452 F.2d 1394 | C.C.P.A. | 1972
Lead Opinion
This appeal is from the decision and judgment of the United States Customs Court, Second Division
The relevant TSTJS provisions read in pertinent part as follows:
TSTJS, Schedule 6, Part 3, Subpart E:
Knives and cutting blades for power or hand machines:
649.65 For agricultural or horticultural machines (except lawnmower blades) and for shoe ~achi~ery - Free
649.67 Other - 10% ad val.
TSTJS, Sohedule 6, Part 4, Superior Headnote 1(v):
1. This part does not cover-
(v) articles and parts of articles specifically provided for elsewhere in the schedules.
*58 TSUS, Schedule 6, Part 4, Subpart C:
Industrial machinery for preparing and manufacturing food or drink, and parts thereof:
666.20 Machinery for use in the manufacture of sugar, and parts thereof-Free
General Headnotes and Buies of Interpretation:
10. General Interpretative Rules.
* * * * * * *
(ij) a provision for “parts” of an article covers a product solely or chiefly used as a part of such article, but does not prevail over a specific provision for such part.
The merchandise consists of metal plates about 6% inches long and about 8 inches wide. One of the long sides has a cutting edge in the form of a zig-zagged line running most of the length of the side. The blades are used exclusively in sugar manufacturing machinery having no other known commercial use. Their function is to cut sugar beets into thin, shaped slices (cossettes) which are then placed in a dif-fusor. Once in the diffusor, the cossettes are usually mechanically conveyed in one direction while being countercurrently contacted with a water solution. In this way the sugar values contained in the cells of the sugar beet are ldxivated through the cell walls into the water solution. The size and shape of the cossettes cut by the beet slicers are very important to the success of the diffusion process. Thinner cos-settes present less resistance to lixivation, since there are fewer cell walls for the sugar to traverse. At the same time, the cossettes must have sufficient mechanical strength so that they are not disintegrated by the forces they are subjected to in the diffusor, or they would clog the diffusor.
Appellants contend that classification of the blades as parts of machinery for use in sugar manufacture is compelled by United States v. American Express Co.
In American Express, the court considered whether beelt slicer blades, apparently identical to those presently under consideration, were properly classified as “other cutting knives and blades used in power or hand machines” or qualified for duty-free treatment as parts of machinery for use in the manufacture of sugar. The competing provisions of the Tariff Act of 1922 that were considered by the court
Par. 356. Planmg-maehine knives, tannery and leather knives, tobacco knives, paper and pulp mill knives, roll bars, bed plates, and all other stocktreating parts for pulp and paper machinery, shear blades, circular cloth cutters, meat-slicing cutters, and all other knives and cutting blades used in power or hand machines, 20 per centum ad valorem.
Par. 1504. Agricultural implements: Plows, tooth or disk harrows, headers, harvesters, reapers, agricultural drills and planters, mowers, horserakes, cultivators, thrashing machines, cotton gins, machinery for use in the manufacture of sugar, wagons and carts, cream separators valued at not more than $50 each, and all other agricultural implements of any kind or description, not specially provided for, whether in whole or in parts, including repair parts: Provided, That no article specified by name in Title I shall be free of duty under this paragraph.
The sole contention of the Government was that the blades were taken out of paragraph 1504 by the proviso in that paragraph because they were “specified by name” as “all other cutting knives and blades used in power or hand machines,” even though the precise name of the imported blades was not mentioned in paragraph 356. The court held otherwise, stating:
The proviso to paragraph 1504, supra, doubtless was intended to refer to the many agricultural implements which are mentioned eo nomine in Title I of the act of 1922, such as pruning knives and budding knives in paragraph 354, hay, sugar-beet, and beet-topping knives in paragraph 355, animal clippers, pruning and sheep shears in paragraph 357, [etc.] ...
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The purpose which Congress had in enacting paragraph 1504 must be borne in mind. Obviously, it was to give to agriculture any advantage which there might be in the free importation of the implements and machinery of agriculture and their parts. To hold, as contended for by appellant here, would be to do violence to such intention. It would result in the imposition of duties on the importation of every cutting part of an agricultural machine imported, although not specifically named for dutiable purposes in the act, whether it was a plow share, a sickle section for a mower or reaper, a rolling cutter, a blade for a stalk or ensilage cutter, or any other part of such a machine which might happen to have a cutting edge or surface. We can not adopt such a construction. The evident intent to benefit agriculture should be effectuated.
We find, as did the Customs Court, that the above reasoning in American Express is not applicable to the relevant provisions of the present statute. In the first place, the proviso of paragraph 1504 of the 1922 Act does not appear in the Tariff Schedules.
Turning to the provisions of the Tariff Schedules which are pertinent to the present controversy, item 666.20 appears in part 4 of schedule 6 of the Tariff Schedules. Headnote 1 (v) of that part states that part 4 does not cover articles and parts of articles specifically provided for elsewhere. Also, General Interpretative Rule 10 (ij) states that a provision for “parts” of an article does not prevail over specific provisions for such parts. In discussing this general scheme of classification, the Tariff Commission stated:
The proposed provisions with respect to parts of machinery are uniform in principle and are more complete and realistic. Specific provisions have been included for a number of the more frequently used components of machinery. For example, there are specific provisions in part 3 [of schedule 6] for all screws, nuts, bolts, springs, saw blades, interchangeable tools for machine tools, and chains used for the transmission of power; and in this part, for boilers, nonelectric motors, other general-purpose machinery, molds, taps, cocks, valves, bearings, pulleys, etc. . . . Many of the articles covered by the specific provisions for particular parts are variously classified at the present time in a number of conflicting provisions for “parts” of certain articles and in a number of “basket” provisions. . . .6
Appellant contends that the merchandise is more than knives or cutting blades and therefore is not classifiable under item 649.67. The court in American Express made the statement that “the evidence shows that these articles are more than knives and perform other essential processes in the making of beet sugar besides the mere cutting of the beets used.” We have reviewed the evidence in the present case and the record in American Express, and we are unable to agree with that statement. The only arguable support for it is the court’s conclusion that the blades “perform not only function of cutting into shreds or slices, but also that of forming these shreds, or pieces, of beet substance, into a form where the following diffusion processes will more readily take place.” However, it is clear from the evidence that there are no separate functions of cutting and forming. The beets are not cut into slices and the slices then formed into the desired shape by another part of the blade. Rather, the beets are cut into the desired form. The only working part of the blade is the cutting edge. The only function performed by the knives is that of cutting. There is no structure which is separate and distinct from the cutting edge which has been added to the knives to achieve any separate, non-incidental function. These knives are special purpose knives to be sure, and their blades are specially shaped for their intended use; but knives for special uses are well known and it is but the usual practice to shape the blades of such knives in the configuration best suited for their uses. We therefore disavow the American Express court’s statement that these knives are more than cutting knives or blades.
In summary, the instant beet slicer blades are specifically provided for in item 649.67, TSUS. To accept appellants’ contention that this item does not prevail over the provisions for parts of machinery for use in sugar manufacture would require us to ignore the plain language of aforementioned Headnote 1 (v) and General Interpretative Rule 10 (ij) and would serve to defeat the efforts of the drafters of
Worley, C. J., took no part in the decision of this case.
64 Cust. Ct. 127, C.D. 3971 (1970).
12 Ct. Cust. Appls. 483, T.D. 40693 (1925).
According to the Tariff Commission, that proviso had caused “classification confusion and anomalous results.” Tariff Classification Study, Vol. 8, p. 265 (1960).
Free entry for agricultural machinery and parts thereof Is now provided for in item 666.00, TSUS.
Tariff Classification Study, Vol. 8, p. 266 (1960).
Tariff Classification ¡Study, Vol. 8, pp. 257-60 (1960).
Item 649.67 is thus more specific than paragraph 356 of the 1922 Act, supra, the language of which covers all knives and cutting blades used in power or hand machines.
See F. L. Smidth & Co. v. United States, 56 CCPA 77, C.A.D. 958, 409 F.2d 1369 (1969).
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
In the American. Express case, which the majority seeks to distinguish from the instant case, although the imported merchandise is exactly the same and the issues are the same, it was said:
The appellant [United States] insists the article of importation should be considered as specifically mentioned in paragraph 356, under the language, “and all other cutting tnives and blades used in power or hand machines.”
Such language does not constitute a specific or eo nomine designation of the articles of importation here. In, the first place, the evidence shows that these articles are more than knives and perform other essential processes in the making of beet sugar besides the mere cutting of the beets used.. But, aside from that, it can not be held that such general language as “all other cutting knives and blades used in power or hand machines” should be considered as a special provision for and supplanting such specific language as that of paragraph 1504: “Machinery for use in the manufacture of sugar * * * whether in whole or in parts, including repair parts.”
This part of the court’s opinion indicates that two reasons were given for holding that sugar beet slicers were not to be classified as “other cutting knives and blades used in power or hand machines.” I think both reasons still persuasive today. I would follow the American Express case.
First, I do not see how a provision for “Knives and cutting blades for power or hand machines” is that much more specific than a provision calling for “other cutting knives and blades used in power or hand machines.” Secondly, even if the provisions are different, the “more than” doctrine would still apply. The same sugar beet slicers were considered more than knives and cutting blades in 1925, and I think properly so. Not all that cuts is a knife.
I would reverse the judgment below.