397 N.W.2d 853 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1986
GREAT AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY
v.
PATY'S, INC.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Johnson, Shefferly, McCarrol & Moesta, P.C. (by Reginald S. Johnson), for plaintiff.
Plunkett, Cooney, Rutt, Watters, Stanczyk & Pedersen, P.C. (by Dennis A. Rhodes and Gary J. Weston), for Paty's, Inc.
Clark, Klein & Beaumont (by James E. Baiers), for Massey-Ferguson, Inc.
Before: SHEPHERD, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and MacKENZIE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
On December 16, 1982, plaintiff, *636 Great American Insurance Company, as subrogee of Keith Douglas, filed a complaint alleging negligence and breach of warranty in an action for damages which resulted when a combine owned by Douglas caught fire. Motions for summary judgment were subsequently filed by defendants, Massey-Ferguson, Inc., and Paty's, Inc., for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The lower court issued an order granting summary judgment for both defendants on October 24, 1985, from which plaintiff appeals as of right.
Plaintiff alleged in its complaint that on June 1, 1979, Keith Douglas purchased a new Massey-Ferguson diesel combine from Paty's, Inc., in Okemos, Michigan. The combine had been designed, manufactured, assembled, tested, and distributed by defendant Massey-Ferguson. On July 30, 1981, Keith Douglas was operating the combine in a wheat field when it caught fire due to a break in a hydraulic line near a control valve. Douglas was insured by the plaintiff and received $40,764 in settlement of his claim, while plaintiff was assigned the right to bring an action for damages arising from the fire. The complaint did not allege any injury to person or property other than the combine itself.
Count I of the complaint contained allegations that the defendants were negligent in various aspects of designing, manufacturing and testing the combine. Count II claimed that the defendants had warranted that the combine was fit for the purpose intended and that it was of merchantable quality. The complaint further alleged that the combine was defective and that as a result of the defects it was destroyed by fire.
The documentary evidence established that defendant Massey-Ferguson warranted that its new agricultural equipment would be free from defects *637 in material and workmanship at the time of delivery to the first retail purchaser. The warranty was valid for one full crop-related season, plus the remainder of a partial season if the equipment was purchased mid-season. A brochure which Massey-Ferguson dealers were instructed to give to their customers stated:
EXCLUSIVE EFFECT OF WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PURPOSE OR OTHER REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.
The remedies of the Owner set forth herein are exclusive. The Company neither assumes nor authorizes any person to assume for it any other obligation or liability in connection with the sale of covered machines.
Correction of defects in the manner and for the applicable period of time provided above shall constitute fulfillment of all responsibilities of the Company to the Owner and the Company shall not be liable for negligence, under contract or in any other manner with respect to such machines. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OWNER BE ENTITLED TO RECOVER FOR INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SUCH AS BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF CROPS, LOSS OF PROFITS OR REVENUE, OTHER COMMERCIAL LOSSES, INCONVENIENCE OR COST OF RENTAL OR REPLACEMENT EQUIPMENT.
The deposition testimony revealed that Mr. Douglas was aware of the fact that his combine was warranted for one year, but he did not remember receiving the brochure nor how he learned of the warranty. The evidence also established that Paty's, Inc., was an independent dealer and was not a legal representative or agent of Massey-Ferguson and that Paty's had no right or authority to assume *638 or create obligations of any kind on behalf of Massey-Ferguson.
In its ruling on the defendants' motions for summary judgment, the trial court found a contractual relationship between Douglas and both defendants and on that basis held that no action for negligence could lie where the only damage was to the goods subject to the contract. The court further ruled that the express warranty would exclude finding any cause of action for breach of implied warranties. Therefore, summary judgment in favor of both defendants was granted, giving rise to the instant appeal.
The question which we are asked to decide is whether the trial court erred in applying to the facts of the instant case the rule announced in McGhee v GMC Truck & Coach Division, General Motors Corp, 98 Mich. App. 495; 296 NW2d 286 (1980). The plaintiff in McGhee brought suit to recover for property damage which occurred to a truck-tractor he had purchased from the defendant. Among other grounds, plaintiff alleged a negligence theory against the defendant. A motion for summary judgment raised by the defendant was granted by the trial court. This Court affirmed based on the following reasoning:
We agree that no cause of action is stated in the complaint, where the foundation of the relationship between the parties is contractual and no personal injury or damage to property other than the subject goods themselves is alleged. While there is some disagreement among courts on this point, we believe that the better view is expressed in S M Wilson & Co v Smith International, Inc, 587 F2d 1363, 1376 (CA 9, 1978):
"Where the suit is between a non-performance seller and an aggrieved buyer and the injury consists of damage to the goods themselves and the *639 costs of repair of such damage or a loss of profits that the deal had been expected to yield to the buyer, it would be sensible to limit the buyer's rights to those provided by the Uniform Commercial Code. See Keeton, Torts, Annual Survey of Texas Law, 25 S.W. L J 1, 5 (1971); Franklin, When Worlds Collide: Liability Theories and Disclaimers in Defective-Product Cases, 18 Stan L Rev 974, 996-97, 1012-14 (1966). To treat such a breach as an accident is to confuse disappointment with disaster. Whether the complaint is cast in terms of strict liability in tort or negligence should make no difference." [98 Mich. App. 505.]
The Court also cited language from a Texas decision as persuasive:
"The nature of the loss resulting from damage that a defective product has caused to itself has received the attention of several commentators. Dean Page Keeton writes:
"`A distinction should be made between the type of "dangerous condition" that causes damage only to the product itself and the type that is dangerous to other property or persons. A hazardous product that has harmed something or someone can be labeled as part of the accident problem; tort law seeks to protect against this type of harm through allocation of risk. In contrast, a damaging event that harms only the product should be treated as irrelevant to policy considerations directing liability placement in tort. Consequently, if a defect causes damage limited solely to the property, recovery should be available, if at all, on a contract-warranty theory.'
"The Uniform Commercial Code was adopted by the Legislature as a comprehensive and integrated act to facilitate the continued expansion of commercial practices.... For sales of products the above purpose is carried out by Article 2 of the Code, which supplies a complete framework of rights and remedies for transacting parties. In light of the Code's scope and purpose, its terms *640 should not be nullified by applying strict liability when the parties have contracted otherwise. Such an expansion of strict liability would frustrate the Code's purposes of codifying the law of commercial transactions by displacing its applicability in all cases where the sale of faulty products is involved. Some losses resulting from product transactions are best covered by contract liability under the Code." [98 Mich. App. 505-506, quoting Mid Continental Aircraft Corp v Curry County Spraying Service, Inc, 572 S.W.2d 308 (Tex, 1978).]
However, the rule stated in McGhee was distinguished in a later decision of this Court, Auto-Owners Ins Co v Chrysler Corp, 129 Mich. App. 38; 341 NW2d 223 (1983). In Auto-Owners, the plaintiff's subrogors purchased a used motor home from the Sheller-Globe Corporation. Sheller-Globe had manufactured the body of the motor home and had attached it to the chassis, which had been manufactured by Chrysler Corporation, with whom plaintiff's subrogors had no contract. When the motor home suffered fire damage as a result of a fuel feed system malfunction, suit was brought against defendant Chrysler Corporation on theories of negligence, strict liability, and breach of express and implied warranties. The trial court granted defendant's motion for summary judgment as to the negligence and strict liability counts on the basis of the rule stated in McGhee. This Court reversed, stating:
The rational behind this [the McGhee Court's] holding is that it would be unfair to allow a contracting party to nullify the terms of the UCC where the only injury is to the property purchased and is caused by the condition of that property. This rationale fails when there is no contractual relationship between the parties. It thus appears that the UCC has no relevancy in a case, such as *641 the instant case, in which a consumer brings a claim against a manufacturer for damage to its product which the consumer purchased from someone other than the manufacturer. [129 Mich. App. 42.]
Noting that the instant action involves a remote manufacturer rather than an immediate seller, plaintiff argues that the reasoning used by the Auto-Owners Court to distinguish McGhee is equally applicable here. Defendant, on the other hand, contends that the instant case differs from Auto-Owners in that an express warranty covering defects in material and workmanship was provided by defendant to plaintiff's subrogor, thus establishing a "contractual relationship" between the parties as contemplated in McGhee.
We agree with the defendant. Unlike Auto-Owners, where the buyer and manufacturer had no contact whatsoever, the defendant here bound itself directly to the plaintiff's subrogor by offering an express warranty on the parts and workmanship of the combine to the first retail buyer. The warranty was obviously offered in an effort to induce the sale to buyers such as Mr. Douglas, and the costs associated with the warranty were presumably built into the price of the combine. If the fire which damaged the combine had occurred within the warranty's limitations period, Mr. Douglas could have insisted upon his rights under the warranty directly against the defendant and could have enforced those rights under the law. Under such circumstances, we must conclude that a "contractual relationship" existed directly between plaintiff's subrogor and the defendant.
Furthermore, the dissent in Auto-Owners makes a strong argument for the proposition that a contractual relationship is unnecessary to invoke the *642 rule stated in McGhee. The dissent points out that the majority opinion is based upon the premise that a buyer cannot, under the UCC, proceed against a remote seller. However, under Michigan law, vertical privity is not required even where the damages at issue consist solely of economic losses, i.e., damage to the subject goods themselves. While the UCC takes no official position on the issue of vertical privity, see Official UCC Comment to § 2-318; 1 Hawkland, A Transactional Guide to the Uniform Commercial Code, § 1.1905, p 87, the practice commentary to § 2-318 found at 21 MCLA 363 notes that the Michigan decisions on the question of privity are not affected by the Code. The Michigan cases which have considered the question have held that it is unnecessary to establish vertical privity, even where the loss is solely economic. Cova v Harley-Davidson Motor Co, 26 Mich. App. 602; 182 NW2d 800 (1970); Piercefield v Remington Arms Co, Inc, 375 Mich. 85; 133 NW2d 129 (1965). The dissenting opinion in Auto-Owners concludes that, even where the defendant is a remote seller with whom the consumer has had no contract, the rule set out in McGhee is applicable. 129 Mich. App. 44 (DANHOF, C.J., dissenting). In light of our previous conclusion that a contractual relationship did in fact exist between our defendant and the plaintiff's subrogor, it is unnecessary to decide whether the reasoning of the Auto-Owners dissent should be adopted. We bring attention to this interesting question only to bring proper focus to the issue before us.[1]
However, since we do find the McGhee rule to be applicable, we conclude that the trial court's decision *643 to grant summary judgment in favor of defendant Massey-Ferguson for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted was proper. As to defendant Paty's, Inc., we note that plaintiff's brief does not specifically address the propriety of the trial court's order as it applied to Paty's and that the arguments contained therein appear to be directed only to Massey-Ferguson. In any event, it cannot be disputed that a contractual relationship existed between Paty's, as the immediate seller, and plaintiff's subrogor, and thus summary judgment was clearly appropriate under the authority of McGhee.
In light of our resolution of this case, the remaining issues raised in the plaintiff's brief need not be discussed.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] Judge GILLIS acknowledges that he voted with the majority in Auto-Owners Ins Co v Chrysler Corp, 129 Mich. App. 38; 341 NW2d 223 (1983), but would reconsider his position on this issue were it necessary to resolve the instant dispute.
