GREEN v. GREEN
S93A0780
Supreme Court of Georgia
NOVEMBER 22, 1993
263 Ga. 551 | 437 SE2d 457
BENHAM, Justice
A new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence will not be granted if the only effect of the evidence will be to impeach the credit of a witness. Timberlake v. State, 246 Ga. 488 (1) (271 SE2d 792) (1980). As noted above, the import of Pickens’ testimony about the experiment was that bloodprints made on plastic could sucсessfully be reproduced and the maker of the print, as well as the presence of blood, could be identified after the print was processed. Appellant‘s newly discovered evidence was tendered to disprove the facts on which Pickens’ testimony was founded, i.e., to refute that the facts on which she relied did prove that such bloodprints could be successfully reproduced and identified. Accordingly, because appellant‘s evidence served only to impeach Pickens’ testimony, the triаl court did not err by denying appellant‘s motion for new trial. See Rogers v. State, 257 Ga. 590 (2) (a) (361 SE2d 814) (1987).
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.
DECIDED NOVEMBER 22, 1993.
H. Bradford Morris, Jr., for appellant.
Lydia Sartain, District Attorney, Lee Darragh, Jessica K. Vaughn, Assistant District Attorneys, Michael J. Bowers, Attorney General, Susan V. Boleyn, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Peggy R. Katz, Staff Attorney, for appellee.
S93A0780. GREEN v. GREEN.
(437 SE2d 457)
BENHAM, Justice.
This is an appeal from the denial of a motion to set aside the judgment in a divorce case. Appellant filed the divorce action in DeKalb County while represented by counsel. She subsequently moved to Ohio and her attorney withdrew from the case. In withdrawing, the attorney followed the appropriate procedures, including notifying the court and opposing counsel of appellant‘s address in Ohio. In January 1992, the case appeared on the trial calendar and notice was published in the legal organ of the county. No effort was made to give appellant actual notice of the appearance of the case on the trial calendar. Although the case was fifteenth on the calendar and the notice specified that all but the first ten cases would be “on call,” appellee and his counsel appeared and answered ready. In his
We granted appellant‘s application for discretionary review to consider whether notice by publication was constitutionally sufficient in a case such as this one. However, in keeping with the principle that cases should not be decided on constitutional issues when other issues are dispositive (cf. Cone v. State, 184 Ga. 316, 322 (191 SE 250) (1937)), we find it unnecessary to consider the constitutional issue because other principles lead us to reverse the judgment of the trial court.
Notwithstanding the sufficiency of notice by publication, a trial court has discretion, upon considering all the circumstances, to set aside a judgment against a party who pleads lack of notice. Spyropoulos v. John Linard Estate, 243 Ga. 518 (255 SE2d 40) (1979). The circumstances of this case include a calendar call which did not require the presence of the parties to this action and extraordinary efforts made by appellee‘s counsel to bring this case to trial in the absence of the unrepresented opposing party whom appellee‘s counsel knew to live out of this state.
1. Addressing first the issue of the absence of appellant, we note that the trial court‘s order denying the motion to set aside and aрpel-
2. In addition to the purely legal question regarding presence at calendar call, the role appellee‘s counsel played in procuring the judgment must be examined. There can be no serious question that appellee‘s counsel was aware that appellant was not represented by counsel since the record reflects that he was served with notice of appellant‘s counsel‘s withdrawal from representation. That same notice makes it clear that appellee‘s counsel was aware of appellant‘s location and address. Yet, not only did counsel make no effort to inform appellant of the calendar call on which their case occupied an “on call” status, he has stated to this court that he pursued the matter through the office of the clerk of court and on into the desk drawer of a law clerk who had previously worked on the case.
In recent years, on the federal and state level, courts throughout this country have sought to encourage professionalism among lawyers and alternative dispute resolution among citizens. In furtherance of the former of these goals, several years ago this court established the Chief Justice‘s Commission on Professionalism in an attempt to maintain in some instances and establish in others, a sense of civility and courtesy among lawyers. In drawing the distinction between
professionalism and ethics, Chief Justice Clarke has often said that “ethics is that which is required and professionalism is that which is expected.” On one hand, the practice of law is dependent to a great extent on lawyers having respect for each other, honoring their promises, cooperating with others, and according each other a high degree of civility. On the other hand, lay persons sincerely believe that when a justiciable issue arises, if they so desire they will be accorded their “day in court.” These expectations on the pаrt of lawyers and lay persons are reasonable and are fully contemplated by our system of jurisprudence. Therefore, when these expectations are not fulfilled, there is understandable discontent with our system of justice. If the bar is to maintain the respect of the community, lawyers must be willing to act out of a spirit of cooperation and civility and not wholly out of a sense of blind and unbridled advocacy.
During oral argument in the case sub judice, the question was posed by the bench as to why the final decree was taken without notice to the adverse party and prior to the scheduled hearing date. Appellee‘s lawyer responded by saying, in part, that the law allowed the procedure he utilized and that he had every right to avail himself of the procedure. What is disturbing to me is that many lawyers fail to realize that the law and the Code of Professional Responsibility set minimum levels of reasonable conduct. As members of an honorable profession, we must be willing to conduct our business in a manner consistent with higher standards embodied in the Ethical Considerations and aspirational goals embodied in the professionalism movement.
Evanoff v. Evanoff, 262 Ga. 303, 304-305 (418 SE2d 62) (1992) (Benham, J., concurring). In the present case, appellee‘s counsel has taken a position equivalent to that of appellee‘s counsel in Evanoff, and with equivalent effect. In the present case, however, there is case law which will permit the setting aside of the judgment as an exercise of discretion (Spyropoulos, supra), and there is the caution in Evanoff that the courts will not condone a refusal “to act out of a spirit of cooperation and civility and not wholly out of a sense of blind and unbridled advocacy.” Id. at 304. That spirit of cooperation and civility, when taken together with the notions of fundamental fairness that lie at the heart of the principle of due process of law, requires that attorneys, as officers of the court, make a good faith effort to
Given all the circumstances of this case, and especially the lengths to which appellee‘s counsel went to ensure that this case was tried in the absence of appellant, we hold that the proper exercise of the trial court‘s discretion established in Spyropoulos, supra, required that the judgment be set aside. The trial court‘s denial of appellant‘s motion to set aside was, therefore, an abuse of that discretion.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur, except Sears-Collins, J., who concurs specially, and Fletcher, J., who concurs in the judgment only.
SEARS-COLLINS, Justice, concurring specially.
I disagree with both of the reasons given by the majority for reversing the judgment of the trial court. However, I concur in the judgment because I would reverse on the ground that notice of a nonresident, pro se litigant‘s trial date by publication of a trial calendar in a county‘s legal journal is insufficient to satisfy due рrocess.
1. First, I disagree with the majority‘s interpretation of
parties and counsel in the first 10 actions on the published trial calendar shall appear ready for trial on the date specified unless otherwise directed by the assigned judge. Parties in all other actions on the calendar are expected to be ready for trial but may contact the calendar clerk to obtain: (A) A specific date and time for trial during thе trial term specified in the calendar; or (B) Permission to await the call by the calendar clerk of the action for trial upon reasonable notice to counsel.
Furthermore, contrary to the majority‘s statement, Home Owners Warranty Corp. v. Pinewood Builders, supra, and Fulton v. State of Ga., 183 Ga. App. 570, 572 (359 SE2d 726) (1987), are not in conflict and both stand for the proposition that the correct interpretation of
2. The majority also reverses the appellee‘s judgment because his attorney, by several actions, including his failure to notify the appellant of the trial date, failed to meet the professionalism requirement that attorneys ” ‘act out of a spirit of cooperation and civility and not wholly out of a sense of blind and unbridled advocacy.’ ” Majority opinion at p. 554. Although I applaud the efforts of Chief Justice Clarke and the Chief Justice‘s Commission on Professionalism to encourage a spirit of сivility and courtesy among lawyers, and although I agree that the better practice would have been for the appellee‘s attorney to attempt to contact the appellant (particularly because this case involved a child custody dispute), I disagree with the majority‘s reliance on professionalism to reverse the appellee‘s judgment.
(a) First, the majority‘s reliance on professionalism to vacate a judgment infringes upon, if not violates, both the appellee‘s and thе
(b) Moreover, the majority‘s holding directly contradicts this Court‘s holding in Stevens v. Thomas, 257 Ga. 645 (1) (361 SE2d 800) (1987). In that case, the trial court had imposed sanctions against the clients of an attorney based on the attorney‘s violation of two Directory Rules of the State Bar Rules. Id. at 646. The clients appealed, contending that there was no basis for sanctions against them because, as non-lawyers, they were not subject to the disciplinary rules. Id. at 647-648. We agreed, holding that a client is not subject to sanctions for the infractions of disciplinary rules by the client‘s attorney. Id. at 648. In this case, the majority has set aside the appellee‘s judgment based upon its finding that his attorney violated professionalism standards. This holding, in substance, imposes sanctions against a client as a penalty for his attorney‘s prоfessionalism violations, and is thus directly contrary to the rule of Stevens v. Thomas. In addition, the majority‘s holding conflicts with our decision in Davis v. Findley, 262 Ga. 612 (422 SE2d 859) (1992), in which we held that a violation of the Code of Professional Responsibility does not give rise to a cause of action for damages against an attorney.
(c) Furthermore, our holdings in Stevens and Davis are consistent with the position taken by the American Bar Association (ABA) in the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which in 1983 superseded the former ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility. The ABA has provided that
[v]iolation of a Rule should not give rise to a cause of action nor should it create any presumption that a legal duty has been breached. The Rules are designed to provide guidance
to lawyers and to provide a structure for regulating conduct through disciplinary agencies. They are not designed to be a basis for civil liability. Furthermore, the purpose of the Rules can be subverted when they are invoked by opposing parties as procedural weapons. The fact that a Rule is a just basis for a lawyer‘s self-assessment, оr for sanctioning a lawyer under the administration of a disciplinary authority, does not imply that an antagonist in a collateral proceeding or transaction has standing to seek enforcement of the Rule. Accordingly, nothing in the Rules should be deemed to augment any substantive legal duty of lawyers or the extra-disciplinary consequences of violating such a duty.
Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 1992 ed., pp. 8-9.
(d) Finally, the majority has begun the descent of the slippery slope of legislating civility and courtesy. In the future, this Court no doubt will have to classify some professiоnalism standards as more important than others, some transgressions as more unprofessional than others, and some standards as appropriate weapons in the litigation arena and others only as guides for regulating conduct through our attorney disciplinary agencies. These problems illustrate why this Court should not permit its distaste for lawyers who may not be exercising common sense, maturity, and civility to blind it to the problems of legislating such conduct.
(e) For the foregoing reasons, I would not reverse the trial court‘s judgmеnt based on a violation of professionalism standards.
3. However, I would reverse the judgment because I believe that the trial court‘s failure to send notice of the trial to the appellant‘s address in Ohio, which was on file with the court, violated due process.
To begin, I note that a trial court has a duty to notify litigants of their trial dates. See
[w]henever notice is required to be given in a judicial . . . proceeding, due process requires that it be such notice as is reasonably calculated, under all the cirсumstances, to enable the interested parties to protect their rights. See Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Co., 339 U. S. 306, 314 (70 SC 652, 94 LE 865) (1949).
Typically, notice by publication of a trial calendar would satisfy due process requirements, because in a typical case a litigant has a lawyer who is aware of the pendency of the case, who is aware of the local legal journal, and who subscribes to that journal to satisfy his or her duty to keep apprised of the trial date in the case. Thus, the publishing of the trial calendar in such an organ is reasonably certain to inform litigants that their case is scheduled for trial. Moreover, requiring а lawyer to subscribe to a county‘s legal journal is a small burden when compared with the burden that would be placed on the courts through a requirement that they mail notice of trial dates on all cases to the attorneys or parties.
Under the circumstances of this case, however, notice by publication was constitutionally insufficient. The appellant was a resident of Ohio and was not represented by counsel. Although she did have a duty to keep advised of the progress of her case, it is fiction to maintain that a pro se litigant from another state is even aware of the existence of a Georgia county‘s local legal journal, here the Decatur-DeKalb News/Era. Moreover, to require that litigant to subscribe to a local legal journal and to peruse it for her trial date is a costly and burdensome responsibility. In contrast to this burden, the trial court had the appellant‘s home address on record, knew that the appellant was unrepresented, and could have easily mailed her nоtice of her trial date. In this regard, notice by mail “is an inexpensive and efficient mechanism that is reasonably calculated” to provide notice. Tulsa, 485 U. S. at 490. Balancing all of these considerations points to the conclusion that notice by publication violated the appellant‘s due process rights.
The case of Brown v. C & S Nat. Bank, 245 Ga. 515 (265 SE2d
For the reasons given above, I conclude that, under the circumstances of this case, notice by publication violated due process. Anything to the contrary in Carson v. Morris, 164 Ga. App. 732 (297 SE2d 513) (1982), should be overruled.
4. Finally, because the apрellant did not receive notice, I would hold the trial court erred in denying her motion to set aside. See Brown, supra, 245 Ga. at 518-519; Johnson v. Mayor &c. of Carrollton, 249 Ga. 173, 175-176 (288 SE2d 565) (1982).
DECIDED NOVEMBER 22, 1993.
Linwood R. Slayton, Jr., for appellant.
Brad C. Kaplan, for appellee.
Davis, Matthews & Quigley, Richard W. Schiffman, Jr., Altman, Kritzer & Levick, Emily S. Bair, Warner, Mayoue & Bates, John C. Mayoue, amici curiae.