66 A.D.2d 545 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1979
OPINION OF THE COURT
We affirm the summary judgment granted respondent Macalino by Mr. Justice Feiden, which was based upon two intermediate orders. One order granted the respondent summary judgment and the other order denied appellants’ motion to amend the caption of the action to include Robert Grant as an individual plaintiff as well as a plaintiff in his representative capacity as administrator.
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT
Patricia Grant died while under anesthesia for a Caesarian section on July 20, 1975 at Long Island College Hospital. The defendants, concededly, were not served with process commencing this action until 2 years and 22 days after her death. (The physician defendants other than Dr. Macalino were employees of the defendant hospital.)
In the complaint, the caption of which indicates that the action was brought as one for wrongful death,
By separate motions, all the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that a wrongful death action must be commenced within two years after the decedent’s death (EPTL 5-4.1). Special Term held that as to the defendant hospital and its employees, plaintiffs’ claim of estoppel raised an issue of fact which could only be determined after trial, but since there was no such issue as to respondent Macalino, summary judgment should be awarded to him.
In the moving affidavit on behalf of Macalino, reference was made to the fact that Ronald Grant’s cause of action for loss of services indicated that he was suing in an individual capacity and that this contradicted the caption wherein he appeared solely as administrator. In response, plaintiffs, cross-moved, inter alia, to amend the caption of the complaint to read "Ronald Grant, individually, and as administrator”. In support of the cross motion plaintiffs’ attorney asserted that "it is clearly the law in New York that an action for loss of consortium is a separate action vested in the husband, which arises from the death of his spouse without regard to the causes of action under the wrongful death statute” and that a "cause of action for loss of consortium [for a period subsequent to the spouse’s death] is not subject to the two-year time limitation of EPTL 5-4.1.” These legal contentions constitute the issue on this appeal.
I
WRONGFUL DEATH ACTION UNDER THE COMMON LAW
It is ancient legal history that under the English common law there was no right to recover damages for wrongful death, just as a cause of action for personal injuries did not survive the death of the injured person or of the tort-feasor (2 Harper and James, Law of Torts, p 1284). The origin of the rule that personal tort actions died with the person of the plaintiff or defendant is obscure (Holdsworth, Origin of Rule in Baker v Bolton, 32 LQ Rev 431; 3 Holdsworth, History of English Law [3d ed], pp 333-336, 576-585, 676-677). Prosser states that "[t]he best conjecture” is that the remedy for tort developed as an adjunct and incident to criminal punishment, which included the process of appeal of felony (which was a criminal proceeding instituted at the behest of a private injured party, includ
Although under early common-law actions in assumpsit did not die with the person, criminal proceedings did (3 Holds-worth, History of English Law [3d ed], p 577). Meanwhile "[trespass or one of its off-shoots was coming to be the form of action used for all torts to person or property” and "trespass and its off-shoots were * * * obviously of a penal character * * * The result was that the rule as to non-survivorship was applied to all causes of action in tort whether to person or property” 3 Holdsworth, History of English Law [3d ed], p 578). The rationale (no matter how weak or unjust) for the nonsurvival of a tort action of the victim of a homicide, however, does not fully explain the denial of an action to the dependent members of his family who had lost the support and services upon which they had depended. In 1808, in Baker v Bolton ([1801] 1 Camp 493) Lord Ellenborough held that the negligently caused death of a man did not give rise to a civil action against the wrongdoer by the dependent members of his family. Although this was a nisi prius decision, and no reason was given for the conclusion thus stated, it was accepted as representing the English common law and was not presented for reconsideration before the English courts until 1873 (Osborn v Gillett, LR 8 Ex 88; see Duke LJ [1965], p 674), by which time it became academic in most cases since Lord Campbell’s Act (known in England as The Fatal Accidents Act and later in this country as the wrongful death statute) was enacted in 1846.
In the first half of the 19th century courts throughout the United States generally followed the Baker rule even though it was not clearly part of the English common law at the time of America’s independence. There were only a few holdings both before and after Baker to the contrary (see Ford v Monroe, 20 Wend 210; Crofs v Guthery, 2 Root [Conn] 90; Shields v Yonge, 15 Ga 349).
One proffered explanation for the Baker rule was given by an English Judge in his charge to a jury. He stated that " 'the
To modern ears the fatuity and injustice of such explanations are obvious. In any event, as stated in Moragne v States Mar. Lines (393 US 375, 382-386): "Legal historians have concluded that the sole substantial basis for the rule at common law is a feature of the early English law that did not survive into this century—the felony-merger doctrine * * * Since all intentional or negligent homicide was felonious, there could be no civil suit for wrongful death * * * [I]t seems clear * * * that the rule of Baker v. Bolton did derive from the felony-merger doctrine, and that there was no other ground on which it might be supported even at the time of its inception * * * The historical justification marshaled for the rule in England never existed in this country [since] in this country the felony punishment did not include forfeiture of property; therefore, there was nothing * * * to bar a subsequent civil suit * * * Nevertheless, despite some early cases in which the rule was rejected as 'incapable of vindication,’ * * * American courts generally adopted the English rule as the common law of this country as well [despite the fact that] the courts failed to produce any satisfactory justification for applying the rule in this country * * * The most likely reason that the English rule was adopted in this country without much question is simply that it had the blessing of age * * * The American courts never made the inquiry whether this particular English rule, bitterly criticized in England, 'was applicable to their situation,’ and it is difficult to imagine on what basis they might have concluded that it was.”
II
THE PRECURSORS OF THE WRONGFUL DEATH STATUTES
By the middle of the 19th century, the rapid industrializa
Ill
LORD CAMPBELL’S ACT 9 & 10 VICT, CH 93 (1846)
This statute was entitled "An Act for compensating the Families of Persons killed by Accidents.” Sections I to III inclusive read:
"I. whereas no Action at Law is now maintainable against a Person who by his wrongful Act, Neglect, or Default may have caused the Death of another Person, and it is oftentimes right and expedient that the Wrongdoer in such Case should be answerable in Damages for the Injury so caused by him: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, by the Authority of the same, That whensoever the Death of a Person shall be caused by wrongful Act, Neglect, or Default, and the Act, Neglect, or Default is such as would (if Death had not ensued) have entitled the Party injured to maintain an Action and recover Damages in respect thereof, then and in every such Case the Person who would have been liable if Death had not ensued shall be liable to an action for Damages, notwithstanding the Death of the Person injured,
"II. And be it enacted, That every such Action shall be for the Benefit of the Wife, Husband, Parent, and Child of the Person whose Death shall have been so caused, and shall be brought by and in the name of the Executor or Administrator of the Person deceased; and in every such Action the Jury may give such Damages as they may think proportioned to the Injury resulting from such Death to the Parties respectively for whom and for whose Benefit such Action shall be brought; and the Amount so recovered, after deducting the Cost not recovered from the Defendant, shall be divided amongst the beforementioned Parties in such Shares as the Jury by their Verdict shall find and direct.
"III. Provided always, and be it enacted, That not more than One Action shall lie for and in respect of the same Subject Matter of Complaint, and that every such Action shall be commenced within Twelve Calendar Months after the Death of such deceased Person.”
IV
THE FIRST NEW YORK WRONGFUL DEATH STATUTE (L 1847, CH 450)
The original act was as follows:
"an act requiring compensation for causing death by wrongful act, neglect or default * * *
"§ 1. Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect or default, and the act, neglect or default, is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages, in respect thereof, then and in every such case, the person who, or the corporation which would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured, and although the death shall have been caused under such circumstances as amount in law to felony.
"§ 2. Every such action shall be brought by and in the names of the personal representatives of such deceased per
V
COMPARISON OF THE TWO STATUTES
The mirroring in section 1 of the New York statute (L 1847, ch 450) of the nonpreamble portion of paragraph 1 of Lord Campbell’s Act indicates that the legislative draftsmen had before them the text of the English statute. We may therefore assume that they accepted the parliamentary conclusion that "no Action at Law is now maintainable against a Person who by his wrongful Act, Neglect, or Default may have caused the Death of another Person” (emphasis supplied) and that that conclusion applied to New York law as it existed before the enactment of the New York statute. The reason for the absence of the "Whereas” clause in the New York statute is, apparently, that it was not the general practice for the New York Legislature to set forth explanatory "whereases” in the text of a statute.
It should be especially noted that in the New York statute: (1) the damages were limited to the "pecuniary injury resulting from such death”
VI
GREEN V HUDSON RIV. R. R. CO. (28 BARB 9, AFFD 2 ABB CT APP 277)
This landmark case, consistently followed in this State, held that there is no common-law action for wrongful death and that the sole remedy is that provided by New York’s wrongful death statute.
In Green the husband (supra, p 14) alleged a common-law right to recover for deprivation of "the comfort, benefit and assistance of his said wife, in his domestic affairs, which he might * * * have had”. His wife was a passenger on a train on defendant’s railroad. She died instantaneously as the result of a collision. The railroad interposed a general demurrer to the effect that the complaint did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The provisions of the New York State wrongful death act at that time (1858), as afore-stated, did not provide that a husband was one of the persons for whose benefit the personal representative of the estate could institute the action.
The lower court stated (28 Barb 9, 14) that "[t]he case * * * presents the naked question whether, at common law, a husband can maintain an action for an injury to his wife, where the effect is her instantaneous death”. Plaintiff relied (supra, p 15) "upon the broad principle that there can be no wrong without an appropriate remedy * * * and that as the act of the defendant did not amount to a felony, the civil remedy is in no respect lost or impaired.”
In dismissing the complaint, the Green court (28 Barb 9, supra) reviewed the common law of England as expressed in Higgins v Butcher ([1607] Yelv 89) and Baker v Bolton ([1808]
The court then reviewed the cases of the various States, and concluded that all but one (Ford v Monroe, 20 Wend 210, supra) recognized the unquestioned existence of the common-law rule. In disagreeing with the Ford case, the court (supra, pp 20-21) said that the case was an anomaly "sustained by no precedent, and in plain conflict with all previous authority” and that the Ford court’s discussion as to "damages, is in four lines, and is merely to the effect that as they are specially laid, and were proved to have been the consequence of the principal act, they came within the well-settled rule of special damages; which amounts to little more than saying that they were special, because they were specially laid—a truism that it required no great effort or legal learning to announce. A case thus presented, and thus disposed of, can hardly be. accepted as an authority which shall overthrow a principle of the common law, so long settled and acquiesced in as to have become quite elementary.”
The court (supra, pp 21-22) then held that it was constrained to "abide by the common law rule, that an action by a husband for the loss of his wife by the careless and negligent act of a third party, can only be sustained where some period intervenes between the time of the injury and the time of dissolution, during which he could be said to have suffered the loss of her service and society, and incurred expense and underwent anxiety and distress on her account.” The court (supra, p 22) concluded that since "the law will not bend to accommodate our private views, or gratify our personal de
Green v Hudson Riv. R. R. Co. was affirmed in 1866 (2 Abb Ct App 277).
The concurring opinion of Judge Hunt concludes as follows (supra, pp 286-287): "If the rule of the common law is harsh or narrow, it is for the legislature to alleviate the evil, and enlarge the remedy. This has been done in some degree in this State, and in Great Britain much more extensively by the act 9 and 10 Victoria, ch. 93. However strong may be our sympathy with the plaintiff, we are compelled to content ourselves with expounding the law as we find it. The right to correct or improve it belongs to another department of the government.” Judge Hunt thus indicated that if New York desired to include a widower as a beneficiary of the statutory wrongful death action (as Lord Campbell’s Act had done), it would have to do so by amending its statute. Such an amendment was thereafter enacted into law in 1870 (see n 4).
VII
MORAGNE V STATES MAR. LINES (398 US 375)
The door to a tenable claim that there could be a nonstatutory wrongful death action was opened in Moragne. The court, overruling its 1886 holding in The Harrisburg (119 US 199), decided that general maritime law afforded a nonstatutory cause of action from wrongful death. The court (398 US 375, 386-387, supra) criticized the Harrisburg ruling for its failure to recognize "that there should * * * be a different rule for admiralty from that applied at common law. Maritime Law had always, in this country as in England, been a thing apart from the common law * * * [T]he common-law rule, critized
The essence of the Moragne decision is that there was an anomaly in the Death on the High Seas Act, which provided a statutory wrongful death action, including unseaworthiness as a basis for recovery, because it did not apply to the death of a longshoreman working on a ship in territorial waters, due to the unseaworthiness of the vessel. In reaching its conclusion the court (supra, p 390) said that since every State had a wrongful death statute and since Congress had created actions for the wrongful death of railroad employees and merchant seamen on the high seas "there is no present public policy against allowing recovery for wrongful death”. The court therefore concluded (supra, p 393) that "[w]here death is caused by the breach of a duty imposed by federal maritime law, Congress has established a policy favoring recovery in the absence of a legislative direction to except a particular class of cases”. The court then concluded that since Congress had given no such affirmative indication, the public policy manifested both in the State and Congressional statutes should apply to death in territorial waters due to unseaworthiness.
Moragne, however, is a far cry from our case since New York has a statutory cause of action under which one may recover for the wrongful death of one’s spouse to the extent of the pecuniary loss and has included within the terms of the statute a condition that the action be instituted within a stated time.
VIII
GAUDETTE V WEBB (362 MASS 60)
In large part relying on Moragne v States Mar. Lines (398 US 375, supra), the Massachusetts court in Gaudette (supra, p 71) (alone among the 30 States which have considered the issue [see Ann. 61 ALR3d 906, 908-910]) held that "the law in this Commonwealth has also evolved to the point where it may now be held that the right to recovery for wrongful death is of common law origin”.
Gaudette involved an action brought by the widow, as administratrix, for wrongful death of her husband in behalf of their three minor children. The limitation period in the
IX
NEAL V BUTLER AVIATION INT. (422 F SUPP 850)
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, after citing Moragne v State Mar. Lines (398 US 375, supra) and Gaudette v Webb (362 Mass 60, supra) with approval, stated (supra, pp 855-856) that although "[t]here is necessarily an element of speculation in essaying to decide a question of state law on a point in which the cases afford little or no guidance * * * it is considered that the New York Courts when directed to Moragne and Gaudette would reach the same conclusion. The rationale of Moragne is compelling, and Gaudette is clear that the existence of a wrongful death statute (an exotic and restrictive one, in fact) does not suppress the recognition of the common right of action * * * The New York statute is intended as a statute of beneficence; it makes good a supposed defect in the common law, and, while it has not the most expansive measure of damages, it discloses
The court’s "speculation” was not correct (see Ratka v St. Francis Hosp., 44 NY2d 604).
X
RATKA V ST. FRANCIS HOSP. (44 NY2d 604)
In Ratka the decedent died while undergoing surgery, leaving surviving a wife and seven children, six of whom were infants. More than two years passed without anyone seeking appointment as a representative of the decedent’s estate for the purpose of instituting a wrongful death action. It was not until almost three years after the death that letters of administration were granted and service was made. Plaintiff urged the court (supra, p 610) "to establish a common-law cause of action for wrongful death, notwithstanding that our Legislature has expressly authorized such claims for over a century in statutes culminating in the present EPTL 5-4.1”. As a concomitance to an alleged common-law cause of action for wrongful death, plaintiff asserted that the action was tolled for the benefit of those of the decedent’s children who were infants.
Judge Cooke (now Chief Judge), writing for a unanimous court, noted (supra, p 610) that although Massachusetts "has established a common-law cause of action even though its legislative body had permitted such claims by statute * * * and despite the suggestion of other courts that 'the New York courts when directed to Moragne and Gaudette would reach the same conclusion’ (Neal v Butler Aviation Int., 422 F Supp 850, 855; see, e.g., Barnette v Butler Aviation Int., 89 Misc 2d 350), we decline plaintiff’s invitation to change the law of this State.”
He stated (supra, p 612) that the court must "reject the request to establish a common-law cause of action for wrongful death. The decisions of other jurisdictions are, in our view, based on considerations not present here, and, to the extent that they may suggest a contrary result, we respectfully decline to follow in their steps * * * [I]t is neither necessary nor appropriate to change established law as a means of
XI
VENTURA V CONSOLIDATED EDISON CO. (65 AD2d 352)
The Ventura case was decided by the First Department after the oral argument of this case in this court. By way of a supplemental brief, appellants stress the Ventura decision as determinative here because, they say, that case holds that loss of consortium is compensable in a common-law wrongful death action. However, Ventura did not basically involve the question of the Statute of Limitations. The gist of that decision was that loss of consortium is a pecuniary injury and thus is compensable in a wrongful death action. Thus, properly read, Ventura stands for the proposition that loss of consortium where death is immediate, is merely an additional claim of damages sustained by the surviving spouse which may be asserted in a timely instituted wrongful death action (i.e., an action instituted within the time limitations specified in the statute). Therefore, Ventura does not support the contention that a spouse may recover for loss of consortium for the instantaneous death of a decedent as a common-law cause of action maintained independently of the wrongful death statute.
XII
THE LAW
Ratka v St Francis Hosp. (44 NY2d 604, supra) has clearly
As stated in American Jurisprudence Second (Limitation of Actions, vol 51, § 12, p 598): "[I]t is well recognized and unquestioned that the legislature of each state has the power to enact statutes of limitation effective within that state. The establishment of statutes of limitation is always a legislative prerogative.”
Although constitutional questions may arise as to the disturbance of vested rights where a limitation period had been lengthened or shortened (see 35 NY Jur, Limitations and Laches, §§ 21, 22) it is unquestioned that the periods of limitation, per se, are solely for the Legislature to decide.
Thus, the issue posed by the plaintiffs as to whether a right to recover for the wrongful death of another constituted the true common law (i.e., whether it was a brooding presence awaiting enunciation by a learned and courageous court) is largely academic. If in 1846, one year before enactment of the wrongful death statute in New York, the highest court of this State had held that there was a common-law wrongful death action, the limitation period in the succeeding year’s statute would still have applied to the beneficiaries listed in the statute. The 1847 wrongful death statute, righting an ancient wrong, cannot be doubly ignored (as plaintiffs seek), substantively (so as to be drowned in a common-law right), and adjectively (so as to ignore the limitation period therein).
Accordingly we hold that in this case the plaintiffs’ cause of action is barred by the applicable Statute of Limitations (two years) and that since this action was concededly commenced 2 years and 22 days after the death of the decedent, Special Term was correct in awarding summary judgment to the respondent dismissing the complaint. For the same reason the
Damiani, J. P., Titone and Suozzi, JJ., concur.
Appeals from two orders of the Supreme Court, Kings County, both dated July 7, 1978, dismissed (see Matter of Aho, 39 NY2d 241, 248).
Judgment of the same court, entered August 7, 1978, affirmed.
Respondent is awarded one bill of $50 costs and disbursements to cover all appeals.
. The plaintiffs named in the caption are "ronald grant, administrator of the estate of patricia grant, deceased, ronald grant, jr. and satashanequa grant”. The first paragraph of the complaint describes Ronald Grant as the "widower” and the other named persons as "two minor children”.
. In due course this statute, as amended, became section 1902 of the Code of Civil Procedure and then section 130 of the Decedent Estate Law (L 1920, ch 919); it is now EPTL 5-4.1 (L 1966, ch 952).
. By chapter 256 of the Laws of 1849, the recoverable damages could not exceed $5,000. However, by section 18 of article I of the New York Constitution (1894), it was provided that "[t]he right of action now existing to recover damages for injuries resulting in death, shall never be abrogated; and the amount recoverable shall not be subject to any statutory limitation.”
. It was not until 1870 that the statute was amended to include the husband as one of the persons for whose benefit the action could be maintained (L 1870, ch 78).
. Unfortunately for plaintiffs, such increased period is still not enough to maintain this suit.
. Green has been consistently followed in this State (Baird v Daly, 57 NY 236, 248; Sorensen v Balaban, 11 App Div 164, 165; Ohnmacht v Mount Morris Elec. Light Co., 66 App Div 482, 484; Kilberg v Northeast Airlines, 9 NY2d 34, 43-44 [concurring opn of Fuld, J.]; Osborn v Kelley, 61 AD2d 367, 370; Ratka v St. Francis Hosp., 44 NY2d 604).
. The eight-year hiatus is explained at 2 Abb Ct App 277, where it is stated that the decision at 28 Barb 9 "was affirmed on appeal to the general term; and the plaintiff recovered a verdict, which, however, was set aside on other grounds, and a new trial ordered”.
. This indicates that Moragne may not properly be cited as applying to common-law wrongful death actions.
. Thus, even under Gaudette, the plaintiff widower here would have found his cause of action outlawed by the Statute of Limitations.
. In reaching its conclusion, the First Department relied in part upon our decision in Martins v Ford (53 AD2d 887), stating: "As already noted, the Second Department, in Martins v Ford (53 AD2d 887) concluded that a plaintiff widow, suing individually and as administratrix of the estate of her husband, had a valid claim for loss of consortium.” While the language in our memorandum decision was not as clear as it might have been, we reached no such conclusion. Our phraseology was used in the context of a record which left an inference that the decedent might have survived for some period of time after the accident. In a subsequent case, Bell v Cox (54 AD2d 920), we made our views clear when we said: "The plaintiff recognizes that in Amerman v Lizza & Sons (45 AD2d 996, 998) this court, under the rule of stare decisis, held that it could not allow a recovery under the terms of the statute (EPTL 5-4.3) for grief, loss of society or loss of companionship, but argues that we should change our views. If the law in this regard is to be changed it must be by an amendment of the statute, or by its reinterpretation by the Court of Appeals (see Sideman v Guttman, 38 AD2d 420).” In Liff v Schildkrout (— AD2d —), this court is holding to the same effect.
