627 F. Supp. 2d 1018
D. Minnesota
2008

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

DONOVAN W. FRANK, District Judge.

INTRODUCTION

Thе above-entitled matter is before the Court pursuant to Motions to Dismiss filed by Defendants Redwood Consultants, LLC (“Redwood”), U.S. Sustainable Energy Corporation (“USSEC”), and John Rivera (“Rivera”). For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants the motions.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Greenbelt Resources Corporation (“Greenbelt”), formerly known as Originally New York, Inc. (“ONYI”), is a publicly traded Nevada corporation with its principal place of business located in Burnsville, Minnesota. 1 Greenbelt’s whol ly-owned subsidiary, Diversified Ethanol Corporation (“Diversified”), manufactures scale sized ethanol plants.

Redwood is a California limited liаbility company that provides investor relations services for emerging, publicly traded companies. Redwood acts as the investor relations contact for USSEC, a publicly traded Nevada corporation with its corporate headquarters in Port Gibson, Mississippi. According to Greenbelt, U.S. SEC purports to possess a process for creating liquid biofuel. Rivera is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of U.S. SEC. Rivera is alleged to be a resident of Mississippi or Texas.

According to Greenbelt’s Amended Complaint, in or around December 2006, Rivera contacted Taylor Moffitt (“Moffitt”), an Iowa resident and the Chief Executive Officer of ONYI, to discuss purchasing one of Diversified’s ethanol plants. Moffitt initially dismissed USSEC as an “unlikely customer,” but thereafter Moffitt and Vint Lewis (“Lewis”), a Minnesota resident, drove from Iowa to Mississippi to meet with Rivera and visit USSEC’s facility. (Am. Compl. ¶ 36.) Greenbelt alleges that, during this visit, Rivera made various statements to induce ONYI to enter into a merger with USSEC. Greenbelt alleges that Rivera attempted to “curry credibility” with Moffitt and Lewis by discussing his charitable deeds and his desire to defeat the “Seven Sisters of Big Oil,” while helping farmers and creating jobs. (Id. ¶ 40.) Greеnbelt further alleges that Rivera stated that the U.S. Air Force used jet fuel Rivera produced, and that Rivera possessed documentation showing that the U.S. Air Force was legally required to purchase electricity from him. Greenbelt maintains that Rivera claimed USSEC would end dependence on foreign oil, that USSEC would dominate the industry after it bankrupted and bought out its competitors, and that, as a result of the technology Rivera possessed, attempts had been made to kill him and that he needed armed guards for protection. Greenbelt alleges that Kelmer Smith, an аssociate of Rivera, took Moffitt and Lewis on a tour of U.S. SEC’s facility, indicating to them that “everything in sight was owned ‘debt-free.’ ” (Id. ¶ 47.) According to Greenbelt, Rivera also represented that USSEC owned 150 acres of land in Vidalia, Louisiana for expansion.

Later that day, Moffitt and Lewis visited Rivera’s home. Greenbelt alleges that, during their visit to Rivera’s home, Rivera represented that British Petroleum (“BP”) offered to buy Rivera’s technology for $9 billion, but that he declined the offer in order to prevent BP from “snuff[ing] out his technology to prolong the foothold of big oil.” (Id. ¶ 52.) Greenbelt alleges Rivera rеpresented that Cargill had offered him the same amount, but that he declined because “they are French and he is too patriotic and, as a former Marine, wanted to keep this for America.” (Id.) Greenbelt contends Rivera inquired about ONYI’s stock and indicated that he wanted to buy out ONYI. Greenbelt alleges that, notwithstanding that Rivera had prevented Moffitt from discussing Diversified’s ethanol plants during this visit, “Moffitt and Lewis returned to Iowa very pleased with the meeting, concluding that at a minimum, Rivera/USSEC would be purchasing some of Diversified’s ethanol plants.” (Id. ¶ 53.)

Greenbelt alleges that on December 21, 2006, Rivera traveled to ONYI’s headquarters in Iowa, flying most of the way to Iowa on a chartered plane for which Redwood had arranged. Greenbelt maintains that, while in Iowa, Rivera toured ONYI’s facility and ethanol plant, but appeared uninterested and instead asked about ONYI’s stock and proposed a merger between USSEC and ONYI. Greenbelt alleges that Rivera claimed that, as a result of the proposed merger, Diversified would build all of USSEC’s ethanol plants, and eventually, would build the largest ethanol plant in the world.

Greenbelt claims that, after some discussion, the group agreed to move forward with a merger. On December 22, 2006, Rivera and Moffitt signed a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) on behalf of USSEC and ONYI, the purpose of which was to outline the companies’ intent to merge via a stock and asset swap. Greenbelt alleges that Rivera indicated that he would send an accountant to Iowa to obtain ONYI’s financial records. According to Greenbelt, also on December 22, 2006, Jens Dalsgaard (“Dalsgaard”), an employee of Redwood, contacted Lewis “to discuss the status of matters” and provided Lewis with his contact information. (Id. ¶ 61.)

Greenbelt alleges that on December 28, 2006, Rivera sent Lewis a spreadsheet Rivera prepared that included a “Financial Results Summary.” According to Greenbelt, the summary represented that millions of dollars in profits would be made through the merger. Greenbelt contends that Dalsgaard circulated two press releases. The first press release, circulated on January 4, 2007, stated, “Diversified Ethanol A Division of Originally New York, Inc. Closing In On $12 Billion Acquisition To Become Market Leader In Ethanol Production — Combined Companies To Produce Ethanol at 60% Disсounts To Any Other Technology In The World.” (Id. ¶ 69.) The press release also stated that, “[w]e believe this technology has an immediate market value of between 9 and 12 billion dollars. In light of these facts, if our combined companies were to eventually have a billion shares outstanding, the intrinsic value of our company stock would be $12 per share, other growth catalysts not considered.” (Id.) On January 5, 2007, Dalsgaard circulated a second draft press release to Lewis and Rivera, to be issued by USSEC, entitled “U.S. Sustainable Energy Corp. And Diversified Ethanol, Inc. Sign Memorandum Of Understanding To Join Forces To Enter Multi Billion Dollar Ethanol Market.” (Id. ¶ 70.)

According to Greenbelt, on February 2, 2007, ONYI changed its name, at USSEC and Rivera’s insistence, to United Ethanol Group, Inc. (“United Ethanol”), and named Rivera as Chairman of the Board of Directors. On February 27 and March 7, 2007, United Ethanol and USSEC signed an agreement, to be effective February 21, 2007, in furtherance of the merger (the “Acquisition Agreement”). 2 Greenbelt alleges that, following the execution of the Acquisition Agreement, Rivera insisted that Diversified’s $800,000 ethanol plant be disassembled and moved from Iowa to Mississippi. Greenbelt ‍‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‍further alleges that on March 29, 2007, “having absconded with Diversified’s ethanol plant to Mississippi,” USSEC terminated its agreement with ONYI and Rivera resigned from ONYI’s board. (Id. ¶ 77.) Greenbelt maintains its attempts to obtain the return of its financial records and ethanol plant, or compensation for the plant, were unsuccessful.

Greenbelt asserts claims of conversion of property, unjust enrichment, intentional misrepresentation and civil conspiracy. 3 Greenbelt alleges that Redwood, USSEC and Rivera conspired to mislead Greenbelt, through Rivera’s representations and the publication of “sham” press relеases, into agreeing to enter into the MOU and Acquisition Agreement, and to move its ethanol plant to Mississippi. 4

Redwood moves this Court for an order dismissing Greenbelt’s action for failure to plead fraud claims with particularity, lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, and failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Redwood’s motion is made pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 9(b), 12(b)(2), 12(b)(3) and 12(b)(6). USSEC and Rivera also move this Court for an order of dismissal pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(3), on the basis that this Court lacks personal jurisdictiоn over US-SEC and Rivera and improper venue. USSEC and Rivera further cite 28 U.S.C. §§ 1404 and 1406, concerning a district court’s power to transfer a case to another court, though USSEC and Rivera do not explicitly request such a transfer.

DISCUSSION

I. Motions to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

Redwood, USSEC and Rivera assert that the Court should dismiss all claims against them because the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over them.

A. Standard and Requirements for Establishing Personal Jurisdiction

When personal jurisdiction has been challenged, the plaintiff has the burden to show that personal jurisdiction exists. Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Maples Indus., Inc., 97 F.3d 1100, 1102 (8th Cir.1996) (citing Gould v. P.T. Krakatau Steel, 957 F.2d 573, 575 (8th Cir.1992)). To survive a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, however, the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction over the defendant. Digi-Tel Holdings, Inc. v. Proteq Telecomms. (PTE), Ltd., 89 F.3d 519, 522 (8th Cir.1996) (citing Northrup King Co. v. Compania Productora Semillas Algodoneras Selectas, S.A., 51 F.3d 1383, 1387 (8th Cir.1995)).

When considering whether personal jurisdiction exists, the court may consider matters outside the pleadings; “the court may inquire, by affidavits or otherwise, into the facts as they exist.” Stevens v. Redwing, 146 F.3d 538, 543 (8th Cir.1998) (quoting Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 735 n. 4, 67 S.Ct. 1009, 91 L.Ed. 1209 (1947)). For the purposes of determining whether the plaintiff has made a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and resolve all factual conflicts in the plaintiffs favor. See Digi-Tel, 89 F.3d at 522 (citing Dakota Indus., Inc. v. Dakota Sportswear, Inc., 946 F.2d 1384, 1387 (8th Cir.1991)).

In determining whether a court has personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, a court must ordinarily satisfy both the requirements of the state long-arm statute and of federal due process. See id. (citing Northrup King, 51 F.3d at 1387). The Minnesota long-arm statute extends jurisdiction to the maximum limit consistent with due process, and therefore a court in Minnesota need only evaluate whether the requirements of due process are satisfied. Wessels, Arnold & Henderson v. Nat’l Med. Waste, Inc., 65 F.3d 1427, 1431 (8th Cir.1995). When analyzing most personal jurisdiction questions in Minnesota, courts may simply apply the federal standards. Valspar Corp. v. Lukken Color Corp., 495 N.W.2d 408, 411 (Minn.1992).

Federаl due process requires that a defendant have “certain minimum contacts” with the forum state such that “maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int'l Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (internal quotations omitted). The defendant’s conduct and connection with the forum state must be such that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980). It is essential in each case that there be some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state, thus invoking the benefits аnd protections of its laws. See Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958)).

A court may use one of two different analyses to determine whether the defendants’ ‍‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‍contacts with the forum state establish personal jurisdiction. Epps v. Stewart Info. Servs. Corp., 327 F.3d 642, 648 (8th Cir.2003). In a general jurisdiction case, a defendant maintains such “continuous and systematic” contacts with a state that it becomes subject to the jurisdiction of that state’s courts for any purpose. Morris v. Barkbuster, Inc., 923 F.2d 1277, 1281 (8th Cir.1991) (quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 n. 9, 416, 418-19, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984)); Valspar, 495 N.W.2d at 411. Specific jurisdiction, on the other hand, requires that the defendant has “purposely directed” its activities at residents of the forum and that the litigation results from alleged injuries that “arise out of or relate to” those activities. Wessels, 65 F.3d at 1432 (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 472, 105 S.Ct. 2174).

Regardless of which analysis is used, the Eighth Circuit applies a five-factor test in determining whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction would pass constitutional muster: (1) the nature and quality of defendant’s contacts with the forum state; (2) the quantity of cpntacts; (3) the source and connection of the cause of action with those contacts; and, to a lesser degree, (4) the interest of the forum state; and (5) the convenience of the parties. See Wessels, 65 F.3d at 1432. The first three factors are of primary importance, while the last two arе “secondary factors.” Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co. v. Nippon Carbide Indus. Co., 63 F.3d 694, 697 (8th Cir.1995). The third factor distinguishes between specific and general jurisdiction. See Digi-Tel, 89 F.3d at 523 n. 4 (citing Wessels, 65 F.3d at 1432, n. 4).

B. Whether Greenbelt Has Made a Prima Facie Showing of Personal Jurisdiction

Redwood, USSEC and Rivera argue that their contacts with the State of Minnesota are insufficient to permit the exercise of personal jurisdiction over them by a Minnesota court. The Defendants assert that they have not maintained continuous and systematic contacts with Minnesota, and therefore that general jurisdiction over them does not exist. Defendants also assert that no connection exists between the transaction at issue in this case and the State of Minnesota, and therefore, that the standards for exercising specific jurisdiction over them are not satisfied.

1. Personal Jurisdiction over Redwood

Redwood notes that it is a California business entity and that it has no offices, employees, registered agent, bank accounts, financial holdings, or real or personal property in Minnesota. (Aff. of Jens Dalsgaard (“Dalsgaard Aff.”) ¶ 3.) The record reflects that Redwood’s contacts with Minnesota were limited to providing investor relations services to a Minneapolis-based client in 2001, and a company called GelStat. (Aff. of Robert M. Gardner (“Gardner Aff.”) ¶¶2-3, Ex. 1.) GelStat was originally incorporated in Minnesota and maintains a Minnesota registered address, but closed its Minnesota operations in 2006 during a reorganization, and GelS-tat no longer has any employees, officers, directors, operational offices or property in Minnesota. (Deck of William R. Colucci (“Colueci Deck”) ¶¶ 3^4.) Redwood provided services to GelStat in 2006, consisting of answering 6 to 12 investor inquiries and organizing an investor conference. (Supp. Aff. of Jens Dalsgaard (“Dаlsgaard Supp. Aff.”) ¶ 2.) Redwood’s Dalsgaard states that, until this lawsuit, he was unaware of GelStat’s connection to Minnesota and that Redwood performed no work in Minnesota for GelStat. (Dalsgaard Supp. Aff. ¶ 3.)

Redwood maintains that none of the events giving rise to Greenbelt’s claims occurred in Minnesota. Redwood argues that the only possible Minnesota connection to the case is the involvement of Lewis, alleged to be a Minnesota resident. Redwood argues that Greenbelt’s allegations that Dalsgaard made a telephone call and circulatеd draft press releases to Lewis do not confer personal jurisdiction over Redwood.

Greenbelt asserts that Redwood’s business relationships with its two Minnesota clients are sufficient contacts for the exercise of general jurisdiction. This Court disagrees. Redwood’s contacts with Minnesota are not continuous and systematic. Redwood does not maintain a business presence in Minnesota, and its two contracts with Minnesota companies are insufficient to confer general jurisdiction. Both contracts contemplated only one-year arrаngements and both have been completed. The first contract was completed in 2001 or 2002, long before the events related to this transaction took place. With respect to the contract with GelStat, Redwood was not aware GelStat was incorporated in Minnesota and Redwood’s limited work for GelStat was not performed in Minnesota. Redwood’s staff never traveled to Minnesota in connection with these contracts. The record does not reflect that Redwood purposefully availed itself of the privileges of conducting businеss in Minnesota such that it could reasonably anticipate being haled into a court in Minnesota for any purpose. See Johnson v. Woodcock, 444 F.3d 953, 956 (8th Cir.2006) (business contacts “involving some collaboration with a Minnesota resident on one project and a publishing relationship with a Minnesota company” held insufficient to subject defendant to general jurisdiction).

Greenbelt also argues that Redwood’s contacts with Lewis via telephone and electronic mail in connection with the agreements between Greenbelt and US- SEC provide a basis for this Court to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over Redwood. Letters, e-mails, faxes and telephone contacts may, in conjunction with other contacts, support the exercise of personal jurisdiction, but such contacts alone are insufficient to satisfy due process. Northrup King, 51 F.3d at 1388; Mountain Feeds, Inc. v. Agro Impex, S.A., 677 F.2d 651, 656 (8th Cir.1982). Here, the electronic mail messages and telephone calls to Lewis do not satisfy due process because they stand alone as the only contacts Redwood made with Minnesota in connection with this transaction.

Further, Greenbelt has not shown that Redwood “purposely directed” its activities at a resident of Minnesota. Redwood’s contacts with Lewis occurred in connection with an agreement entered into by Lewis’s employer, a Nevada corporation with its principal place of business in Iowa. Greenbelt did not show that Redwood knew Lewis was a Minnesota resident. Greenbelt also failed to produce any evidence that Lewis actually received the telephone call and electronic mail messages in Minnesota. As Redwood pointed out, in this age of advanced telecommunications technology, Lewis could have been outside Minnesota when he received these contacts. This Court finds that there is no basis to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over Redwood.

2. Personal Jurisdiction over USSEC and Rivera

Greenbelt argues this Court may exercise jurisdiction over USSEC and Rivera alleging that USSEC and Rivera “conduct business throughout the United States (including Minnesota).” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 4-5.) Greenbelt also contends that USSEC and Rivera are subject to this Court’s exercise of specific jurisdiction as a result of US-SEC’s Internet website, www.ussec.us. Greenbelt alleges that its cause of action arises from its use of the website bеcause USSEC and Rivera used USSEC’s website to intentionally ‍‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‍publish misleading press releases and Greenbelt relied on these press releases in deciding to enter into its agreement with USSEC.

USSEC and Rivera contest Greenbelt’s allegations that they conduct business in Minnesota. When allegations in a plaintiffs complaint are contested, reliance on conclusory allegations is insufficient and additional proof is required. Dever v. Hentzen Coatings, Inc., 380 F.3d 1070, 1074 (8th Cir.2004); see also Woodcock, 444 F.3d at 956 (conclusory allegations did not satisfy plaintiffs burden to establish a prima facie case regarding jurisdiction.) The record reflects that US-SEC is headquartеred in Mississippi and is moving its headquarters to Texas; that USSEC does not have business operations, facilities, or offices in Minnesota; and that USSEC does not do business in Minnesota. (Aff. of John Rivera (“Rivera Aff.”) ¶¶ 3-5, 7.) Rivera maintains that he is a resident of Mississippi, and that he has never visited Minnesota for personal matters or in connection with the business of USSEC. (Id. ¶¶ 1, 6.) USSEC and Rivera also contend that all meetings and conversations related to the transaction at issue occurred in Mississippi and Iowa, and Rivera indicates he was unaware that any contacts in this transaction involved any person in or from Minnesota. (Id. ¶ 9.) Greenbelt has failed to produce evidence showing that USSEC and Rivera have a history of doing business in Minnesota, or with Minnesota entities or citizens. This Court may not exercise general personal jurisdiction over USSEC and Rivera.

Greenbelt’s reliance on USSEC’s website to establish specific jurisdiction over USSEC and Rivera is also unpersuasive. The Eighth Circuit has adopted a “sliding scale” approach to determining the existence of specific jurisdiction based upon a website. Lakin v. Prudential Sec., Inc., 348 F.3d 704, 710-711 (8th Cir.2003); see also Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F.Supp. 1119, 1124 (W.D.Pa.1997) (articulating the sliding scale approach). In this analysis, three different types of websites are identified. The first are active websites, through which businesses clearly do business over the Internet and enter into contracts with residents of foreign jurisdictions involving the knowing and repeated transmission of computer files over the internet, and where the exercise of personal jurisdiction by the foreign jurisdiction is proper. Lakin, 348 F.3d at 710 (citing Zippo, 952 F.Supp. at 1124). Passive websites are those upon which a defendant has posted information accessible to interested users in foreign jurisdictions and are not grounds for the exercise of personal jurisdiction. Id. at 710-711. A third category is comрrised of middle ground, interactive websites, though which a user may exchange information with a host computer. Id. at 711. An inquiry involving a middle ground website must examine the level of interactivity and the commercial nature of the exchange of information using the site. Id.

Greenbelt argues that USSEC’s website is an active or middle ground website because a viewer may contact USSEC and Redwood via the website. The Court viewed USSEC’s website, and finds that the website provides information to interested users via press releases and videos, though a visitor to the website may also use the website to send an electronic mail message to USSEC or its media contact, and may fill out and submit an electronic form to contact or request information from Redwood. The Court finds that the website, as currently structured, is properly categorized as a passive website. The website does not allow an exchange with a host computer, and it does not appear that products may be purchased or contracts entered into via the website.

In addition, Greenbelt alleges it used the website to view press releases, indicating that the website functioned passively relative to the transaction at issue in this case. A user in any jurisdiction could view US-SEC’s press releases and contact the company, but a defendant should not be subject to jurisdiction in every forum in which its website is accessible. See ALS Scan, Inc. v. Digital Serv. Consultants, Inc., 293 F.3d 707, 712 (4th Cir.2002) (“If we were to conclude as a general principle that a person’s act of placing information on the Internet subjects that person to personal jurisdiction in each State in which the information is accessed, then the defense of personal jurisdiction, in the sense that a State has geographically limited judicial power, would no longer exist”). Further, even if Greenbelt could show that US-SEC’s website had a higher level of interactivity, at the time of the transaction, Greenbelt’s principal place of business and substantial asset was in Iowa, and its cause of action would arise from USSEC’s connection to Greenbelt in Iowa, not to Minnesota. This Court finds it cannot exercise specific jurisdiction over USSEC and Rivera.

3. Greenbelt’s Request for Jurisdictional Discovery

Greenbelt requests that it be allowed to conduct jurisdictional discovery to explore whether Redwood may have any additional contacts with Minnesota, as well as to find out more information related to USSEC’s website. The Eighth Circuit recently held that jurisdictional discovery should be permitted where the plaintiff offered “documentary evidence, and not merely speculations or conclusory allegations,” regarding the defendant’s contacts with the forum state. Steinbuch v. Cutler, 518 F.3d 580, 589 (8th Cir.2008). In Lakin, the court remanded to allow jurisdictional discovery regarding personal jurisdiction where the plaintiff showed that the defendant maintained home equity loans and lines of credit amounting to $10 million in credit for Missouri customers. 348 F.3d at 708. The discovery was targeted toward determining the number of consumers in Missouri who had accessed the defendant’s website to obtain loans and the substance of those contacts, and the number of liens on property in Missouri securing the loans. Id. at 710, 712. Conversely, in Dever, the court rejected the argument that jurisdictional discovery should have been allowed where the plaintiff failed to rebut the defendants’ assertions against jurisdiction and offered only conclusory allegations to support his claim that personal jurisdiction existed. 380 F.3d 1070, 1074 n. 1 (citing Carefirst of Maryland, Inc. v. Carefirst ‍‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‍Pregnancy Ctrs., Inc., 334 F.3d 390, 402 (4th Cir.2003) (“When a plaintiff offers only speculation or сonclusory assertions about contacts with a forum state, a court is within its discretion in denying jurisdictional discovery.”))

Greenbelt has, for the most part, offered only conclusory allegations that Defendants conduct business in Minnesota. Unlike the circumstances in Lakin, Greenbelt’s request for jurisdictional discovery is not specifically targeted to flesh out connections already shown to exist, but instead is more akin to a fishing expedition in which a plaintiff intends to cast a wide net for potential contacts with a forum state. The Court finds that jurisdictional discovery is not appropriate in this case.

II. Redwood’s Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim

Redwood urges this Court to find that Greenbelt’s Amended Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Redwood argues that Greenbelt has failed to allege sufficient facts to show that Redwood made intentional misrepresentations to Greenbelt, or that it engaged in a conspiracy to do so. Redwood also notes that it is a small company and that litigating against Greenbelt in any jurisdiction will be financially burdensome. Redwood’s argument is persuasive, especially as so few of the allegations in Greenbelt’s complaint relate to Redwood. While the Court sympathizes with Redwood’s circumstances, the Court declines to decide issues relating to the factual allegations of Greenbelt’s suit in light of its finding that personal jurisdiction is absent in this case. 5

III. Transfer of Venue

USSEC and Rivera cite 28 U.S.C. §§ 1404 and 1406, concerning a district court’s power to transfer a case to another court. USSEC and Rivera assert that Mississippi is the proper venue for this dispute, but do not explicitly request that this Court transfer venue to a сourt in Mississippi. This Court declines to transfer venue.

Section 1404(a) states: “For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought.” Section 1406(a) states: “The district court of a district in which is filed a case laying venue in the wrong division or district shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which it could have been brought.”

It is possible that the parties’ dispute could be litigated in Mississippi. In fact, an action between Rivera, Greenbelt, Mof fitt and Lewis is presently pending in Mississippi. 6 In addition, the Acquisition Agreement contains a forum selection clause stating that:

The Parties agree that all controversies, claims, disputes and matters in question arising out of, or related to, this Agreement, the breach of this Agreement, the purchase of the [sic] ONYI’s securities pursuant to this Agreement or any other matter or claim whatsoever shall be decided by courts of competent jurisdiction in Adams County, Mississippi, to the exclusion of all other places of venue, for all matters that arise under this Agreement.

Notwithstanding the existence of a pending cаse in Mississippi and the forum selection clause, it appears that the parties do not agree as to the proper forum for their dispute. Based on Greenbelt’s allegations, it is possible that there are several other states that may provide a forum. This Court declines to select the forum for the parties by transferring venue to a court in Mississippi or any other state.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

1. Defendant Redwood’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 7) is GRANTED.

2. Defendants USSEC and Rivera’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 30) is GRANTED.

3. Plaintiffs Complaint (Doc. No. 1) is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.

Notes

1

. Greenbelt's Complaint filed on September 27, 2007, alleged that its prinсipal place of business was in Eagle Grove, Iowa. (Compl. ¶ 2.) Greenbelt subsequently filed an Amended Complaint on April 21, 2008, alleging that its principal place of business was in Minnesota. (Am. Compl. ¶ 2.) At the hearing on this matter, Greenbelt’s counsel represented that Greenbelt moved its principal place of business to Minnesota between June and October 2007.

2

. Greenbelt alleges that this agreement was entitled "Technology Licensing and Acquisition Agreement.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 74.) Redwood submitted a copy of an agreement called the "Distribution and Acquisition Agreement,” and Redwoоd indicated that this was the agreement signed by USSEC and Rivera. (Aff. of Keiko Sugisaka ("Sugisaka Aff.”) ¶ 2, Ex. A.) The copy of the agreement filed by Redwood is unexecuted.

3

. Greenbelt’s Complaint filed September 27, 2007, also asserted claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ‍‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‍Act (“RICO”) and of RICO civil conspiracy. (Compl. ¶¶ 68-90.) In its Amended Complaint, Greenbelt abandoned those claims.

4

. USSEC filed an Answer to Greenbelt's Complaint on December 26, 2007, and an Amended Answer and Counterclaim on March 6, 2008, in which it denied many of the allegations in the Complaint. Redwood and Rivera did not file an аnswer. Greenbelt’s Amended Complaint was filed on April 21, 2008. None of the Defendants have answered the Amended Complaint.

5

. The Court also declines to address Redwood’s arguments pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) on the same basis.

6

. Following the filing of Greenbelt’s suit in this Court, Rivera filed an action in state court in Mississippi against Greenbelt, Moffitt, and Lewis, which was removed to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi. Moffitt, Lewis, and ONYI moved to dismiss the action, or to transfer venue to this Court, under the "first to file” rule; the court found the "first to file” rule applied, but ordered additional briefing regarding the requests to dismiss or transfer venue. Rivera v. Originally New York, Inc., No. 5:07-CV-213(DCB)(JMR), 2008 WL 486585 (S.D.Miss. Feb. 19, 2008).