24 Tex. 508 | Tex. | 1859
This is a suit to try the right of property to a certain slave, named Simon, valued at $1000, levied on, the 15th September, 1855, as the property of Smith, by virtue of an execution in favor of Banks, for $698.60, and $8.05 costs, issued upon a judgment rendered against Smith in favor of Banks, in Travis county District Court, on the 23d day of May, 1855, which slave was claimed by Green, by making oath, and giving claim-bond, the 24th September, 1855, by virtue of a deed to him executed, as trustee for the benefit of creditors, by Smith and others, on the 28th day of May, 1855. A verdict was returned, subjecting the property levied on, to the execution of plaintiff, Banks. A judgment to that effect was rendered, and also in favor of Banks against Green and his sureties, on his claim-bond, for $69.68, being ten per cent, upon the amount of Banks’s execution.
The questions in the case are very much narrowed down by the fact, that the correctness of the verdict of the jury, on the facts, is not questioned under the rulings and charge of the court. The assignments of error relate exclusively to the rulings and charge of the court. They may be conveniently
It appears that the sheriff had, before the claim-bond was given, levied on the slave, by virtue of the execution of Ross against Smith, as well as of Banks v. Smith; and that the bond recited both, and the claim was made by Green, as against both. The cases were docketed separately, corresponding to the execution, Banks v. Green, and Ross v. Green. Green tendered an issue, setting up his claim to the slave, under the deed of trust. Banks joined issue, by denying that there was such a deed, by alleging that the slave was the property of Smith, and by averring that if there was such deed, that it was made covinously, &c., to hinder, delay, and defraud creditors, and was therefore, as to plaintiff, void. Afterwards, Green moved to consolidate the cases of Banks v. Green and Ross v. Green, to be tried as one case; which motion was overruled by the court. The plaintiff, Banks, moved the court to dismiss the claim, because the bond was payable to Banks and to Ross; being one bond only, given in the two cases. The court decided this motion in favor of Green, and against Banks, and retained the cause in court, and sustained the bond as sufficient for that purpose. When the jury returned their verdict in favor of the plaintiff, the court rendered a judgment in favor of Banks, for the ten per cent, damages, just as if the bond had been given singly to Banks. This judgment followed as a necessary consequence from the previous decisions in the case.
If we should say, that the judgment rendered in favor of Banks singly, is erroneous, it would overturn that decision, of which Green availed himself, and of which Banks does not now complain, and from which he has not appealed. This would result in our dismissing the case, because the bond was made to Banks and Ross jointly, in form, when Banks has not appealed, or assigned it as error. If we should say, that the court should have consolidated the cases; it would subvert the only ground upon which we can suppose that decision could have been made, and give our sanction to the practice of consolidating in the same proceeding and trial, the causes of different plaintiffs in execution, whose executions happen to be levied on the same property. This we are not prepared to do.
We can imagine no state of facts, wherein it would have been within the power of the court, to have correctly rendered a joint judgment in favor of Banks and Ross, even if their cases had been consolidated and tried together. The one had no interest whatever, in the debt or damages of the other. If the bond
In this point of view, it becomes a mere question of convenience in the remedy to one of the parties—the defendant. The rights of the plaintiffs in execution can neither be changed, abridged, extended, nor conjoined, by the mode of trial. So that if the bond be sufficient to secure them at all, it must secure their several and separate interests. A liability in favor of each of several obligees may be created in the same bond. There is nothing in the shape given to this bond, which would forbid this construction. It does not treat them as partners or joint parties in interest, having the same execution. The court, in arriving at its legal import, had a right to look to the executions of Banks and of Ross recited in it, and upon which it was founded, and the objects for which it was given, and the purposes it was intended to subserve. And to render it effective, for any purpose for which it could be given, the court was compelled to regard it as designed to secure their separate and several interests. In our practice, injunction bonds and appeal bonds embrace parties as obligees, who have no common interest, and the liability incurred to each, must depend upon the nature and extent of interest each has in the matter of litigation. Still these bonds are intended to secure each and all, in their several interests. So it was construed by the court in this case of a claim bond. And under this construction, the judgment rendered in favor of Banks for his damages, may be sustained. There was no issue formed, or facts in proof, showing the priority of lien
While we do not think it a correct practice for the courts to sanction bonds thus taken, connecting and entangling the interests of parties in one suit, who have no common right, and whose rights in the prosecution of the suit, may stand upon wholly different grounds, and in whose favor there cannot be a joint judgment; still we are not prepared to hold in this case, that this bond is not sufficient to sustain this judgment for damages in favor of Banks. The defendant is not in a position to complain of the construction given to the bond by the court below, when it was only upon that very liberal intendment in its favor, that it could be sustained as' a claim-bond in this case. Had Banks, against whom this liberal intendment was given, and whose interests were thereby entangled and complicated with others with whom he had no concern, appealed and assigned as error, this decision of the court, the question would have been fairly before us; and we would have been at liberty to indicate by our decision, the correct practice on the subject under our statute. (O. & W. Dig. 441-443.)
It is proper to remark, that though we have given this question our serious reflection, we have been aided by but little argument or authority.
The assignments of error under the second head, are: “ 6th. The court erred on the trial in permitting evidence to go to the jury, of fraudulent acts of Smith, done after the deed was executed. 7th. The court erred in permitting evidence to go to the jury, that Smith had committed other frauds with his property, not relating to the deed in controversy. 8th. The court erred in the charge to the jury. 9th. The court erred in refusing to charge, that to render an assignment for the benefit of creditors fraudulent, the fraud must be concurred in by the trustee or beneficiaries, as well as intended by the maker. 10th. The court erred in refusing the charge asked by defendant, that
To decide upon these errors, it is important, in the first place, to understand the exact character of the deed executed by Smith to Green. It is of mixed character, partaking in part of an assignment absolute, and in part of an ordinary deed of trust upon particular property, creating a lien thereon.
The notes and accounts contained in the schedule, were assigned absolutely; the land and negroes were conveyed in trust to secure certain debts, and to be sold at a particular time by the trustee, if the debts were not sooner paid.
The deed conveys to the trustee, lots, (including Smith’s homestead, estimated on the trial to be worth from $2000 to $3000,) negroes, notes and accounts, all shown on the trial to be worth about $8000 or $9000. It recites that Smith & Strayhorn, and their predecessors, Williamson & Co., of whom Smith was one of the company, are largely indebted, and then sets out certain debts, being notes and judgments, amounting to about $12,000. The judgments were, one in favor of Banks for about $700, and one in favor of Ross for (as stated in the deed,) about $400, both of which had just been rendered in the District Court of Travis county, which was shown to be still in session. It then recites that, whereas said Smith & Strayhorn are desirous of securing the above-named debts for the benefit of parties therein named, and desiring time to enable them to make the property available at the best price possible, they stipulate that they shall have the privilege of selling the land and slaves at private sale, with the consent of the trustee, and of retaining part of the real estate eighteen months, and the negroes twelve months. The notes and accounts valued on the trial at about $2000, were to be immediately delivered to Green. It was further stipulated, that should Smith & Strayhorn fail to sell the lots within eighteen months, (a minimum price was stated,) and the negroes within twelve months, “and also fail to pay the debts herein mentioned,” then the said
The deed does not profess to convey all of Smith’s property, or to secure all of his debts, nor is it stated that he was insolvent or in failing circumstances. It was stipulated, that the proceeds of the property should be appropriated pro rata, to such of these creditors as should accept the deed, and that if any of^ these creditors should enforce any judgment lien upon any of the trust property, or should fail to accept and endeavor to set aside the deed, they should be excluded from the benefits of it entirely. Banks, being a judgment creditor at the time of the execution of the deed,- had his option to levy upon other property, if he could find it, to accept the provisions of the deed and get his pro rata, to take steps to secure to himself any balance in the hands of the trustee, after paying the rest (upon the view that the deed was valid,) without accepting the deed, or to levy upon the trust property, and attack the deed as fraudulent and void as to him. He chose the last alternative.
The deed, as to most of the property, being a mere lien upon particular property to pay certain debts, and not a general assignment for the benefit of creditors, the reservations, and control, and use of the property, as stipulated for by the grantors, and the other terms of the deed, restrictive of, and onerous upon creditors, might be consistent with the objects of the deed, and were subject to explanation, so as to make them all appropriate terms in a fair bond fide transaction. Its validity depended upon the intent with which it was made. It was important to Banks, therefore, in order to exhibit that intent, to develop, in connexion with the terms of the deed, all the facts and circumstances showing the amount of Smith’s property generally, its character and locality, and his contemporaneous acts in connexion with this disposition of a part of his property. If, for instance, he, at the date of the deed, had plenty of other property, readily accessible to a judgment creditor, seeking at once to make his money, and he had been fully able, with ostensible means, to pay all his debts, and had a good estate besides,
For the purpose of showing the amount and species of property owned by Smith, at the date of the deed, Banks proved that about the time of the levy of his execution, Smith had acknowledged before a notary public, a bill of sale of wagons, oxen, horses, hogs, and cattle, (said by one of the witnesses to be certainly worth seven hundred dollars,) to his mother-in-law, Mrs. Davis, and endeavored to prove that Smith had this property, some at one place and some at another, at the time of sale. He also proved, that Smith & Strayhorn had a small lot of goods, valued at $200 or $300, but exact value not known, which he sold to Grroesbeck at the time the deed was executed; also, that he shortly afterwards put out for collection, notes and accounts (amount not stated) which were generally better than those included in the deed of trust; also, that a debtor of Smith afterwards paid him his debt, not included in the deed, amounting to $40. To all this, and the like testimony, the defendant objected, upon the same ground. The first objection will show the object of the evidence and the nature of the objection. “Inregard to the testimony of this witness, in relation to the retaining by Smith of the property mentioned in the deed to Mrs. Davis, or any other property than that in the assignment, the defendant objects to its reception, because
The court charged the jury that, “ in determining whether the assignment in this case is fraudulent or not, you are to look alone to the intent of the parties; and the question as to whether there was or was not a fraudulent intent in making the deed, is one purely of fact; and the jury are the judges of the weight and amount of evidence necessary to establish and sustain it. It is for the jury to determine from the facts and circumstances developed, by the testimony in this cause, as well as from the general character, terms, and provisions of the deed of assignment itself, whether the intention of the parties was fair and bond fide, .at the time of making the same, or whether it was fraudulent.” The court quoted and explained the section of the statute of frauds applicable to the case, in a manner not unfavorable to the defendant. Considering the character of the deed, and the facts in proof, the charge presented the true issue to the
All the charges asked by the defendant were given, except those relating to the participation in the fraudulent intent by the trustee, or creditors, who were the beneficiaries of the trust. The action of the court on this subject, may be exhibited by inserting one of the charges asked and the qualified refusal by the judge, as follows, viz.: “7th. That a debtor having a right to prefer one creditor to another, an assignment to a creditor or to a trustee for his benefit, will not be fraudulent, unless the fraud is concurred in by both parties to the assignment, and the secret intentions of the debtor making the assignment, to defraud or delay his creditors, will not deprive the creditor who, has obtained the assignment, of the advantage of it, unless such creditor, or his agent, knew of, and concurred in such intent to defraud.” “So much of the 7th instruction as makes it necessary for the fraud to be concurred in by both parties, is refused.”
In considering this action of the court, it is necessary to understand that the deed does not purport to be accepted by any of the creditors, and there is no direct evidence that any of them had accepted it. The only evidence on the subject was, that one of them, Groesbeck, was present, and assisting in the negotiation, when the deed was executed. Their acceptance then was matter of presumption. This question was considered, in the above-cited case of Baldwin v. Peet, Sims & Co. It was there said, “that part of the charge which made it immaterial whether the trustee knew the fraudulent intent of the assignor or not, does not appear to be objectionable in this case. The American decisions hold, that the assent of creditors to a general assignment will be presumed, so as to give it effect, although they may know nothing of it when it is made. (4 Johns. Ch. 522, 529, 531; 11 Wendell, 240; 8 Robinson, Rep. 262; 16 Ala. Rep. 560.) While its validity rests upon a presumed fact, it is but fair that the presumption of assent should extend to the whole transaction; otherwise, by the legal presumption, a fraud
The assignments of error presenting no other questions, and the merits of the case upon the facts not being before us, no other question will be discussed. Judgment of the District Court will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.