39 N.W.2d 453 | Wis. | 1949
Action commenced on the 8th day of June, 1948, by Orville A. Grant, plaintiff and respondent, against J.E. Christensen, defendant and appellant, to recover damages due to shipping fever alleged to have been communicated to plaintiff's herd by cows purchased from defendant. The case was tried *496 to a jury, and a special verdict rendered in favor of the plaintiff. Judgment thereon in the sum of $6,289.53 was entered February 14, 1949, from which judgment defendant appeals.
The plaintiff is a dairy farmer residing in Racine county, Wisconsin. The defendant resides in the village of Sturtevant in said county, and for the past twenty-five or thirty years has been engaged in buying and selling livestock, including dairy cattle. On and prior to April 14, 1948, he had purchased fifteen head of dairy cows that were about to freshen, in and around Abbotsford, Wisconsin. The defendant had the cattle transported by motor truck to his sales barn near Sturtevant, a distance of about two hundred fifty miles, on April 14th. The cattle left Abbotsford at about noon on that day and arrived at the sales barn of the defendant about midnight of that day. On April 16th, the plaintiff and his son called at the sales barn and purchased eight of the dairy cattle for the sum of $2,470. Plaintiff executed and delivered to the defendant a combined promissory note and conditional sales contract for the whole amount. This instrument contained the following provision:
"The purchaser agrees to take good care of said property and shall be responsible for the loss of the same or any damage or injury thereto occurring from any cause whatever."
Plaintiff arranged with a neighbor, who was licensed to transport livestock by motor truck as a contract carrier, to call at the Christensen sales barn for the cows and to deliver them to plaintiff's farm, a distance of ten or twelve miles. The trucker called at the sales barn on April 17th, at about seven o'clock in the morning and delivered the cows at plaintiff's farm at about seven-thirty that morning. The cows were not vaccinated against shipping fever before either of the trips by motor truck.
The cows so purchased were put in plaintiff's cow barn with eighteen or twenty other dairy cows then owned by the plaintiff. *497 The plaintiff testified that when the cattle were delivered two of the Christensen cows in particular were sick. This was evidenced by the fact that they did not eat and that they had diarrhea. This condition continued through the next day and on Monday, April 19th, the plaintiff called a veterinarian to the farm to examine the cattle. The veterinarian found that one or more of the cows purchased from Christensen then had shipping fever. He was there daily from April 19th to May 1st, with the exception of April 26th. He treated the cows for shipping fever but the disease spread through the remainder of the Christensen herd and later to the cows owned by the plaintiff prior to April 17th. The first Christensen cow died on April 20th and the second on April 21st. In all the plaintiff lost six cows, two young bulls, and two young heifers as a result of the disease. He also testified that the remainder of the cattle, because of the disease and its effects, were seriously affected in their milk production and that he sustained damages as a result. The seven remaining cows that Christensen sold did not become ill with shipping fever.
Other material facts will be stated in the opinion. The plaintiff alleged in his complaint that he purchased eight cows from Christensen for the purpose of producing milk on his dairy farm; that the defendant had knowledge of the use and purpose for which said cows were required and that by reason thereof there was an implied warranty by the defendant that said cows were reasonably fit for such purpose; that in addition thereto, and as a part of the *498 contract of sale, the defendant represented and warranted said cows to be in good health and free from disease; that the plaintiff relied upon said warranty and representation in making the purchase; that said cows were not of the quality and condition as warranted and represented, but were infected with a communicable disease, which disease was communicated to plaintiff's cows in spite of medical care and attention.
The defendant denied any representation or warranty, either express or implied. He denied that he made any representation or warranty as to the health of said cows, and alleged that said cows were in fact in good health and free from disease at the time of the sale. He denied that the plaintiff in purchasing said cows relied upon any warranty or representation, and alleged that plaintiff was an experienced dairy farmer and bought said cows only after examining them carefully and that he relied upon his own skill and judgment, and that the entire contract was expressed in the terms of the note and conditional sales contract.
There was a sharp conflict in the testimony upon the trial. The plaintiff and defendant told contradictory stories as to how the plaintiff learned that defendant had cows for sale, as to the length of time plaintiff and his son spent in the sales barn, as to the manner and length of time spent by plaintiff and his son in examining the cows, and as to the conversation between the plaintiff and defendant. There was also a sharp conflict in the testimony of the expert witnesses as to the causes of shipping fever, as to the incubation period of the organism that causes the disease, and as to the result of the disease in decreasing milk production.
After hearing the conflicting testimony the jury, by a special verdict, found that one or more of the cows sold by the defendant to the plaintiff were infected with shipping fever at the time they were sold to the plaintiff; that the defendant at or immediately before the sale expressly represented and warranted that the cows were free from shipping fever; that the *499 plaintiff relied upon such express warranty in purchasing said cows; and that the plaintiff as buyer relied upon the skill or judgment of the defendant as seller that the cows were reasonably fit for use as dairy cows.
The appellant contends that the judgment herein should be reversed for the following reasons: (1) That there is no credible evidence that any of the Christensen cows were infected with hemorrhagic septicemia (shipping fever) at the time of sale; (2) that respondent failed to prove by a preponderance of the credible evidence that the appellant at or immediately before the sale of the cows expressly represented and warranted them to be free from shipping fever; (3) that in purchasing the cows respondent did not rely upon an express representation and warranty that they were free from shipping fever; (4) that plaintiff as buyer did not rely upon the skill and judgment of the defendant as seller of the cows that they were reasonably fit for use as dairy cows; (5) that the jury's assessment of damages is excessive.
As to the first two contentions the rule in this state is that the findings of the jury, unless contrary to physical laws, ordinary human experience, or all reasonable inferences, must stand if there is any credible evidence to sustain them. McKeev. Oconto National Bank,
"In the case of Felix v. Soderberg,
"`The verdict cannot be set aside even if it is against the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence. It must be sustained if there is credible evidence to support it.'" *500
A detailed review of the evidence is needless. A careful study of the testimony of the various witnesses shows that there is ample credible evidence to sustain the findings of the jury. By way of illustration the plaintiff testified in part as follows:
"Q. Did you talk about the physical condition of the cows?A. Yes, we did.
"Q. While you were standing there? A. I asked him if they were straight and right every way. He says, you know that. If not you know where you got them from.
"Q. When a cow is straight and right, in the cow business what does that mean? A. That means they are well and healthy. Good utters [udders] on them.
"Q. Did you talk about any particular disease to Joe Christensen?A. Yes we did.
"Q. What disease did you talk about? A. Shipping fever. . . .
"Q. Well, Mr. Grant, can you tell us by using exact words the whole or part of that conversation? A. Well, I asked him if these cows had shipping fever and he said, `God no, don't even talk about it.'"
The defendant denied specifically that he made the statements and stated that he made no representations or warranty as to the health of the cows.
Under its second contention the appellant also argues that the testimony of the plaintiff as to the express warranty should not have been admitted because the entire agreement was reduced to writing in the note and conditional sales contract and cites cases that oral testimony is not admissible to contradict or vary the terms of a written agreement. That rule is well established in this state. In this case, however, the written agreement covered the terms of payment and the security, and it cannot be held that it embraces within its terms the entire agreement. Plaintiff's testimony as to the express warranty was properly admitted.
As to the third and fourth contentions, that the plaintiff did not rely upon an express warranty by the defendant or upon *501
his skill and judgment, they were questions of fact for the jury.Van Dale v. Prudential Insurance Co.
As to contention five, there were four subdivisions to the damage question in the special verdict. The trial court reduced the amount of damages assessed by the jury under the second subdivision to "the lowest amount that an impartial jury on the evidence, properly instructed, would reasonably award." The plaintiff accepted judgment in the reduced amount rather than a new trial. The evidence sustains the assessment of damages under the remaining subdivisions.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.