13 Ill. 363 | Ill. | 1851
This was an action brought by Massie, as executor of Steel, against Green, to recover rent due the estate of Steel. The evidence shows a yearly tenancy of a farm belonging to the estate of Steel, the lease of which was made during the lifetime of the testator. Steel died in October, 1848, and the rent did not become due and payable before the December following.
The defendant requested the court to instruct the jury, “ That if the jury believe, from the evidence, that William Steel, in his lifetime, rented this farm for 1848, and that the rent became due in 1848, and that before that time, the said Steel, the landlord, died, leaving children, to whom the land descended at his death; that then the executor, the plaintiff in this suit, cannot recover for such rent.” This instruction the court refused to give, but instructed that,11 If the jury believe, from the evidence, that Green occupied Steel’s place under an agreement by which he was to pay rent to Steel, and if they further believe, from the evidence, that said rent is not fully paid, the plaintiff is entitled to recover the balance due on said contract.” To these decisions the defendant excepted. We are satisfied that the judge of the Circuit Court was mistaken in this view of the law governing this case. Rent accruing out of land upon a lease granted by the owner in fee, and which does not become due till after the death of the lessor, is a chattel real, which descends to the heir as a part of the inheritance, and does not go to the executor. “ If A., seized in fee, grant an estate tail, or a lease for life or years, reserving rent, such rent as accrues after his death, being incident to the reversion, shall go to his heir and not to his executors, although they are expressly named in the covenant.” Toller’s Executors, 176. The same rule is laid down in Williams on Executors, 583; Woodfall, Land. & Ten. 299; Bullock v. Sneed, 13 S. & M. 295; McCoy v. Scott, 2 Raw. 222. Indeed, this seems to be the well-settled rule of the common law. Nor does our statute change the rule, as was supposed. The 81st, 86th, 96th, and 97th sections of our Statute of Wills were relied upon. The 81st section requires the executor or administrator to make out an inventory of the real and personal estate, “ whether the same shall consist in lands, tenements, hereditaments, annuities, or rents, or in goods and chattels, and rights and credits,” which he shall return to the office of the Probate Court. Admitting that this refers to rent not due, at the time of the death of the testator or intestate, it by no means follows, that the legislature intended to vest the title to the rent in the executor or administrator, by requiring him to include in it his inventory. The same argument would prove that the title to the real estate was vested in the executor, for that, too, had to be included in the inventory. The 86th section makes no reference to the subject of rent, and we do not see that it has any application here. The 89th section is of the same character as the 81st, and is answered in the same way. What has been said of the 86th section is applicable to the 96th. The 97th section authorizes the executor or administrator to sell the growing crops, or to cultivate and harvest them, and then dispose of them; and declares, that the proceeds shall be áSsets in their hands. Although, by the terms of the lease, this rent was authorized to be paid in corn, yet it was not a growing crop belonging to the testator. The rent was not, necessarily, even a portion of the crop grown upon the land. The tenant was not bound to cultivate any portion of the demised premises in corn; and that which was to be paid as rent, might as well be grown on other land. It was no more a growing crop, in the sense of that statute, than as if the rent was to have been paid in shingles or horses. Nor does the first section of our Landlord and Tenant Act, affect this question. That section provides, “ In all cases in which rent may be due and in airear, on a lease for life or lives, and where lands shall be held and occupied by any person, without any special agreement, for rent, it shall and may be lawful for the owner or owners of such lands, his, her, or their executors or administrators, to sue for and recover such rent, or a fair and reasonable satisfaction for such use and occupation by action of debt or assumpsit, in any court having jurisdiction thereof.” In this, it was not the design of the legislature to change the rights or liabilities of parties, but' only to specify the form of the remedy. Nor, in terms, does this law give the right of action to the executor, where the rent was not due at the time of the death of the testator, but only in cases where the rent is due and in arrear, and where the premises are held without any specific agreement for rent. Rent falling due, after the death of the testator or intestate, still descends to the heir as a chattel real, with the estate, and he alone can recover it.
The judgment of the Circuit Court must be reversed, and the cause remanded. Judgment reversed.