of the trial?

The last chapter in the code puts in force all the provisions of the code, and repeals all acts of a general nature inconsistent therewith, and declares that such repeals, except when it is otherwise provided, shall not affect any act done or forfeiture incurred, before the first day of April, 1869, save only that the proceedings thereafter had shall conform as far as practicable, to the provisions of the foregoing chapters. In the 13th of the preceding chapters it is provided that the repeal of a law, or its expiration by virtue of any provision contained therein, shall not affect any offence committed, or penalty or punishment incurred, before the repeal took effect, or the law expired; save only that proceedings thereafter had, shall conform, as far as practicable, to the laws in force at the time such proceedings take place, unless otherwise specially provided; and that if any penalty or punishment be mitigated by the new law, such new law may, with the consent of the party affected thereby, be applied to any judgment pronounced after it has taken effect.

The penalty or punishment is mitigated under the new law, and the accused was entitled to have judgment against him under the new law if he so elected; but such election ought to be made by him before the verdict of the jury is received and recorded, when, if he elected to be punished under the new law it would be the duty of the jury to say whether he should be punished with death or by confinement in the penitentiary for his life. The election can not be made after the jury renders its verdict, because the court has no power to mitigate the punishment. The accused not having consented before the jury rendered its verdict, to be punished according- to the new law, the jury rendered their verdict according to the law in force when the offence was committed, which I think sufficient to justify the judgment of the court, because the law, and not the discretion of the court, ascertains the penalty, if the verdict is not insufficient for some other cause, upon which no opinion is expressed.

In respect to the points made as to the sufficiency of the indictment, — although the objection to the indictment is not properly raised on the motion to- disregard the evidence,— I have examined the indictment, and while some of the counts are very inartificially drawn-, I think it is substantially good.

The other points made by the defendant’s counsel, and properly arising on the record, will not probably arise on another trial, and are not, therefore, considered, as the counsel for the defendant waive their consideration.

I am of opinion, for the errors shown, in the defendant’s third and fourth bills of exception, the judgment will have to be reversed, the verdict of the jury set aside, and the cause remanded for a new trial to be had.

Brown, President.

In addition to the errors set forth in the preceding opinion, I think there is another error in the judgment complained of, viz: The third count in the indictment is bad in failing to aver the time when the dwelling house was burnt. The averment is that, on the night of the 7th of March, the prisoner set fire to and burned the court house, by which the dwelling house of one Peter Voltz was burned in the night time. It is not averred that the dwelling house, which was in the basement of the court house, was burned on the night of the seventh, but simply the fact that the burning of the court house on the seventh caused the burning of the dwelling house. Nor is it stated how long the burning of the court house continued before the dwelling house became inflamed. If the dwelling house was not burned till the first of April, the offence was under another law, and differently punished than if burnt before April. Time, then, was material, and it should have been stated distinctly, that the dwelling house was also burnt on the seventh, or some subsequent night.

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Dissenting Opinion

Berkshire, J.,

dissentiente. He was of opinion that there was no error in rejecting Gregg’s certificate of protection in bankruptcy, and in excluding the testimony of the witness Boger. That the weight of authority is against the rhle established by a majority of the court, and that at common law it ivas always discretionary with the judge to admit or reject-witnesses who were present during the trial, or a part of it, in a case where they had been ordered to be separated; except in the exchequer court, where the court had no discretion, and such a witness was always excluded.

On the other questions in the case, he concurred in the opinion of Judge Maxwell.

Judgment reversed.