6 Mich. 300 | Mich. | 1859
The view we have taken of the question presented by the third assignment of error, renders it unnecessary to. determine those raised by the first and second.
' We shall therefore notice the matters covered by the first and second assignments of error only so far as they may tend -to throw light upon the question raised by the third. We think it unnecessary to the decision of the cause to determine whether the copies of the certificates
It is also true, that, without the aid, and even in contradiction of the certificate, the plaintiffs might have proved a partnership between themselves, by written or oral proof, by their mode of doing business, joint contribution of capital, participation in profit and loss; or by showing that they actually carried on the business in question ostensibly as partners, and that they recognized each other as partners in the business as between themselves; and it is possible, that such facts might have a greater tendency to prove such partnership when taken in connection with this unrecorded certificate than if considered alone ^without reference to it. The certificate, in this view, might, if properly proved, be admissible as tending to explain such extrinsic facts, and the acts of the parties. But, standing alone, without any extrinsic evidence tending to show that they had actually entered into business as partners, it could not, we think, tend to prove an actual partnership between the plaintiffs; and if no such extrinsic evidence wag given, we think it would have been the duty of the Court to charge the jury that there was no legal evidence from which they were authorized to find the fact of such partnership.
There may have been other evidence bearing upon this point; it Avas conceded on the argument that there Avas some slight evidence of this kind; but the case does not disclose it, and of its precise character we are not informed.
But the partnership was controverted by the defendant; and the charge of the Court on Avhich the third assignment
The charge was, that, “If the evidence showed that the plaintiffs had made themselves partners as to third persons, they had, in fact become general partners, and as such were entitled to maintain this action.”
Was this charge correct? The plaintiffs had sued jointly for the wheat; they were therefore bound to show a joint right to, or interest in the wheat as between themselves. They sued as partners, and claimed the joint right or interest in no other way. It was necessary, therefore, to prove a partnership which would constitute such joint right or interest. But, though this joint right would depend upon the fact whether they were partners as between themselves, it was in no way material whether, as between themselves, they were general or special partners, or what was the share of each in the capital, or what special stipulations existed between them, not inconsistent with the existence of a partnership. If partners at all as to this wheat, they would have a joint interest in it, and a joint right of action in respect to it; they would be general partners as to third persons. Had they perfected their arrangement for the creation of a limited partnership, the right of action would have vested in one of the partners only, though, as between themselves, they would still have had’ a joint interest. But it is the statute alone which gives the right of action to the single partner; and in cases not coming within the statute, it is not competent for partners, by any arrangement between themselves, to vary their right of action against third persons, nor'to give the right to one of their members to bring an action hi his own name against strangers. —Radenhurst v. Bates, 3 Bing. 470; Clark v. Howe, 23 Me. 560; Davies v. Hawkins, 3 M. & S. 487, and see Horback v. Huey, 4 Watts, 445. Had the Court charged the jury that if they should find that the plaintiffs went into business as
Taking this charge in connection with the request in answer to which it was given — and the request maybe looked to for the purpose of understanding the charge, though its refusal is not assigned for error — the effect of the charge is to deny the necessity of showing any partnership or joint right as between the plaintiffs themselves, and to instruct the jury that any thing which would make them partners as to third persons, would enable them to sue and recover as such. This was applying the same rule in all respects to the proof of partnership of plaintiffs, as would be applicable had they been sued as partners'. We do not understand this to be the law, especially in a case like the present. Had the plaintiffs held themselves out to defendant as partners, and had he contracted with them as such in respect to this wheat, they might, perhaps, have maintained an action as partners against him for any thing growing out of the contract, without showing that they were strictly partners as between themselves. — Bond v. Pittard, 3 M. & W 358. Or if the suit had been upon a written contract made expressly with all the plaintiffs as partners, or upon negotiable paper, endorsed in blank, &c., no partnership, perhaps, need be proved. But here the suit is not upon a contract. The defendant is a stranger to the firm. The name of the firm is that of a single individual. The blank acceptances with which the wheat is claimed to have been
The question, whether persons are partners inter se, is to be determined by the understanding and intention of the parties — or, in other words, the contract, as between themselves; and no partnership, as between the parties, can be formed without the assent of every member, and his actual intention to become such. But several persons may become partners as to third persons, and liable to be sued as such, by holding themselves out as partners to the world, or to any particular person with whom they may deal, by verbal admissions and declarations, by acts which niay justify third persons in believing them to be partners, and in a great variety of ways, without any actual partnership between themselves, and even contrary to their own express contracts with each other. These are elementary principles in the law of partnership, and hardly require the citation of authorities.— See Coll. §§ 78 to 98; Pars. Mer. Law, 166; Bird v, Hamilton, Walk. Ch. 361.
Though much of the same kind of evidence usually adduced to prove the partnership of defendants (partnership as to third persons) is often admissible also as tending to show a partnership between plaintiffs (partnership inter se), yet much which would be admissible for the former purpose Would be wholly inadmissible for the latter, such as the
The question of partnership which should have been submitted to the jury was, whether the plaintiffs were partners as between themselves: the question actually submitted, was, whether they had rendered themselves partners as to third persons; the fair import of which is, that if the evidence was such as would be sufficient 'to render them liable' as partners, it was sufficient to enable them to recover as such. The charge submitted a question not properly involved in the cause; it gave the jury an erroneous standard by which to estimate and apply the evidence, and the verdict does not determine the real question involved, because that question was not submitted to them.
The charge was therefore equally calculated to mislead, whether the certificate was properly in evidence or not,— whether it was the only evidence of partnership, or was accompanied with other evidence tending to show that plaintiffs had gone into business as partners. It is difficult to conceive any state of the evidence (short of the admission of the partnership) in which this charge would not be calculated to mislead.
Manning J.:
I think the sworn copy of the certificate of partnership was properly admitted to go to the jury. Three objections were taken to it:
1st. “That the paper produced by the witness was not a copy of the whole paper filed with the clerk, the certificates of acknowledgment being essential parts of the instrument,” &o.
2d. “That if the certificate of partnership was not, in fact, acknowledged by the plaintiffs, then, it not being such a paper as the clerk of Erie county was authorized to receive and file in his office, it was not legally in his custody.”
These objections do not very clearly state what I suppose to be the real objection intended. The first objection would seem to be that the certificates of acknowledgment were a part of the certificate of partnership; and the second, that there was no evidence that the certificate of partnership had been acknowledged. As the certificates of acknowledgment are no part of the certificate of partnership, which is a complete instrument in itself without them, and as the witness stated that certificates of acknowledgment were appended to the original certificate of partnership on file, I suppose the objection intended in each case to be this: That the copy should contain a transcript of the certificates of acknowledgment, to enable the Court to determine whether the acknowledgments were taken by proper officers, and in due form; the objection assuming these facts to be essential to the legal custody of the certificate of partnership by the clerk.
The rule requiring the best evidence to be adduced, refers, not to the weight of evidence, but to its quality, when com
If the object of plaintiffs had been to prove a partner■ship under the statute, the form of the acknowledgments, and the officers before whom they were taken, would have been material to enable the Court to determine Avhether the act had been complied with. As the evidence, however, was not offered with that view, but to prove a partnership outside of the statute, the only question was whether a sufficient shoAving had been made to admit secondary evidence. Did the evidence offered for that purpose show the certifi
The third objection was, the certificate did not tend tQv prove a general partnership. I think it did, and shall notice, this objection more particularly hereafter.
The plaintiffs next offered in evidence, duly authenticated under the act of Congress, a copy of the certificate of part-, nership, with the certificates of acknowledgment, and a copy of an affidavit of Charles D. Gibson, stating that the capital mentioned in the certificate had been paid to the partnership;. the statute requiring such an affidavit to be made and filed, with the certificate. The evidence was objected to, and an exception was taken to the ruling of the court admitting it,.
1st. Because the act of Congress of 1804, providing for the authentication of office books, does not extend to “files”— to papers “ filed, but not recorded.”
I have already stated that when contracts, or other writings, to give them a legal effect they would not other
The second objection is, that as the statute of New York required the certificate to be recorded, and it was not, a copy of it Could not be made evidence. Why not evidence? Because it was not recorded, and therefore was no record; and not being a record, could not be exemplified under the act of Congress. Viewed in this light, for I can not see its bearing in any other, this objection is a repetition, in a roundabout way, of the one I have just been considering, and is already answered.
The third and fourth objections were abandoned on the •Argument.
The fifth objection is “That the acknowledgment of the
The acknowledgment was before a commissioner of deeds,,, who is not one of the officers named in the act authorized to take the acknowledgment. By a subsequent statute, which was in evidence, it might be taken by any officer authorized to take the acknowledgment of conveyances of land; but no.. statute was in evidence showing commissioners of deeds could take such acknowledgments. For that reason, we are asked to reverse the judgment, and send the case back to-the court below for a new trial. If the acknowledgment was not before a proper officer, the certificate is no record 5 and if not a record, it could not be exemplified under the act Congress. The question is of no importance as it respects, the certificate of partnership, for that was already in evidence, and a subsequent error in admitting a second copy would not vitiate the prior evidence. It is important, how-, ever, as it respects the certificates of acknowledgment and the affidavit of Gibson. At first view it seems a little sur-, prising that plaintiffs’ attorney, with the Revised Statutes of" New York in his hands, should not have turned to the law-authorizing commissioners of deeds to take acknowledgments;, of conveyances of real estate. But on looking into the bill of exceptions, it is obvious to my mind how the omission occurred. The statute providing for limited partnerships, was the only statute of New York in evidence when the objection, was made and overruled. After the evidence had been re-, ceived, and not before, as appears from the bill of exceptions, the statute was introduced and read in evidence, authorizing the acknowledgment to be taken by officers empowered to take acknowledgments of conveyances of real estate. This,, undoubtedly was supposed at the time to be a complete-answer to the objection, more especially as the name, commissioner of deeds, would of itself seem to indicate the duties of the office, and as no further objection was made.
There is another reason, equally conclusive with me, why the judgment should not, on this account, be disturbed. When the error is one for which a new trial will not be granted, there would be an absurdity in reversing the judgment. In Duncan v. Duboys, 3 Johns. Cas. 125, the Court refused to grant a new trial because the printed statute book was read in evidence of a private act, when, from an exemplification of the act, it appeared the printed book was correct. In High v. Wilson, 2 Johns. 46, which was an action of trespass for taking goods, defendant justified as sheriff, under an execution against one Blanchard. On the trial it was objected, that defendant, to make out a justification under the execution, must prove the judgment on wMch the execution issued. The objection was overruled; and a verdict having been rendered for defendant, plaintiff moved for a new trial. On the motion, the judgment record was produced, and the Court refused a new trial, although the judge erred in admitting the execution in evidence without proof of the judgment. — See Burt v. Place, 4 Wend: 591; Watson v. Delafield, 2 Cai. 224. In these cases the admissibility of the evidence depended on the existence of a record that was not produced and proven at the trial; and the subsequent motion for a new trial failed, on the record being produced, as the truth of it, had it been used on the trial, could not have been controverted. In the case before us the objection is, that the evidence should not have been permitted to go to the jury, because the plaintiffs did not produce a statute of the state of New York authorizing commissioners of deeds to take acknowledgments of conveyances
The sixth and last objection is, that “there is no provision in the law of New York by which a limited partnership can be converted into a general partnership, until after the record of the certificate and affidavit; and, as these papers are shown not to have been recorded, no limited partnership could have been proved; hence the papers offered do not even tend to prove the existence of a general partnership between the plaintiffs.”
It is a sufficient answer to the first part of this objection, to say that the evidence was not offered to prove a limited
Three exceptions were taken to the charge of the Court. The first was waived on the argument. The other two are as follows:
The Court was asked to charge the jury, “That in order to recover as plaintiffs, the plaintiffs must show a right as between themselves, to do so, and are hound by the agreement made among themselves.” The Court declined so to charge, but charged the jury that if the evidence showed that the plaintiffs had made themselves partners as to third persons, they had, in fact, become general partners, and, as such, wore entitled to maintain then action. To which refusal and charge, the defendant excej>ted.
The error assigned on this part of the record is, that the circuit judge erred in charging the jury that if the plaintiffs had made themselves liable as partners to third persons, they had become partners in fact, and were entitled to sue as such.
The charge was erroneous, in stating that if plaintiffs had made themselves liable as partners to third persons, they might sue as partners. To sustain an action as partners, plaintiffs must be partners in fact. A partnership must actually exist between them, and they must have a joint interest in the subject-matter of the suit. Two or more persons Who are not partners, by holding themselves out to the world as partners, will make themselves liable as partners to persons deceived thereby into dealing with them as partners. Though not partners in fact, the law, in such circumstances; to prevent fraud, imposes on them the liability of partners. The evidence of a partnership in such cases is not of a positive and direct character, but circumstantial only —
The error was in charging the jury on a rule of law having nothing to do with the case. The evidence was of a partnership in' fact, and not of circumstances only from which a partnership might be inferred. I do not see how the jury on this part of the case, could have rendered a different verdict from the one they did. The evidence consisted of a written admission of the partnership, signed by all of the plaintiffs, and acknowledged by them before an officer authorized by law to take the acknowledgment. It states they had formed a limited partnership, under the name or firm of Charles D. Gibson, and that William Mason had contributed fifteen thousand dollars capital, and Amasa Mason ten thous- and dollars. It also states the business to be transacted by the partnership, and that the partnership was to commence on the 10th of March, 1853, and to terminate on the 10th of March, 1858. The certificate is dated on the 7th of Mar oh, 1853. It was acknowledged by William Mason on the 10th of that month — the day the partnership was to commence; and by Amasa Mason, and Gibson, on the 14th, or four days afterwards. On the last mentioned day, Gibson made an affidavit that the capital mentioned in the certificate had actually, and in good faith, been paid in cash; and three days thereafter, that is, on the 17th day of March, the certificate and affidavit were filed with the clerk. If these acknowledgments and acts of the plaintiffs — all of which took place long before the transaction giving origin to the present suit — •
It is objected that the evidence consists -wholly of plaintiffs’ admissions; and that, although such admissions are evidence between themselves, as well as in favor of third persons, of a partnership, they are not evidence in their favor against third persons. The admissions are something more than dry, naked declarations: they are a part of the res gestae — part and parcel of acts done by plaintiffs, in pursuance of law, with a view to limit the liability of two of the partners. They are found embodied in a certificate which the law requires shoidd eim brace them, and which, without them, would be nugatory, Starkie on Evidence, vol. 1, p. 52, says: “In general, where the evidence is offered as a mere fact which is connected with the matter in dispute, and not with a view to affect the party, otherwise than as the actual existence of the fact affects the nature of the transaction itself; then, although it was a transaction between others, yet, as a mere fact, and part of the res gestee, it is evidence. Suppose, for instance, that goods consigned by A to B are injured by the defendant while they are in the hands of the carrier; in an action for the wrong, brought either by A or B, according to the circumstances, it would be competent to either of them, being plaintiff, to establish Ids right of property in the goods, by proof of such an agreement between them, as either loft the right of property and of action in himself, or vested it in him, by the delivery to the carrier; this would bo, it is true, nothing more than an agreement between A and B to which the defendant was not privy, but it would be evidence against him, not as concluding any right of his without his assent, but as affecting the nature of the transaction itself, and showing to whom the injury was done.”
If the certificate was to be treated as an admission only, I shoidd still hold it competent evidence for plaintiffs of a partnership. An admission by A that he and B are
In the case before us, the partnership business was to be carried on in the name of Gibson, and the wheat in controversy was purchased in his name. Admitting the Avheat belonged to him individually, the judgment record will bo a bar to any future action by him, as he is one of the plaintiffs.
Did the certificate tend to prove a general partnership? At common law, all partners are alike liable for the debts of the firm. The only difference between, a common law partnership and a limited partnership under the act (for they are both partnerships) is, that in the latter the liability of some of the partners is limited to the capital invested by them in the partnership. This is a personal privilege, conferred by the statute when its provisions have been strictly complied with, but not otherwise. In the case before us the act was but in part complied with. The cer, tifieate was made and acknowledged, and, with the requisite affidavit, was filed. But it was not recorded. Why it was not, does not appear. It may have been from various causes; as ignorance of the law requiring it to be recorded,
As the error in the charge was on a point of law not involved in the case, and could not have injured the defense, I think the judgment should be affirmed.
Judgment reversed.