Grand Central Min. Co. v. Mammoth Min. Co.

83 P. 648 | Utah | 1905

BARTCH, C. J.,

after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the court.

The main question, which resulted from the issues raised by the pleadings that formed the basis of inquiry and submission at the trial and which we will consider in the first instance, is whether the court erred in finding that the- vein or lode mentioned in those pleadings, at its apex and on its northwesterly course or strike, crosses the western side line of lot 38 and wholly departs from that lot at a point 690 feet north of its south end line, and north of that point does not continue, either at its apes ox on its strike to or beyond the 1,100-foot line within the limits of lot 38, and that there is no vein or lode having an apex or any part thereof within the limits of lot 38 north of the southerly end line of the Silveropolis mining claim extended eastward in its own direction, and south of the 1,100-foot line, which on its dip extends to and includes any of the ore bodies existing underneath the surface of the Silveropolis and Consort mining claims south of the 1,100-foot line. This is principally a question of fact, and must be considered in view of the law of Congress respecting extralateral rights. It includes various incidental questions of importance. Nor its solution and determination we have volumes of testimony of men of science, of engineers, and of practical miners, concerning the location and workings of both mines, surface and underground. Men distinguished for their scientific attainments have testified not only as to the existing physical facts, but have explained how, in their opinions, by the processes of nature, the mineral was deposited where it is found, making reference in detail to the facts and physical appearances which controlled their judgments. IJpon careful study of the geological facts in evidence, involving so many and such varied features, one cannot marvel that these witnesses differ in their conclusions. Aside from some statements of a few witnesses whose judgments were either faulty through want of comprehension, or warped by interest, the testimony is such as inspires confidence and warrants serious consideration. The case was prepared with a commendable degree of care and tried by eminent counsel on both sides. The maps and glass model, the researches made in the mines by witnesses for the purpose of unfolding the intricacies of nature respecting the formation and character of veins and deposition of ore, all bespeak a degree of professional skill and ingenuity commensurate' with the magnitude of the interests involved. The premises are of very great value. It would be idle >to say that upon the result of the case made by the counterclaim and answer depends but the ownership of the ore bodies in the Silveropolis and Consort mining claims south of the 1,100-foot line. It is plain to be seen, without demonstration, that, if the ore bodies in dispute herein are embraced in a vein having its apex in lot 38 north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, the ore bodies north of the 1,100-foot line in the same claims are parts of and belong to the same vein. The ultimate question involved is therefore not merely the ownership of a few ore bodies of the alleged value of $300,000, but the ownership of ore bodies or of; a vein of ore doubtless worth several millions of dollars. That such inevitable results would follow in the wake of this trial and decision was, without doubt, fully understood by both sides, as is evidenced by the exhaustive manner in which the case was tried. It will be thus observed that the question here under consideration is one of vast importance and susceptible of grave consequences to the litigants, and is entitled to receive our closest scrutiny and most careful and deliberate judgment.

In determining this question the surface of lot 38, the ex-tralateral rights of that lot, the dip and strike of the vein, and the underground workings of the mines are important factors. The extralateral rights, upon which the appellant has founded its claim to the ore bodies in dispute, accrued to it as owner of lot 38 by virtue of the provisions of section 2322 of the Revised Statutes of the United States [U. S. Comp. St. Ii901, p. 1425], whereby the owner of a mining claim has a right to follow, between vertical planes drawn downward through the end lines of the location, a vein having its apex within the limits of such claim on its dip to the deep, although such vein may so far depart from a perpendicular in its course downward as to extend outside of the vertical side lines of the surface location. The ore bodies in controversy, however, being located without the limits of lot 38, and underneath the surface of the Silveropolis and Consort mining claims, the appellant, notwithstanding the law of Congress, is met at the very threshold with the presumption that they belong to the respondent, the owner of those claims. Where a person, natural or artificial, owns a patented mining claim, although the statute reserves the right to locators of other mining claims to follow their veins under its surface and extract ore, he is presumed to own all the ore within planes -drawn vertically downward to the deep through the boundary lines of such claim, as well as the surface and everything else appurtenant to the claim; and such presumption continues until some other locator or pwner establishes the fact that he is entitled to exercise the reserved rights by virtue of the statute.

“Within the lines of each location the owner shall be regarded as having full right to all that may be found, until some one can show a' clear title to it as a part of some lode or vein having its top and apex in other territory. To state the proposition in other words, we may say that there is a presumption of ownership in every locator as to the territory covered by his location, and within his own lines he shall be regarded as the owner of all valuable deposits, until some one shall show by preponderance of testimony that such deposits belong to another lode having its top and apex elswhere.” (Leadville Min. Co. v. Fitzgerald, 4 Mor. Min. Rep. 38; Con. Wyo. Gold Min. Co. v. Champian Min. Co. [C. C.], 63 Fed. 540; Doe v. Waterloo Min. Co. [C. C.], 54 Fed. 935; 1 Snyder on Mines, secs. 766, 783, 789.)

To overthrow this presumption and establish its right to enter its neighbor’s ground to extract ore, the burden of proof was upon the defendant, and it was incumbent upon it to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, not only that the apex and strike of the vein were in lot 38, north of the south end line of the Silveropolis mining claim extended, and to the 1,100-foot line, but also to show that, between planes drawn vertically downward through that end line and the 1,100-foot line, the vein from its apex on its dip was continuous; that its continuity extended to and through respondent’s ground; and that the ore bodies in question formed a part of the vein. In other words, the burden was upon the appellant to show by a preponderance of the evidence whatever was necessary to bring it within the terras of the statute, in order to entitle it to the disputed ore bodies, or to justify it in the extraction of ore from its neighbor’s ground. (Doe v. Waterloo Min. Co., supra; Leadville Min. Co. v. Fitzgerald, supra; Penn. Con. Min. Co. v. G. V. Expel. Co. [C. C.], 117 Fed. 509; Con. Wyo. Gold Min. Co. v. Champion Min. Co., supra; Mining Co. v. Campbell, 17 Colo. 267, 29 Pac. 513.)

We concede, as claimed by the appellant, that a patent to a mining claim raises a conclusive presumption that there is the apex of a vein within the patented ground (1 Lindley on Mines, sec. 305) ; but there is no presumption that it is the apex of the vein in dispute, and such presumption applies equally to the Silveropolis and Consort mining claims as to lot 38, and does not shift the burden of proof in this case as to the apex and continuity of the vein and ore in controversy. The appellant, however, insists that the evidence clearly establishes that the apex and strike of the disputed vein do in fact continue in lot 38 to and beyond the 1,100-foot line, that the vein is persistent in its continuity on its dip to the ore bodies in question, that such ore bodies constitute a párt of the vein, and that the court erred in its findings, inter alia, that the vein, at its apex and on its strike, wholly departed from lot 38 at the point designated, on a northwest course, because, as is claimed, the evidence is insufficient to sustain such findings. In reply to this contention, the respondent insists that as to whether the vein, claimed to include the ore bodies, at its apex and on its strike continues in lot 38 to and beyond the 1,100-foot line, or whether it departs wholly from that lot, on its strike, at the point found by the court, the evidence is conflicting, and invokes the rule, long firmly established within this jurisdiction, that where in a case in equity there is a substantial conflict in the evidence this court will not disturb the findings, unless they are so manifestly erroneous as to demonstrate some oversight or mistake which affects the substantial rights of the appellant. The appellant, however, claims there is no such conflict in the evidence as to warrant tbe application of the rule in this instance; that the disagreement is not as to the physical facts, but in conclusions drawn from those facts, by the various witnesses, as to what kind of mineral or earthy matter constitutes an apes. Whether the conflict in the testimony of the witnesses relates to their conclusions alone, or to their conclusions and physical facts, or whether it amounts merely to a difference in the opinions of witnesses as to meaning of words — the meaning of “apex” or definition of “vein” — must, so far as possible, be ascertained by reference to the evidence.

Respecting the geological features of the country in which the properties are located, there is practically no conflict. It is shown that the mines are found in a lime belt which covers about two square miles, and is the great producing area of the Tint-ic district. In some places the limestone beds are upturned, large areas tilted upon edge, the beds dipping nearly vertically down; while in other places they dip at lower angles, and in special areas the dips are quite uniform; and again, though, it seems, not frequently, anticlinals exist. This limestone is surrounded on all sides, except the north, by igneous rocks. The sedimentary rocks are broken up andfractured, evidently the'result of igneous intrusion. The limestone carries some iron, the different forms of iron oxide, also some manganese, and in places the limestone is crushed, crumbled, and brecciated. How these beds of organic sediment were dislocated, bent, and upturned is not free from doubt. Maybe, and most likely, these things were accomplished by some kind of volcanic action, which igneous intrusion indicates, and much fracturing may have been caused by internal shrinkage through nature’s cooling processes. Whatever the cause, the disturbance is apparent from the evidence. The surface of the limestone area, wherever exposed, is marked with innumerable seams, cracks, and small fissures filled with carbonate of lime, stainq¿ more or less with iron, and sometimes manganese. Quartz, spar, and other materials, characteristic, in general, of mineral-bearing limestone areas, are present, and in places the surface material is brecciated and recemented. A trace of minerals, of one or more of the preci-oils metals, and, in places, more than a trace, even where there is no known vein, seems also to be a characteristic of that lime belt. The witnesses for the appellant, who had examined the surface and open cuts, as well as the underground working's of the mines, testified, in general, that the fractured, stained, and brecciated conditions appeared to such an extent upon the surface and in the open cuts of lot 38 as to .furnish unmistakable evidence of the apex of a vein; that the vein was so clearly defined upon the surface, and so distinctly differentiated from the adjacent country, that its boundaries could readily be traced throughout the length of that lot and be recognized by mere observation; and that the indications showed the apex to be so wide that it overlapped the side lines of that claim.

The leading witness for the defendant, Mr. Akers, an expert of much scientific knowledge, after testifying that the Mammoth was a fissure vein, and that it was not an individual fissure, but consisted of a series or many approximately parallel fissures, or breaks, in the mountain fractures, said: “Taking this individual vein, this broad, beautifully defined fissure, that I personally have traced for a distance of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet on the surface, we find that it is clearly defined on the surface, and so clearly and distinctly differentiated from the adjacent country that I could identify all points generally along the course of that vein. I could stand at one end and, as far as the configuration or topography of the country permitted, see how that vein ran; and to guide me in the other direction, namely, the southerly, a portion of the ground not in controversy at all, I could see the vein there through extensive workings for say 1,000 or 2,000 feet.” And then, after refer■ring to the condition of the vein, the deposition of the ore by replacement or metasomatic change, the eroding of the surface, and to geological events which, he says, transpired in the making of the vein, claiming that the first great dynamic disturbance was the crushing that resulted in the formation of the Finn dyke, and that the second great disturbance, or convulsion, consisted of the fracturing of the great.mass of rock that constitutes the Mammoth vein, the witness describes the open cuts and says Grand Central cut 2 “shows stained rock.” Of tunnel B he says the easterly cross-cut is in vein material, and where it encounters the northerly and southerly drifts a streak of vein appears, and that the drifts do not disclose the full size of the ore streak. The “pit,” he states, “shows iron, manganese, and rhodochrosite,” cuts 4a and 4b show “shattered lime,” and according to his testimony and that of the defendant’s witnesses generally, cuts 6 to 15 and the other cuts north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, show some dyke material, some • shattered and stained limestone, and others broken and fractured matter, stained with iron or manganese, in some places, of a brecciated character, containing seams, calcite, and calcarious cement. In other words, they claim the material of the various open cuts is such as to show an unmistakable outcropping of the vein.

While-the defendant’s witnesses are-emphatic in asserting an apex in lot 38, and clearly defined differentiation of the surface of that lot from the adjacent country, none of them attempted to locate upon the surface or fix the hanging or foot wall of the vein, north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, nor north of the point at the Cunningham stope, where the court found the vein departed from the lot; and yet, if its differentiation be so clear that, “to recognize its boundaries,” one, as claimed by Mr. Akers, need but look at the surface, aside from the open cuts, the query naturally and logically arises why, in a controversy of this magnitude, its vital and decisive point the apex of the vein, its boundaries were not traced and definitely fixed within the disputed territory. Why was such a point, where such immense interests are involved, and where counsel distinguished for ability were searching every nook, every avenue, for facts favorable to their cause, left to mere conjecture, to mere inferences from disputable surface appearances? The only answer which this voluminous record affords comes from the witnesses for the plaintiff, and that answer has the support of the findings of the court. These witnesses, after, looking at the same open cuts and tunnels, observing the material exposed, and after examining tbe same surface and the surface east and west of lot 38, some of them claiming to he familiar with practically the whole surface area of the lime belt, say with at least equal emphasis that no such differentiation exists; that ' there are no indications of a vein or apex on lot 38 north of the point where the Cunningham stope crosses its west side line, which is about 90 feet south of the Silveropolis south end line extended; that, apart from the dyke material, the limestone north of that point within lot 38 is not any more broken and brecciated than in the adjoining country to the east and west; that neither the calcite, the calcspar, the iron seams, the iron stains, nor the fracturing or Assuring is any more abundant within the limits of that lot north of that point than for a long distance to the eastward and westward; that wherever, in that belt, the surface of the rock is exposed, by erosion or otherwise, there appear innumerable seams, cracks, small fractures, or fissures, running in every conceivable direction, filled with calcite, stained more or less with iron, in instances containing some manganese; and that in many places the surface material is brecciated and rece-mented..

Dr. Talmage, a geologist and expert of eminent ability, who made his first examination of that section of country about 1884, and knew the surface boundaries of lot 38, upon further special examination of the open cuts and surface of that lot and of the country adjacent for the purposes of the trial, testified that there was “no surface evidence of an outcrop of a vein well defined farther north,” on lot 38, than “incline No. 1, just north of the Gulf stope,” and, after describing the open cuts and conditions on that lot and stating that the rock exposed in tunnel B was was country limestonewith cracks and fissures filled with calscpar stained with iron and manganese, he said: “Broto one end of the limestone area to the other I have failed to find any part of it where the limestone is exposed, that such conditions are not to befoundf’Mr. Tyler, also an expert of undoubted ability and of extended experience, after thorough examination of both properties, said that, outside of the dykes, the surface indications on lot 38, north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, were like those east and west of that lot, and that he found the same indications “westerly to the slopes of Eureka Peak,” distant ■2,500 feet, “about in the northwest comer of the King William claim.”

The evidence also shows that numerous samples were taken from the various open cuts and exposures, but, with few exceptions, the assays of those samples, taken north of the Sil-veropolis south end line extended, revealed either nothing or but a trace in any of the precious metals, and the few exceptions yielded little more than a trace — simply such results as may be obtained, at least according to the evidence of the plaintiff, in many portions of that limestone country where no vein exists, or beyond the limits of any vein. An examination of the evidence discloses the fact that the witnesses on one side differ widely from those on the other in their statements respecting an apex at the surface in -lot 38 north ■of the Cunningham stope, and in numerous instances as to facts and appearances. Such examination shows not merely a conflict, but that the question whether or not the surface, north of the point mentioned, discloses an apex of a vein in that lot, is answered in the negative by' a preponderance of the proof on the subject. It is quite clear that the findings of the court have strong support in the testimony relating to the surface.

Do, then the underground workings and explorations reveal the existence of a vein, which has an apex within the limits of lot 38, from the Silveropolis south end line exten-ed north to the 1,100-foot line or beyond, and which on its dip extends to and embraces the ore bodies in dispute ? Or does the vein, which, as found by the court and admitted by the parties, crosses the south end line of lot 38 and continues northerly, within the limits of that lot, to a point 690 feet from that end line, continue thence northerly parallel with the western side line of that lot, or at that point change its course or strike to and thence continue in a northwesterly course in the direction of the lines U-T and T-S, and embrace on its dip those ore bodies? On this subject the contention of the appellant is that the sub-surface explorations show that the vein at the sui’face is a unit, and that its apex is in lot 38, not only at the southern end of the lot, but continues therein, on its strike, to and beyond the 1,100-foot line; that, on its dip it divides, the one, the easterly branch, going almost vertically to the deep, and the other, on its westerly dip, embracing the ore bodies in question; that the vein, through the disputed territory from the upper levels down to the lower levels, is shown on each level, and by connections from each level to the level above and below, all in the undisputed portions of the vein; and that the extent of the vein, in width, is determined by the limits of the broken, fractured and stained condition of the sedimentary beds. The contention of the respondent is that the underground workings show that the vein departs from lot 38, in a northwesterly direction, at the Cunningham stope, as found by the court; that this is a vein formed by replacement; and that, therefore, the limits of mineralization determine the limits of the vein.

In deciding these contentions, it behooves us to look at the formations — the geological facts which, the proof shows, the development of the mines has brought to view — and see where such facts place the northerly portion of the vein, at its apex, on its strike, and on its dip, which admittedly exists in the southerly end of lot 38. Mr. Akers says the Con-don tunnel contains the highest underground workings on the properties, the tunnel itself being driven through country limestone to the dyke; that the entire cross-cut is in shattered, broken, stained, and altered vein material; and that the Condon winze down to the Finn level, and the O’Brien winze to the 300 or Mammoth tunnel level, are in the same material. ■ These are the winzes through which the appellant claims to trace the vein on its dip to the 300 level, and thence down through other works to the lower levels; but it must be remembered that the appellant’s witnesses regard broken and fractured limestone, and any kind of stained and brecciated matter, as vein material, regardless of value in metal. From an examination of the diagrams in the statement of the case, and evidence of these witnesses referred to, it will be seen that the workings on the Finn, the Plumber, and Mammoth tunnels, north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, are in the same kind of material; that the main drift on each level runs along the foot wall of the Finn dyke, and no ore, in any considerable quantity, has ever been found on any of those levels in those northern workings, not even on the 300 level north of the Bush winze at-the north end of the Betsy stope, in which winze, between the 300 and 400 levels, about 60 feet above the 400, the appellant claims it is shown that the vein branches on its dip, the smaller and easterly portion going almost vertically to the deep, and the major portion passing through the dyke to the westward, although south of the winze there is ore.

Speaking of the cross-cut in the Finn tunnel, Mr. Learned says, from station 03, where it leaves the main tunnel, westerly through 021, 21, and 22, to its face, it is in broken lime, and that “broken lime is generally vein lime in that mine;” and this kind of vein material, with occasional dyke, brecciated, and stained matter unmineralized in the sense of the federal statutes, is substantially all that is claimed by ■ these witnesses to appear in the drifts, cross-cuts, and branches driven in that northern territory, on the Plummer, the 300, and, in fact, the lower, levels of the Mammoth, and likewise as to the drifts, branches, and cross-cuts on the various levels of the Grand Central, both east and west of the line of stoping or ore channel. It is true, Mr. Akers says the Plummer tunnel is in vein and ore at the south end, and to its north end shows ore in places, shattered lime, and vein matter; but he does not identify the places, if any, where ore appears to the north end, and north of the East raise stope the tunnel runs along the foot wall of the dyke, which is not mineralized, except in the vicinity where the main vein passes through it. The statement, therefore, does not justify an inference that ore occurs on that level north of that stope. That it occurs south thereof, and is in the main vein, is admitted. He also says that the cross-cut of the Finn tunnel level is “within view, and within a few feet of it ore might be disclosed;” but, if such be the case, it is difficult to understand, and no explanation appears in the record at all satisfactory, wliy those few feet, when, as shown, so much work was done by the appellant for the purposes of this case, in the hope of finding evidences of ore to establish the existence of a vein through that ground, were not driven and the ore disclosed. The witness, it seems, was unable to locate the boundaries of the west branch of the vein, where, it is claimed, it passed through the dyke to the westward, although he thought its foot wall was near station 107 on the 300, or near the western limits of the dyke.

The Mammoth workings on the 400 level extend north only to within about 50 feet of the 1,100-foot line, and Mr. Akers says the “dyke and the vein” are “closely intermixed.” No ore is shown north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, except in the vicinity of and southward from the Betsy stope, which, according, to the testimony of Mr. Akers and other witnesses, is in the east branch of the vein. The Bush winze extends to this level at the north end of that stope, and is within the same branch of the vein. Between stations 101 and 103, a winze goes down to the old stope above the 500 level, and the Hatton raise extends to the 500. Between the 400 and 300 levels is the 80-foot level, which appears to be in ore, as also the Bucket raise down to the 400 at or near the north end of the Betsy stope. The points clustering near the north end of that stope are of interest and will be adverted to later herein. Some of them are openings through which witnesses of appellant claim they have traced the dip of the vein, from the Finn tunnel down to the 500 and lower levels, and there is evidence that the Betsy stope connects in ore with the large stopes to the south, where the main vein is admitted to exist. Mr. Akers claims that on the 400 level, 45 feet north of the south end line of the Golden King claim, the vein “forks; one portion continuing approximately in the direction of the main vein, and the other diverging more to the northwest.” Assuming this to be correct, it follows that the one branch courses in the direction of the Betsy stope, and the other in the direction of the point where the vein is claimed to pass through the dyke, and that each fork must pass in its own direction on its strike.' Tbe witness says, on tbe Grand Central side, tbe workings on tbis level are mainly above tbe vein but admits that at station 17 there is vein matter, and at station 15 a winze with ore at tbe top going to tbe Butterfly stope vertically into ore on tbe 600 level. He discovered no foot wall on tbe 400, but says be found tbe banging wall east of station X. On the 500 level the main drift is on tbe east side of tbe dyke, and from station 543 northerly follows its foot wail. From tbe workings disclosed by appellant’s evidence, it appears that tbe mineralization decreases, and tbe ore practically fades out, within a short distance either north or south'from tbe ore bodies which would be cut by a plane drawn vertically down through tbe Silveropolis south end line extended. The drift running northwest from station 537 is in limestone very little shattered. On tbis level the top of the Butterfly stope of respondent’s mine appears.

Tbe workings on tbe 600 level also present tbe appearance of ore fading out as one proceeds north or south from tbe main ore bodies.. Tbe Earl raise extends up to tbe 500, and tbe stope on this 600 level represents an immense ore body extending down to tbe 800 level, and is one of the ore bodies and part of tbe vein in dispute. Mr. Akers says in bis opinion tbe back vein or fissure is a “stringer or dropper” from tbe main vein; that the vein consists of a series of fractures, having a course generally of N. about 20° E. in the upper portions and that tbe great ore bodies and vein on this level, clear down to the 800, are in a vein having an apex within and on either side of tbe side lines of lot 38, although he admits tbe distance, on an incline from tbe west side line of that lot to tbe ore of tbe Grand Central on tbe '600, would be' about 1,500 feet. When we come to consider the dip of the vein, as it appears in evidence, it will be seen that this position of the witness is involved in difficulty. ‘ The west cross-cut from station 49, he says, has reached the vein in Silveropolis ground, and the east cross-cut from station 643 is through blocky lime for 468 feet, and here, be says, encounters an independent vein, while Mr. Mclntire says tbe west crosscut from that station is in vein material. In fact, according to tbe appellant’s witnesses, tbe northern Mammoth workings on tbe various levels are generally, as bas been seen, in wbat they call vein material, consisting of fractured, seamed, and stained limestone, with occasional brecciated matter in places recemented. Mr. Akers states be bad not found tbe foot wall on tbis level, but thinks it is about 20 feet east of station 643, and that tbe banging wall is at or near station 5 of tbe Grand Central 600 level. Looking at tbe 700 level, tbe workings are extensive, much ore having been extracted from tbe Grand Central, but not much from the Mammoth ground, north of tbe Silveropolis south end line extended, except in tbe Bradley triangle at tbe Bradley-Consort line. Tbe crosscut, where connection between tbe two mines is made, is 600 feet long, and Mr. Akers says it runs through dyke and fractured lime; Mr. Mclntire, that it is barren rock throughout. Connection is also made near station 7 at tbe Bradley-Consort line in tbe main drift. Mr. Akers admits that be bas not found tbe foot wall on tbis level, but thinks tbe banging wall is about 30 feet west of station 9 in tbe main Grand Central cross-cut. There are two branches of tbe dyke on tbis level. They diverge going north, as on tbe levels above and below. Mr. Akers also states that the vein in tbe Grand Central ground bas a course N. 15° to 20° W., and is in ore from tbe cross-cut between stations 15 and 16 back to tbe Bradley-Consort line, a distance, be says, of 1,110 feet; and tbe testimony of Mr. Learned shows not only that, from -north of tbe Silveropolis north end line, about station 15, tbe ore is practically continuous for tbe distance of about 1,100 feet, to near tbe Bradley-Consort line, but that from there tbe ore bodies change their course and continue about 300 feet further in a southeasterly direction.

On tbe 800 level tbe Tranter drift connects tbe two mines. Tbe foot wall of tbe vein bas not been located, but Mr. Akers thought be found tbe hanging wall 20 feet northwest of station 24 in tbe King William claim, and that there tbe vein passed “out of working to tbe northeast.” Reference to tbe evidence of tbe appellant in detail respecting lower levels is not deemed necessary here, because the conditions appearing on the 700 and 800 levels are not, so far as the developments show, materially different from.those on the 900 and below, and it .is clear, beyond question, that the vein, which embraces the ore in the disputed territory bn the 700 and 800 levels, or that from the Grand Central 400 down to the 800, also includes that on the 900 and down as far as the developments extend, within such territory, and .to the deep. Speaking of the boundaries of the vein, Mr. Akers said they extended, at least, to the limits of fracturing; and Mr. Watson said, “If the Assuring were all connected” and “extended 4,000 feet,” he would say the vein extended that far, but he could not determine from the developments on any'level where the foot wall was. This last is an extreme view of what constitutes a vein, as also is that of Mr. Mclntire, where he states that if, on the 700 level, a cross-cut were driven through barren limestone all the way from M, a point at the northerly workings of the Grand Central, easterly to M-4, a point at the . eastern limit of the vein, as fixed by him, distance 1,050 feet, and ore bodies appeared at M and M-4, he would conclude that they were in the same vein. Mr. Akers expressed the general view of appellant’s witnesses upon this subject.

" Respecting the back fissure, Mr. Mclntire, speaking of the 800 level, says, from station A, near the Silveropolis south end line extended, through stations 153, 155, and 151, to the 1,100-foot line, it is called the “back fissure.” So ores he, claims to occur east of station 33, at a raise and in a drift, thence to the 1,100-foot line, on the 700, and at station 40 to that line on the 600, and in a drift running through stations 80, past raise on Silveropolis south end line extended, 81, 82, 583, to 542, are all in the back fissure. He says on the 400 level the back fissure extends from the raise north of station 92, thence north through stations “a,” “b,” “c,” and “d” to the face, and thence on through station 99, being, where it crosses the Silveropolis south end line extended, 90 feet west of the yrest side line of lot 38, and that, on the 300 level, the main drift, run across that south end line through stations 9 to 17, and on through 109 and 22 across the 1,100-foot line, is in the back fissure through Betsy stope, and that the fissure is 10 to 15 feet west of where the drift crosses the end line; the witness at the same time stating that the Betsy stope was extended to the 800 level since this suit was commenced, but was extended down to the 400 and below a good many years ago. He also says the drift on the Plummer through the O’Brien winze, and. the one on the Finn level, running northerly from station 03, across the same end line, stations 05 to 09, and the O’Brien winze to the 1,100-foot line, are in the back fissure, and the latter in low-grade ore practically all the way. On each of these last two levels the distance from where the back fissure crosses the end line mentioned to the west side line of lot 38 is 90 feet. Speaking of the dip of this fissure the witness Akers says, from the surface to the 300 level he found it to be “approximately between 80° and vertical,” from the 300 to the 600 about 50° from the horizontal, and from the 600 to the 800 about 85° from the horizontal. Mr. Earnshaw says the difference in elevation between the 800 and the Finn level is 688 feet; that the point where the fissure crosses that end line extended on the 800 is 135 feet westerly of the west side line of lot 38; that point of crossing on the Finn level is 92 feet west of that side line, making a westing of 43 feet; and that the angle of dip is 86° 30' from the horizontal.

The evidence to which reference has thus been made is believed to be fairly characteristic of the vast amount of proof on the part of the appellant respecting the underground workings, and from this review of the proof it may be seen that wherever the workings may extend, whatever material the witnesses may claim to have found in them exposed, whatever streaks of vein and vein material may have been disclosed, the fact stands out clear that the ore is always found near the line of the great ore bodies, whether they be on the strike or on the dip of the vein, northwesterly beyond the Cunningham stope — a question yet to be determined. Upon such review and an exhaustive examination of this voluminous testimony, it must be admitted that the boundaries of the vein, an apex in lot 38 north of the north end of the Cunningham stope, a strike and dip that would carry the vein to and include the disputed ore bodies, have, to say the least, been permitted to remain in. doubt and obscurity, and this, notwithstanding that the mountain to the north has been literally punctured, on each level, with drifts and cross-cuts, raises and winzes, in search for ore material that would establish the existence of such a vein -north of that point.

Before referring to the testimony on the other side, it may be observed that the witnesses for the respondent do not differ from those of the appellant as to the existence and character of the vein in the south end of lot 38 to the north end of the Cunningham stope, the location and character of the ore bodies in dispute, including the Butterfly and Betsy stopes, the existence and location of the dykes, nor as to the workings on each level; but they are not always in harmony as to what the workings on the different levels disclose. -

Prof. Jenny, a scientific expert of much experience, says the vein or lode, “both in its outcrop at the surface and in depth, passes wholly on its strike out of lot 38” at a point, on the west side line of the lot, about 87 feet southerly from the Silveropolis south end line extended, and that the ore situated beneath the Silveropolis and Consort mining claims forms a part of a vein or lode having its apex within the surface boundaries of those claims, and that the Betsy stope is in a part of the back fissure. Respecting the territory north of the end line mentioned, and easterly of the line T'-S, his testimony is to the effect that the developments on each level, from the Finn tunnel down to the 900 level, and below, show that the workings in those northern parts are in barren material, except the back vein or fissure, which appears to practically fade out before it reaches the 1,100-foot line; that the various levels, in that section, are driven mostly through broken and fissured lime rocks, in places through brecciated material and the dykes; that, on the Grand Central side, the sedimentary beds are as much broken, stained, and fractured as on the side of the Mammoth, except where the dykes occur; that the vein consists of a series of fissures, has its general course in the direction of the line W-U, U-T, and T-S, and passes through the dykes northwesterly along the line U-T on its strike, through the Coates dyke between the 600 and 700 levels, and through the Finn at the Bench stope; that the dykes, and their junction, between those levels, are almost vertically beneath the south end line of'the Silveropolis claim and their dip westerly 75°'to 80° from the horizontal; and that the “inclination of the vein is 75° from the horizontal, in that northwesterly direction” along the line U-T. He considers the limit of the vein to be the limit of mineralization.” Speaking of the Finn tunnel, Dr. Talmage says that, “as you go through that tunnel from its mouth to its face, there are absolutely no indications of mineralization,” and, referring to the 200 and 400 levels of the Grand Central, that they are driven from the shaft easterly to where ore is encountered, through broken, fissured, and fractured limestone, shattered as much as in any of the workings of either of the mines> except where they penetrate the dykes. He speaks likewise of the 700 level from that shaft easterly, and says the material in the long cross-cut at station 643 and in the northern workings on the Mammoth 600 level is much the same, except the dyke. He states that the strike of the vein, from the south end line of lot 38, is in the direction of the line W-U, about N. 7° W., true, to the point U, thence along the line U-T, N. 51° W., true,-to the point T, thence in the direction of the line T-S, and the boundaries of the vein “would be determined by the nature of the mineralized matter, and therefore by the limits of the ore bodies themselves, both on the sides and upwards, and doubtless downwards, if you went to the bottom of them,” and says, along the lines indicated, the ore bodies in general are not more than 100 feet wide, and that from the line U-T northerly he failed to find in the •workings any continuation of the great ore bodies. Mr. Wilson says the 200, 400, 700, 900, and 1,100 levels of the Grand Central, from the shaft easterly, are driven through broken, shattered, and fissured limestone, and that, with the exception of the dykes, “there is a correspondence in what we see in passing through the drifts” on the Mammoth tunnel level “from station 36 out to their faces.” He states that the Con-don winze and the workings therefrom are in limestone and stained material, but not connected with a vein or ore, and that the cross-cut on the 700 level, from station 7319- to 72, in which connection is made between the mines, “is entirely unmineralized in its total length.”

The foregoing testimony is fully corroborated by that of other witnesses for the respondent. In fact the proof of the respondent in general shows that, apart from the ore bodies or ore channel and dykes, the limestone, as revealed by the workings, is as much broken, stained, fractured, and fissured on the Grand Central side as on that of the Mammoth, and that the developments on the various levels north of the ore bodies along the line U-T, and east of--those along the line T-S, disclose no more mineralization than may be found in places all over that limestone country. Mr. Tyler says the east 600 cross-cut of the Mammoth, from station 643 to 641, which is in the triangle between the dykes and very much fissured and broken, is the only portion of the cross-cuts in the Mammoth ground that compares with the Openings and condition of the Grand Central 200 cross-cut. Speaking of the boundaries of the vein, Col. Wall, an expert quite familiar with the formations in the region of these mines, says they are the limits of the ore; that, as shown by the workings, limestone appears everywhere within a few inches or feet of the ore; and that the width of the ore through the Grand Central is irregular, 10 to 40 feet, “in places as much as 100 feet, or even a little more.” The testimony of the respondent is clear that the vein was formed by replacement or metasomatic action, and the leading witness for the appellant admits that to some extent it was so formed. Mr. Brooks says the vertical distance from.the surface to the 1,900 level is 1,800 feet and the angle of dip over 86° from the horizontal. Mr. Tyler says that from the top of the winze on the 400 level of the Grand Central, where ore appears, to the ore cut by the plane K-K on the 1,000 level, the westing of 95 feet is made, giving an angle of dip of 82° from the horizontal, and that the angle of dip from the top of the ore above the 600, just north of the 1,100-foot line, down to the 800 level, is 78° 80/ from the horizontal. Prof. Jenny saya in the section along the line TJ-T the beds course N. 70° W., magnetic, exactly with the strike of the fissures, and that the dip of the fissures is 75° to 80° from the horizontal.

In addition to the great mass of testimony of both parties respecting the underground explorations in these mines, it is shown that very numerous samples were taken from the material found in the drifts, cross-cuts, and workings, on the various levels, north of the Silveropolis south end line ex-, tended; but, excepting those from the vicinity of the back fissure and the line of stoping or ore channel, the assays in evidence, like those from the surface samples, indicate no mineralization not common generally throughout that limestone area. The evidence on both sides relating to the surface and to the underground explorations, to which reference has been made, is deemed to fairly show the conditions and geological facts of those portions of the properties which will be affected, either directly or consequentially by this decision, and also of those portions, not affected by the result hereof, which have an important bearing upon what is involved. There is a mass of testimony, however, relating to ground and objects of some importance, which has been given due consideration, but to which specific reference is impracticable.

It is apparent from the testimony referred to, as well as from all the evidence, that there is, to say the least, some conflict, not only as to the conclusions of the witnesses drawn from the physical facts, but as to the facts themselves — as to what things actually exist and may be seen upon the surface and in the mines. As instances: The witnesses for the appellant, looking at the open cuts, say vein material is exposed; the witnesses for the respondent, looking at the same cuts, say country rock. The former say the broken, stained, and fractured rock is peculiar to lot 38, and shows the outcropping of a vein; the latter, that such rock is found everywhere in the lime belt, wherever exposed by erosion or otherwise. The former say the occasional breccia, the calcite seams, and stains of iron and manganese are characteristics of lot 38, where they claim the apex is; the latter say they are characteristics of the whole limestone area. So the former, looking at the formation, on the various levels, along the line IT-T, say the ore is on the dip; the latter, observing the same formation, it is on the strike. The former say the Finn tunnel, north from the foot of the Condon winze, follows a streak of the vein; the latter, it is barren material. Likewise the former say the workings north of the line U-T are in vein lime and vein material; the latter, in barren country rock. In many places on the different levels in the northern workings, there the former see vein material, the latter, see nothing but limestone. Such are, in substance, some of the differences in the statements of the witnesses, whether of facts or conclusions from facts. Nor is it surprising that conflict exists. It is a usual feature in such a suit — of such ordinary occurrence, and so often of such grave character, that the advisability of trying a mining suit before a jury may be doubted. Nor can it be attributed wholly to partizan zeal or personal interest. The high character of the witnesses, in general, in this case forbids this. Science has not yet unfolded all of nature’s intricacies, and in all probability never will to such an extent that the fallible human mind can fully grasp them, though indications may be revealed. To look at a mountain is one thing, but to look into the inner recesses of the earth, through surface indications, is another. Every geologist, every miner, knows that, in determining the contents and actual conditions of a mountain by surface indications, even with extensive workings, which, after all, constitute but slight explorations compared with the whole mass, such diffiieulties are necessarily and invariable encountered as to produce differences of opinion between persons looking at the same material — considering the same physical facts. Inductive reasoning has not attained such a high state of perfection. as to lead all men, viewing the same parts, to the same conclusion as to the whole. This is especially true when the investigation of a portion of a thing is attended with great difficulties. ’ In cases of stratified rocks, where the beds aye regular, it is comparatively easy to determine tbe location of a vein, its strike and dip; but where, as in this- instance, the beds are broken, tilted, and fractured, and, in places fissures running in all directions, the investigation of one part may lead to very erroneous conclusions as to the formation and contents, in general, or as to the location and course of a particular section or ledge; a small part of its location and course only being definitely known. Every one who has ever attempted to trace, either by surface indications or underground workings, or both, a vein through an eruptive country, or, as here, through sedimentary beds, broken and tilted, with fractures running in every conceivable direction, where anticlines and synclines exist, and the regular dip of .the formation in places is obliterated, knows that the investigation is not only laborious, of slow progress, and attended with innumerable difficulties, but is liable, in the end, to be attended even among the most candid, with antagonistic theories, erroneous conclusions, doubt, and uncertainty. This is strikingly illustrated, in this case, in the fact that for more than a quarter of a century the Mammoth mine was operated by experienced miners, vast amounts of ore extracted from the vein in the southerly end of lot 38, the mountain to the north perforated with expensive, but profitless drifts, along and through the dyke, and cross-cuts to- the east and west, and yet it could not have occurred to the operators, from the indications and physical facts disclosed by the operations, during all those years, that the vein had, between the 300 and 400 levels, split and the major portion passed through the dyke on its dip to the west; for, so far as shown by the record, no attempt was ever made to follow that alleged western portion of the vein on the inclination, or to trace it in the direction of the ore bodies in dispute, or into the disputed territory, until after those ore bodies were struck in the Grand Central ground by the respondent in 1897, although the Mammoth shaft had been sunk hundreds of feet below those ore bodies; and even now, as we have seen from the review of the evidence, with drifts and cross-cuts, on different levels, extended and driven, tbe surface of lot 38 dotted witb open cuts and exposures, as appears from tbe diagrams and testimony, all for the purposes of tbis trial, not only the appellant’s operators and miners, but its experts appear to be unable to trace or locate the banging and foot walls of tbe vein, either at tbe surface or at depth. Under such circumstances, it need not be marveled, that tbe witnesses, looking at tbe same things and same characteristic features, did not see them alike, or draw tbe same conclusions from them.

Suppose, however, notwithstanding there is a conflict in tbe evidence, we assume, without deciding, that such conflict relates, as is insisted by the appellant, only to the opinions of witnesses as to what the physical facts show, and that the rule, invoked by the respondent, should not, under the circumstances, be enforced, the question then is, was the court justified, under the evidence, in holding that the vein departed, at the point designated in the finding, from lot 38 on a northwesterly course, and did not return to that claim north of that point ? In determining this question it becomes important to consider the nature and principal characteristics of this vein, and, in connection therewith, some prominent geological features disclosed by the evidence. Before doing, this, it will be well to notice that the appellant contends that the vein consists of a series of parallel fissures in limestone, the ore being mixed up with broken, shattered rock; that the vein is so constituted both at the surface and at depth; and that the limits of the vein are coextensive with the limits of the broken, crushed, seamed, and fissured limestone. Upon this theory it is insisted that, while the broken, stained, and shattered material carries little of the valuable metals on and near the surface, it is vein matter and evidence of vein, and that the court erred'in charging the jury that the apex of a fissure vein is the highest point at which vein matter is found, and “by vein matter in this connection I mean rock or earth containing mineral in quantities appreciably greater than is found in the general mass of the mountain.” Whether or not this instruction is erroneous we need not stop to determine. This being a cause in equity, tbe verdict of tbe jury upon tbe controverted questions of fact submitted to it ■was but advisory to tbe court, and therefore error could not be predicated upon instructions given or refused. Tbe judge bad tbe undoubted right to disregard tbe verdict or special findings, or consider them in whole or in part, or determine for himself tbe special issues submitted, as be chose.

“It was therefore a proper exercise of authority for tbe judge in this case to examine tbe evidence in tbe case for himself and determine tbe questions at issue between tbe parties according to tbe weight of evidence, notwithstanding tbe proceedings taken with tbe jury and tbe verdict returned; and -having, in exercise of that authority, made and filed bis written decision, in which tbe facts found corresponded with the verdict of tbe jury, error cannot be predicated on bis findings, if they are sustained by tbe evidence, notwithstanding tbe previous instructions to tbe jury; for, having tbe right to disregard tbe verdict, be bad also tbe right to disregard the instructions to the jury that rendered tbe verdict. It is true that tbe decision of tbe court and tbe verdict of tbe jury were in harmony; but tbe decision of tbe court is tbe judgment of tbe court, and this judgment was warranted by tbe evidence or it was not. If it was not, a new trial should be granted. If it was, it cannot be reversed, except upon other grounds.” (Sweeter v. Dobbins, 65 Cal. 529, 4 Pac. 540; Schneider v. Brown, 85 Cal. 205, 24 Pac. 579, 21 L. R. A. 33, 33 Am. St. Rep. 209.)

In determining tbe question before us, however, whether tbe finding of the court was warranted by tbe evidence, it is important to consider what constitutes a vein or lode. It will hardly be contended that, merely because rock is broken, crushed, shattered, and even fissured, it constitutes a vein within tbe meaning of tbe laws of Congress. All miners of any experience, as well as men of scientific research, know that such occurences may be found in the most barren country. Something more.is necessary to dignify that kind of material with the character of a vein or lode. The material, whatever else may be its condition, must be metalliferous— must contain some kind of mineral of value, so as to distinguish it from the country rock; and especially is this true where there are no well-defined walls. This is so in the case of a contact, as well as of a fissure. Where it is barren for a considerable distance, barren in its continuity, it is deprived of the character of a vein. But wherever a vein has at any time existed, with continuity of ore which by some subsequent convulsion or volcanic action may have been interrupted, the character of the vein or deposit is not changed, (Stevens v. Williams, 1 Mor. Min. Rep. 557.) Fissure veins have many characteristics. They are the fillings of fissures or openings of the country rock, of all kinds of rock of all ages, contain different kinds of material, in some respects corresponding with, in others differing from, the country rock; the most common material being quartz. The fissures have selvages and slickensides, and the gangue material is generally eásily distinguished from the country rock. Fissure vein are simple or banded, according to structure as to minerals. Some continue in the same direction; others are irregular and change their courses. Some have a continuity of ore, while others are barren in places, and still others are faulted. The appellant, as we have seen from the.testimony, claims the vein in dispute is continuous in the same direction; the respondent, that it changes its course and is faulted. The hooks tell us that vein-making fissures have been formed, by contraction or drying, as in argillaceous stratum, or on cooling from fusion, or from heat attending metamorphism; by subterranean movements, pre-eminently those which have attended mountain making; by the disruptive or expansive action of vapors resulting from volcanic action; and by corroding vapors or by solutions from the deep, which sometimes enlarge the fissure, especially where the rock is limestone. (Dana, Manual of Geology.) Fissures formed through volcanic action, and enlarged by corroding solutions and vapors, are deep-seated, and frequently contain large cavities. That the vein in question was so formed by such action and solutions or vapors appears from the testimony, as we have already observed. It will be perceived that to define the word “vein,” that represents a thing of so many and varied characteristics, is a matter attended with difficulty. Especially is this trqe if such definition, in view of the statutes which deal with mineral-bearing veins only, is to convey an accurate idea of the thing itself.

Mr. Justice Field, in the Eureka Case, 4 Sawy. 302, Fed. Cas. No. 4,548, said:

“It is difficult to give any definition of the term as understood and used in the acts of Congress, which will not be subject to criticism. A fissure in the earth’s crust, an opening in its rocks and strata made by some force of nature, in which the mineral is deposited, would seem to be essential to the definition of a lode, in the judgment of geologists. But to the practical miner, the fissure and its walls are only of importance as indicating the boundaries within which he may look for and reasonably expect to find the ore he seeks. A continuous body of min-eralized rock, lying within any other well-defined boundaries on the earth’s surface and under it, would equally constitute, in his eyes, a lode. We are of opinion, therefore, that the term as used in the acts of Congress is applicable to any zone or belt of mineralized rock lying within boundaries clearly separating it from the neighboring rock.”

In Iron Silver Min. Co. v. Cheesman, 116 U. S. 529, 6 Sup. Ct. 481, 29 L. Ed. 712, the Supreme Court of the United States adopted a definition of vein given by Mr. Justice Hallett in the same case, as follows:

“To determine whether a lode or vein exists, it is necessary to define those terms; and, as to that, it is enough to say that a lode or vein is a body of mineral, or mineral-bearing rock, within defined boundaries in tbe general mass of tbe mountain. In this definition tbe elements are tbe body of mineral or mineral-bearing rock and tbe boundaries. With either of these things well established, very slight evidence may be accepted as to tbe ex; istence of tbe other. A body of mineral or mineral-bearing rock in tbe general mass of tbe mountain, so far as it may continue unbroken and without interruption, may be regarded as a lode, whatever tbe boundaries may be. In tbe existence of such body, and to tbe extent of it, 'boundaries are implied. On tbe other band, with well-defined boundaries, very slight evidence of ore within such boundaries will prove tbe existence of a lode. Such boundaries constitute a fissure, and if in such fissure ore is found, although at considerable intervals and in small quantities, it'is called a lode or vein.”

So, in United States v. Iron Silver Min. Co., 128 U. S. 673, 9 Sup. Ct. 195, 32 L. Ed. 571, Mr. Justice Field said:

“By ‘veins or lodes,’ as here used, are meant lines or aggregations of metal embedded in quartz or other rock in place. Tbe terms are found together in tbe statutes, and both are intended to indicate tbe presence ofmineral in rock.” (Cheesman v. Shreeve [C. C.], 40 Fed. 787; Hyman v. Wheeler [C. C.], 29 Fed. 347; Leadville Min. Co. v. Fitzgerald, 4 Mor. Min. Rep. 380.)

In all these definitions, as will be noticed, tbe essential elements of a vein are mineral or mineral-bearing rock and boundaries, and no • doubt that, when one of these elements is well established, “very slight evidence may be accepted as to the existence of tbe other.” - It would seem, therefore, that where one claims extralateral rights under the acts of Congress, because of a vein existing and apexing in his ground, but which has no well-defined boundaries, he, when his claim is controverted, must, in order to exercise such rights, show a ledge or-body of mineral or mineral-bearing rock of such value as will distinguish it from the couutry rock, or from the general mass of the mountain. The material must in texture and value be such as to show the existence of a vein, and the mere fact, as has been stated, or proof of the fact, that the rock is broken, shattered, and fissured, and mixed with calcareous substance, though it may show a conglomerate mass, does not establish, in the sense of the statutes, a vein. When, however, the walls or boundaries are well-defined, the vein differentiated from the adjacent country, and the kind of material mentioned constitutes the filling, evidence of slight value in mineral will, it seems, be sufficient.

It is insisted for the appellant, however, that “a lode, within the meaning of the statute, is whatever the minor can follow with a reasonable expectation of finding ore;” that, though he sees no ore, yet, if he sees gangue and vein matter, he discovers the lode; and that whatever material would be sufficient to render valid a location thereon would be sufficient evidence of apex to justify one in following therefrom downwards, beyond the side lines of the location, in the same kind of material, to and beneath the surface of his neighbor’s property. We do not thus interpret the law. What may constitute a sufficient discovery to warrant a location of a claim may be wholly inadequate to justify the locator in claiming or exercising any rights reserved by the statutes. What constitutes a discovery that will validate a location is very a different thing from what constitutes an apex, to which attaches the statutory, right to invade the possession of and appropriate the property which is presumed to belong to an adjoining owner. The question of a sufficient discovery of a vein, or of the validity of a notice of location, upon which the cases cited by the appellant on this point are authority, is substantially different from one relating to the continuity of a vein on its dip from the apex, and which tests the rights of the undisputed owner of the surface to what lies underneath and within his own boundaries. It is the object and policy of the law to encourage the prospector and miner in their efforts to discover the hidden treasures of the mountains, and therefore, as between conflicting lode claimants, the law is liberally construed in favor of the senior location; but where one claims what prima facie belongs to his neighbor, because of an apex in the claimant’s location, a more rigid rule of construction against the claimant prevails, and, as we have already observed, he has the burden to show, not merely that the vein on its dip may include the ore bodies in the adjoining ground, hut that in fact it does so include them. Until he establishes such fact beyond reasonable controversy, he has no rights outside his side lines in another’s ground.

“In determining what constitutes such a discovery as will satisfy the law and form the basis of a valid mining location, we find, as in the case of the definition of the terms ‘lode’ or ‘vein’ that the tendency of the courts is toward marked liberality of construction where a question arises between two miners who have located claims upon the same lode or within the same surface boundaries, and toward strict'rules of interpretation when the miner asserts rights in property which either prima facie belongs to some one else or is’ claimed under laws other than those providing for the disposition of mineral lands, in which latter case the relative value of the tract is a matter directly in issue. The reason for this is obvious. In the case where two miners assert rights based upon separate alleged discoveries on the same vein, neither is hampered with presumptions arising from a prior grant of the tract, to overcome which strict proof is required. In applying a liberal rule to one class of cases and a rigid rule to another, the courts justify their action upon the theory that the object of each section of the Revised Statutes, and the whole policy of the entire law shoiild not be overlooked.” (1 Lindley on Mines [2 Ed.], see. 336.)

The Supreme Court of Montana, in Fitzgerald v. Clark, 17 Mont. 100, 42 Pac. 273, 30 L. R. A. 803, 52 Am. St. Rep. 665, observed:

“When it is said that a location may be sustained by the discovery of mineral deposits of such Value as to at least justify the exploration of the lode in the expectation of finding ore sufficiently valuable to work, it is a very different question from telling a jury that the geological fact of the continuity of the vein to a certain point may be determined by what a practical miner might do in looking for some hoped-for continuity.” (Migeon v. Mont. Cent. Ry. Co., 77 Fed. 249, 23 C. C. A. 156; Bonner v. Meikle [C. C.], 82 Fed. 697; United States v. Iron Silver Min. Co., 128 U. S. 673, 9 Sup. Ct. 195, 32 L. Ed. 571.)

Reverting to the characteristic of a vein or lode, appearing from the definitions above quoted, that its filling must consist of a body of mineral or mineral-bearing rock, what value such material should contain is a matter not devoid of difficulty, and no standard of value applicable to all such cases has yet, and probably never will be, devised. It must necessarily depend upon the characteristics of the district or country in which the vein or lode, in any particular instance claimed to exist, is located, and upon the character, as to boundaries, of the vein itself. If the country rock, or the general mass of the mountain outside of the limits of the vein, is wholly barren, slight values of the vein material, as before stated, would seem to satisfy the law; but if, on the other hand, the rock of the district generally carries values, then undoubtedly the values in the vein material, where the boundaries of the vein are not well or not at all defined, either on the surface or at depth, should be in excess of those of the country rock, else there can be no line of demarkation, nor, where the rock is generally broken, shattered, and fissured, anything to separate it from the adjacent country. Values, therefore, of the filling of a vein, must be considered with special reference to the district where the vein or lode is found. It is likewise as to a definition of a vein or lode. In Migeon v. Montana Cent. Ry. Co., 77 Fed. 249, 23 C. C. A. 156 it was said:

“The definition of a lode must always have special reference to the formation and peculiar characteristics of the particular district in which the lode or vein is found.” (Bonner v. Meikle, supra.)

Now, weighing and considering the evidence, which we have already examined, in the light of the foregoing definitions, adopted and announced by the most eminent tribunal in this country, and bearing in mind the characteristics of a vein to which we have adverted, the conclusion seems inevitable that no vein that will satisfy the demands of the law has been shown to exist north of the north end of the Cunningham stope, or north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, within the limits of lot 38, which from its apex on its dip extends to and includes the ore bodies in question.

Looking again at the surface of lot 38, through the evidence, we see, it is true, outside the dykes, broken, shattered, and fractured rocks, seams filled with calcite, or calcareous matter, in places bxecciated material, and stains of different oxides of iron and occasionally of manganese; but what we conceive fo be a decided preponderance of the evidence shows that these same conditions of the rock and earth appear in the same manner and to about the same extent throughout the limestone area north of that end line, except in the vicinity of the line of stoping and of the dykes. The evidence respecting the surface, considered all together, conveys the idea that generally the portion of the country referred to, including lot 38 north of the Cunningham stope, presents substantially the same appearance, except in the vicinity of the dykes, the back fissure, and ore bodies, and that wherever the rock is exposed, by erosion or otherwise, its broken, fractured, and seamed condition is visible. So, as we have seen from the review of the evidence, the same similarity of appearances and conditions of rock and material exists beneath the surface on tbe various levels in both mines. In fact, we feel warranted in tbe conclusion that it is established by tbe overwhelming weight of tbe evidence that tbe easterly portion of Condon tunnel; tbe northerly portion of tbe Finn tunnel level, including both of its westerly branches; tbe Grand Central 200 level, from its easterly face back to station T; tbe northerly portion of tbe Mammoth tunnel level, including tbe three westerly or northwesterly branches and tbe Dago raises; tbe branch westerly from.station 106 on tbe Mammoth 400, and the Grand Central 400 level from its easterly face bach to tbe winze; tbe workings on tbe 500 level from about station 584 north; tbe northerly workings on tbe Mammoth 600 level, including tbe east and west crosscut from station 643, and' tbe new cross-cut running westerly from station 15 into Silveropolis ground; tbe northerly portion of tbe Mammoth 100 level, including tbe long connecting cross-cut, and tbe Grand Central 700 from its easterly face back to station 22; and tbe Tranter drift and northerly workings on tbe Mammoth 800 level — are all outside of any vein such as tbe law contemplates, but are in country rock, except instances where such workings run along or cross tbe dykes and are in dyke material. According to tbe decided preponderance of tbe evidence, therefore, even though whatever conflict therein exists be regarded as relating to tbe opinion of witnesses merely, tbe section of country lying west of tbe west side line, or, rather, west of tbe east side line, of lot 38, and north of tbe ore bodies cut by the plane H-H, or lying along a plane drawn vertically down through tbe line U-T, or north of tbe plane E-E, and east of tbe stoping along and in tbe direction of tbe line T-S, is practically barren of mineral, although tbe rock, in general, is much broken, shattered, and fractured, with fissures running in all directions. Tbe same barren condition'of that section of ground also appears from tbe assays of tbe samples taken from the surface and tbe workings at depth.

It is true, tbe appellant claims tbe open cuts and tbe workings at depth are substantially all in vein material; but, as we have seen, in tbe judgment of tbe appellant’s witnesses, broker., shattered, and fissured limestone, or. crushed and brecciated matter, no matter how barren, constitutes vein material, although such matter and conditions exist, without any defined boundaries, many hundreds of feet to the east and west of lot 38, in fact throughout that limestone area, so far as it was examined by witnesses, and with no more mineralization than is contained in the general mass of the mountain or more than 1,000 feet to the east and west, or through the limestone belt. Is it not difficult to perceive how such material, in the absence of both a hanging and foot wall, can be regarded as a vein ? Are not the essential characteristics of a vein or lode absolutely'wanting? In the absence of the very elements which constitute a vein, as defined by the highest court of our country, how can we hold a vein exists? There appears to be no mineralization in excess of that contained in the country rock; the existence of no body of mineral or mineral-bearing rock in any opening or fissure established. No witness, save Mr. Akers, at-témpted to locate, the foot wall of the vein, and he, as we have noticed, at but one place, about 20 feet west of station 643 on the 600 level, in judgment only; for his evidence is not direct or satisfactory as to the fact. Several witnesses at a few points attempted to. fix the hanging wall; but in each instance the testimony respecting it seems to point to an arbitrary location, for the fracturing, which they claim to be the limits of the vein, extends far to the west of the places pointed to as the hanging wall. We doubt if the most careful scrutiny of a scientific expert on mines could, from the description of the material in evidence, locate what, in the judgment of those witnesses, is the hanging walL It seems to exist in opinion only. Nor does the fracturing stop at the Grand Central ore bodies. It is shown in evidence to extend, at least as far west as the Grand Central shaft, more- than 1,000 feet beyond where that wall was attempted to be located. No court would be justified in holding that, in such a formation- as this, the limits of fracturing constitute the limits of the vein. Such a holding would be alike unreasonable and impracticable. It would convert practically all that whole limestone area into a vein — a vein thousands of feet wide, the like of which, we venture to say, no geologist or miner has ever known. Even if there be found an occasional vugg or fragment of ore, yet where it is disconnected from any ore body and so intermingled with and surrounded by country rock that it cannot be regarded as continuous, it does not mark the line of a vein or lode, within the meaning of - the law. (Bunker Hill & S. M. & C. Co. v. E. St. Ida. M. & D. Co. [C. C.], 134 Fed. 268; Cheesman v. Shreeve [C. C.], 40 Fed. 787; Iron Silver Min. Co. v. Cheesman, 116 U. S. 529, 6 Sup. Ct. 481, 29 L. Ed. 712.)

Upon very careful scrunity of the 'evidence, we are of the opinion that the court did not err in rejecting the theory that the limits of fracturing constituted the limits of the vein, nor in holding that the vein existing in the south end of lot 38 did not continue in that lot north of the north end of the Cunningham stope. Where, then, and in what direction, does the vein proceed on its strike from that stope, and where are its boundaries or limits ? That the Mammoth vein was formed by replacement — by replacing the limestone, molecule for molecule, with mineral through the thermal and chemical waters, or corroding vapors or solutions, ascending from the deep through the fissure or series of fissures constituting the lode — and that, where the ore appears, the fissure or opening was widened and large cavities created and filled with ore, through metasomatic action, appears manifest from the evidence. The acid and corrosive solution acting upon the limestone corroded it or dissolved it, and the limestone thus precipitated the ore by depositing it out of the solutions. Thus, evidently, the ore bodies were built up particle by particle by dissolving the limestone and precipitating the ore, or by replacing the limestone with ore. It appears in evidence that great masses of ore are found in which the original bedding planes can yet be traced, these planes not having been obliterated by the metasomatic change. These things are not denied by the witnesses for the appellant, but, on the contrary, its leading witness admits that there are evidences of metasomatic change in the Mammoth vein, although he says he has heard or read of no mines in limestone where the process of replacement was so limited as in these mines. It also appears in evidence, as has been observed, that in running from an ore body into limestone anywhere barren rock will be encountered within a few inches or a few feet of the ore. In other words, the limit of the ore everywhere is practically barren rock or barren material. This clearly appears from the testimony of Gol. Wall and of Mr. Loose. According to the decided weight of the evidence, the mineralization practically ceases everywhere within a short distance from the ore bodies. The vein and ore bodies, going northerly from the Mammoth shaft, rarely reach a width of 100 feet. This, condition of things exists all along the fissure northerly through the great ore bodies to the Cunningham stope, thence through the ore bodies in the direction of the lines TJ-T and T-S. It is the same on each side of where the vein passes through the dyke, and the country in the vicinity of the dykes, where the vein penetrates them, is very much crushed and shattered. The direction of the ore channel and and ore bodies will readily be observed from the diagrams. It will be noticed that the ore channel, although irregular and changing its course at the Cunningham stop and at the Brad-lev-Consort line, is continuous clear through from the Mammoth shaft to north of the Butterfly stope, a distance of more than 2,000 feet, and more than 1,400 feet, as we have seen before, in the northwesterly direction from the Cunningham stope, and doubtless the course of a vein longitudinally, as it passes through the country, is its strike. That the vein has well-defined boundaries and strike from the south end line of lot 38 to the north end of that stope, a distance of about 100 feet, is not controverted; but from there on in the northwesterly direction, although the same conditions continue to exist, the appellant insists that the ore bodies are on the dip, and not on the strike, of the vein. But why not on the strike % What facts are there established by the evidence that show the ore bodies-on the dip and not on the strike? We must confess our inability, upon most careful scrutiny of the mass of evi-deuce, to find anything to warrant us in sustaining the contention of the appellant. The character of the fissure, the processes that evidently controlled in the deposition of the ore, the characteristics of the vein where it is not in dispute and those where it is in dispute, including the continuity of the ore in the line of the channel, the barrenness of the rock as you recede from the ore, the dip of the vein and of the back fissure, yet to be adverted to, the similarity of the earth and rock throughout the limestone area outside of the ore bodies and dykes, some prominent geological features yet to be noticed, all militate against the contention and point unerringly, it seems, to the line marked by the ore channel as the location and strike of the vein, and to the limits of the deposition of ore as the limits of the vein.

Reverting to the geological features, just mentioned and before referred to, we will first notice the dip of the vein and back fissure, and here the appellant in its contention encounters a serious obstacle; for in vain will the record be searched for a degree of inclination that would carry a vein from lot 38 to the ore bodies in dispute. The vein and ore bodies, wherever explored, occupy almost a vertical position. As we have shown by a review of the evidence, at the Mammoth shaft the vein and ore go to the deep so nearly vertical that on the 1,900 level, a distance of 1,800 feet, the westing is but 100 feet, and the dip over 86° from the horizontal. The dip of the back fissure is shown to be about the same from the Finn tunnel to the 800 level, a distance of 688 feet; the Finn tunnel being 92 feet and the 800 level 135, west of the west side line of lot 38, making a westing of but 43 feet and a dip if 86%°. So we have seen that, -on the Grand Central side, from top of the winze on the 400 down to the 1,000 level, the dip is 82° from the horizontal, and that along the line U-T, where the ore bodies in dispute occur, the dip is 75° to 80° degrees from the horizontal. Now, considering the dip of the vein, as thus shown in both mines, in connection with the long distance, apparent from the surface maps, intervening between the west side line of lot 38 and the ore bodies and vein on the Grand Central side, is it not clear, without further demonstration, that no dip is shown that could carry a vein from lot 38 to the controverted ore bodies and vein in the Q-rand Central mine ? Such certainly seems to be the fact under the proof. But Mr. Earnshaw, one of the appellant’s witnesses, it is claimed, followed the vein from the Condon tunnel, through the Condon winze and other openings, down to the 800 level. While it no doubt is true that he went down through the various openings, as he says, consisting of winzes, raises, and drifts, to that level, still that does not show a tracing of a vein apexing in lot 38 on its dip to the ore in controversy. The Condon winze and other openings to which he refers, including the Betsy stope, as has already been shown, are in or connected with the back fissure, which extends north from the Cunningham stope; and the ore bodies in controversy manifestly are not in that fissure, and consequently such tracing shows no continuity of a vein, on its dip, that includes them.

The back fissure is a geological feature of much importance. Mr. Akers, as previously shown, states that the main vein forks, on the 400 level, north of the south end line of the Golden King claim, and the easterly portion continues northerly on the east side of the dyke. If this be true, then this fork must constitute the back fissure, which appears to be feathering out north of the Betsy stope near the 1,100-foot line. Through this fissure the Betsy stope and the various openings mentioned are connected with the main vein at or near the Cunningham stope, and doubtless form a part of it. It is clear, from the testimony and maps or diagrams, that practically all the ore, north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, which has been referred to in evidence, was either in or connected with the back fissure, or was in the 'broken and crushed country in the vicinity of the junction of the dykes, and where the fork, which Mr. Akers says diverges to the northwest, passes through the dykes. The Betsy stope is admittedly in the back fissure, north of that end line, on the east side of the Finn dyke, and the great Klondyke stope is immediately west and to the south of the Betsy stope in the crushed country referred to. That the various ore deposits, including those stopes found immediately to the north and south of the main ore channel, were made by the mineral solutions rising through the main fissure, we entertain little doubt. This position is supported by the fact that, as one proceeds north or south from the ore channel in that vicinity a comparatively short-distance, the ore depositions cease. Nowhere in that ground, so far as shown, has ore in considerable quantities been found remote from and disconnected with the main ore channel. So in the same way may be accounted for and explained the splitting of the vein, and the westerly branch passing through the Finn dyke, which thes appellant claims occurred between the 300 and 400 levels, and about the 80-foot level on the plane H-H. Whatever appearances of ore may exist there, they were doubtless caused by the dynamic disturbance in the formation of the fissure, the breaking through the dyke, and the ore depositing solutions or vapors; for nowhere else along the dyke, so far as appears from the evidence, has there been discovered a similar occurrence. It will be observed that the only place where ore in any considerable quantity and unmistakable vein matter are found in connection with the dykes is in the immediate vicinity of the ore channel where it passes through them. Yet, if the appellant’s theory that the vein passes through the Finn dyke on its dip were well founded, we would expect to find evidences of it passing through it at other points along its strike. It seems perfectly intelligible that, when the mineral-bearing solutions ascended from the deep and circulated through the main fissure or series of fissures, they were, by pressure or other of nature’s processes, forced through the crushed and shattered rock and loose brecciated material, and that by metasomatic action of the solutions the mineral was deposited as far as the rock or material was thus physically prepared for the passage of those solutions. The evidence shows that the rock, at the junction of the dykes and where the vein passes through them, was so prepared, and this accounts for the strong mineralization in that vicinity, and for the large ore bodies, in places, like those of the Betsy and Klondyke stopes, leading out from the main fissure or ore channel.

The appellant contends, however, that the vein from the Cunningham stope to the Bradley-Oonsort line cannot be on its strike, because along the line U-T the vein is not coursing on a horizontal plane, but is descending at an angle of about 70° from the horizontal. Answering this contention, the respondent insists that the downward course of the ore from the Cunningham stope, in the direction of the line U-T, is due to faults, along the dykes or brakes, by which the country, on the hanging wall side of the Finn dyke, has been successively dropped and the vein thereby faulted. This leads to a consideration of one of the most interesting and significant geological features disclosed by the evidence, although frequent reference thereto has already been made throughout the discussion herein. We concur with witnesses in the criticism that the word “dyke,” applied either to the Finn or Coates occurrence, is not an appropriate term. It is an inappropriate name, ’ applied to what might with propriety be termed a faulting fracture. Those occurrences are not intrusions of igneous rocks or matter between sedimentary beds, characteristic of dykes; but, according to the testimony, the fractures are filled with minute angular fragments of sedimentary bed rock — limestone and clay — breeciated material, in places, recemented with ealcite. The term “dyke,” however, having been employed in the record and briefs, has been and will be retained herein for convenience in referring to either of the fractures.

The Finn dyke has a course N. about 15° to 20° E., and the appellant claims the foot wall of the dyke is coincident with the hanging wall of the vein in controversy; but, as we have seen, no vein has been established along the dyke, except the back fissure, which seems to fade out near the 1,100-foot line. The Coates dyke courses nearly north and south with a dip almost vertical — a little inclined to the west The Finn has a dip to the west of 80° to 85° from the horizontal, and is irregular in width, ranging from 15 to 40 or 50 feet, and where it unites with the Coates dyke the lime breccia is probably 120 to 125 feet wide. On the different levels the two dykes are close together. Their junction is practically vertically under tbe south end line of the Silveropolis claim, although it sometimes varies to 100 feet to the south. At or near this junction, practically on the line T-U, the vein and ore, as we have seen, pass, the respondent claims on the strike, the appellant on the dip, through the dykes. The Finn dyke marks the boundary between two great masses or beds of fissured lime rocks — vast geological blocks. The indications disclosed by the evidence are that it has grown wider with successive movements, through succeeding ages, and that it is confined to the lim'estone. There appears to be nothing to indicate that it extends deeper into the earth than the limestone, ■ if so deep; there being no indication of disruption or expansive action of vapors or of corroding solutions resulting from volcanic action, except in the locality where the vein passes through it. In places the particles composing the filling of the fracture are recemented, and in others the material is crashed and loose, especially so at and in the vicinity of the junction, and where the vein penetrates the breaks. Except where the ore channel passes through them, the dykes are not mineralized. That they were originally formed pre-mineral, and' that there has been a faulting of the country along the Finn break, witnesses on both sides appear to agree. They also agree that there were subsequent movements which resulted in further crushing and grinding up the material of the dyke, and in either raising the foot wall country, along the course of the break, or dropping the hanging wall country. There is a disagreement among the witnesses, however, as to whether the faulting occurred anterior or subsequent to the formation of the vein and ore bodies. In the opinions of the expert witnesses for the respondent the faulting occurred subsequent to the deposition of the mineral, and resulted in a dislocation and dropping of the ore bodies, on the west side of the Finn dyke, to a position down anywhere to 400 feet below that occupied before the faulting took place. While in the judgment of the witnesses for the defense the faulting was premineral, the appellant’s leading, experts admit, not only that subsequent to the formation of the dyke movements oc■curred along the break resulting in faults, but Mr. Akers says be would expect tbe faulting to'be considerably over 50 and possibly several hundred feet; but. whether the throw was up or down, in his opinion, could not be determined. There are indications disclosed by the testimony, however, that strongly tend to show that the throw, or possibly a succession of throws, were down and not up. Such are the indications near the southerly end of the drift, running south along the dyke on the 400 level, at station 401i, where Mr. Tyler says ore, slight in quantity, was found in broken and shattered material, and had the appearance of having been dragged down from the ore bodies above. Dr. Talmage says low-grade ore occurred at that station on the surface of fractured pieces ■of limestone, and that there is evidence of movement producing typical slickensides. Similar conditions appear on the 500 level between stations 622 and 622b, and on the 700 level, whére Mr. Tyler says the ore had not gotten entirely through the dyke, was in a broken condition, and indicated that it was mixed up with the dyke material, showing moro or less translation. There is also testimony showing that, where the vein went through the. dyke, the ore was crushed, loose, oxidized, and rarely recemented. Evidently the dyke grew wider, and its material became more crushed and powdered, with each successive movement of the mountain masses along the original line of fracture, and the conditions shown by the evidence to exist fairly indicate, not only that faulting occurred along the line of break since the deposition of mineral, but that the hanging wall side, including the ore bodies west of the dyke, was successively dropped to a greater or less extent, thereby changing the relative elevations of the ore bodies existing east and west of the dykes. The difference in the elevations of the ore bodies would likewise be largely accounted for if the foot wall country was raised, and the hanging wall country not depressed. The importance of this most significant geological feature in the consideration of these vexed questions is thus apparent; for, if the difference in the elevation of the ore bodies be accounted for by a depression of the hanging wall or raising of the foot wall country, and we think the conclusion that one or the other of these throws occurred is but a logical and reasonable deduction from the indications in evidence, then it is too clear for argument that no dip of a vein has been shown which could possibly extend from an apex in Mammoth ground, north of the Silveropolis south end line extended, and intercept the ore’ bodies in dispute.

The position that faulting occurred after the deposition of ore, and that the vein was faulted, obscured, practically lost, by the movements along the dyke, is also in harmony with the conduct of the appellant during all the years of operation in the mine; for while, many years ago, the Cunningham stope was worked down to the 300 and the Betsy down to the 500 level, both stopes lying immediately east of the Finn break, the great Klondyke stope, on the 400 level, lying immediately west of - the Betsy stope but a little farther south, in the crushed material of the breaks, was not disturbed until a comparatively short time before the commencement of this litigation. It is true, several of appellant’s witnesses say there is continuous ore from the Betsy and Cunningham stopes to the Klondyke, and that the latter stope was not worked at the time of operations in the former stopes because the ground was considered dangerous; but is that the real reason why the operations were not extended to that vast ore body? Was not the ground, when that ore body was in fact discovered and the ore extracted, just as dangerous as during all tire years from the time of the operations in the Cunningham and Betsy stopes ? Is it not a'reasonable inference, from the circumstances, that the faulting of the country along the Finn dyke and the consequent dislocation of the vein, had so obscured the ore that it never, during that long period of time from the operations in the other stopes until after the discovery of ore to the west by the respondent, occurred to the operators of the Mammoth mine or to its experienced miners that ore existed west of the dyke ? It does seem unreasonable that an intelligent management would permit this vast deposit of ore to remain unexplored, untouched, for so many years, the very time during which the shaft was being pushed to the depths far below, and the mountain masses, on various levels, punctured with drifts and cross-cuts in search for ore, if it had known or believed that ore existed west of the dyke. We are impelled to ,the conclusion that, with all the developments, the Mammoth operators entertained no thought that ore existed in that vicinity until after the discoveries made by the respondent within its territory. Nor is it shown that before such discovery it ever occurred to the management of the appellant, or to any of its agents, that an apex and vein existed in lot 38, north of the Cunningham stope or of the Silveropolis south end line extended, which, or any part of which, on its dip, passed through the dyke and continued down in ore west of the break.

To further show the improbability of the existence of such a vein, take the circumstance that the two lines, the line of apex, claimed by the appellant to continue parallel with the side lines of lot 38, or N, about 18° E., and the line of stop-ing, from the. Silveropolis south end line extended, running N. 10° to 15° W., which, proceeding north, are constantly diverging; could it be claimed, with any degree of plausibility, that, after apoint had been reachedwhere the divergence had resulted in a distance of a mile or more between the lines, that a vein extending from that line of apex, on its dip, yet intercepted any ore that might exist, at such northern point, on the Grand Central 400, or 500, or lower levels extended? Surely there is not, in this voluminous record, even in the most extravagant statements of witnesses as to what constitutes a vein, any testimony showing a dip of any vein, or even of a bedding plane, which would make such a thing possible. Outside of this circumstance and the fact that all the prominent geological features, as we have seen, point with entire unanimity to the location of the Mammoth vein, on its strike, as being practically as represented by the stoping along the lines W-U, TJ-T, and T-S, and indicating that the vein passed through the dykes on its strike and not on its dip, there is yet another circumstance tending to show that such is the location and strike of the vein; and that is that on the Mammoth side the production of ore has been nearly all from the vein south of the north end of the Betsy stope, having yielded in dividends more than $1,600,000 and for expenses about four-fifths of that sum, while on the Grand Central side the ores marketed amounted to more than $1,800,000 and those developed at the time of this trial and yet remaining in the mine to $600,000, showing by comparison that the vein retains its great producing character throughout its northerly and northwesterly course for a distance of nearly half a mile. Thus, upon careful review and extended discussion of the testimony relating to the underground workings and explorations, and upon deliberate consideration of the main geological features disclosed by the evidence, it seems clear that this great ore channel was formed by the mineral solutions from the deep coursing through a fissure or series of fissures, deflected from a northerly course at the Cunningham stope to a northwesterly course, and then again, near the Bradley-Consort line, to a more northerly course; that the channel and deposition of ore along its entire length resulted from the same causes and the same processes of nature; that the vein passed through the dykes on its strike and was faulted ; and that the ore bodies in controversy 'are on its strike, and not on its dip, and belong to the owners of the Silver-opolis and Consort mining claims. It follows inevitably that the findings of the court were but proper deductions from the proof, and, being sustained by the great weight of the evidence respecting both the surface and underground workings, this judgment must be affirmed, unless there was error in the refusal to permit the filing of the proposed amendment to the counterclaim, and the .proposed original counterclaim, in each of which it was alleged that the vein departed from lot 38 as found by the court, but that it passed into and continued at its apex and on its strike in the Golden King and Bradley mining claims.

In. passing to this branch of the ease, it may be observed that the offer to amend the pleadings was occasioned by the action of the trial judge in filing a written opinion in the cause, aside from the findings, wherein, among other things, he said: “My conclusion is that there are two veins in the Mammoth ground, one running from the shaft out north, and extending as far as the 1,700-foot line at least, and the other to the east. North of the extended south end line of the Sil-veropolis these two lodes come so close together that the ores from one have mingled with the ore from the other and destroyed the line of demarkation between them above the 80-foot 'level, so that the top of the back vein, apexing in the Bradley and Golden King, as is practically conceded, is the top of the front vein. But the front vein, as I have already stated, extends no farther north than the station marked 427 on.the map of the 400-foot level.” It would seem almost needless to say that, if this conclusion of the judge and some of the views expressed in his opinion were sustained by the evidence, his refusal to permit the amendment to be filed would unquestionably have been, a gross abuse of discretion and reversible error; for, with a judgment in this suit in fav- or of the respondent, it would be idle to say, as was said in his opinion, that “in a proper proceeding the defendant should be’decreed to be the owner of the ore bodies in dispute under the Silveropolis and Consort mining claims.” This suit was itself “a proper proceeding” in which to determine and adjust the rights of the respective parties to those ore bodies, and a final judgment herein would undoubtedly be a bar to another suit between the same parties involving the same subject-matter. Can it be doubted that the affirmance of this judgment will bar another action involving the same controversy between these parties? Certainly this decision will become the law of the case, and will prevent further litigation as to any matter adjudicated herein. If, however, there were any evidence to support or justify the expressions of the judge — evidence to the effect that there were two veins, one of which apexed in the Golden King and Bradley claims, and on its dip included the ore bodies in dispute — then the amendment should have been allowed, not because of his opinion, but because of variance between the pleadings and the proof. But, as may be seen from the review and discussion of the evidence on the other branch of the case, there is no proof whatever of such a state of things. Nor did the appellant at any time, during either one of the long trials, claim the existence of such a vein in those claims; nor did the skill of the men of science or of the experienced miners who testified, after critical examination of the 400 and of the various levels, detect a vein of that character. Under the proof, a vein apexing in the Golden King and Bradley claims and embracing the ore bodies in dispute can only exist in imagination, and the claim of the judge that it did in fact exist was but the result of an erroneous and mistaken view of the underground formations — of the geological facts in evidence. His written opinion, however, is not properly a part of the record, and affords no evidence that the recitals therein contained are true, or warranted by the proof. A trial judge may in any case give a written opinion or not, as he chooses; but this court is not bound by any reasons he may assign for his action or his judgment. Nor is his act in delivering such an opinion one upon which error can be predicated, although counsel may cite the document in argument. Nor can such opinion qualify or limit the findings of fact or decision. (White v. Merrill, 82 Cal. 14, 22 Pac. 1129; In re Kingsley, 93 Cal. 576, 29 Pac. 244; Pearson v. G. N. Ry. [Minn.], 95 N. W. 1113.)

Nor can the opinion thus filed herein be made the sole basis for amendment of the pleadings, where, as here, there is no variance between the pleadings and proof, and no offer of further proof under the proposed amendment. That there was no variance is clear, because the contention on each side was fairly within the scope of the pleadings, and all the evidence was introduced in support of one or the other of these contentions, and corresponds with the allegations in the pleadings, and because the facts in evidence show no apex or vein in the Golden King and Bradley such as is claimed by the judge to exist. Not only was there no offer or further proof, but counsel for appellant in their brief insist there was no further evidence to present, that the “evidence as to the physical facts on both sides was complete,” and that “every level, every drift, every opening, every ore occurrence, had been gone into in tbe greatest detail.” They also say: “It appears from tbe record that the trial occupied as much as 70 days; that tbe sole question was as to where the apex of tbe vein was, and that all tbe evidence as to that question was offered, and that tbe investigation was full and complete; and tbe plaintiff was informed by defendant, before any evidence' was offered, that if tbe proof should be that tbe apex was in tbe Jenkins, tbe Golden King, and tbe Bradley, tbe defendant would ask tbe court for leave to amend tbe complaint to make it conform to tbe proofs. It is apparent from all tbe evidence that the defendant on tbe trial inquired and investigated as fully and as thoroughly, by all legitimate means, where the apex of the vein in dispute was, as it would have done had tbe apex of the vein been alleged in defendant’s counterclaim to be in the Golden King and Bradley claims; and it cannot be urged, in view of the evidence, that tbe plaintiff should have been surprised by the amendment, bad leave to file it been granted.” 'It is thus apparent that, the proposed amendment and original counterclaim were not offered for the purpose of introducing further proof, nor to conform to tbe proof as it was understood to be by the parties but for the manifest purpose of having the pleadings conform to the opinion of the judge, regardless of what the proof in fact showed; and this, after the court bad rendered its decision. If, under the circumstances, tbe court had permitted tbe filing of the proffered amendment and original counterclaim, its action would have been wholly unwarranted and a palpable abuse of discretion. If any one could know whether there was a vein in tbe Golden King and Bradley, extending north to station 421 of the 400 level, the defendant, after 30 years of operations and tbe large amount of work done preparatory for those protracted trials, ought surely to have been aware of it, and framed its pleadings accordingly. It could not take its stand upon an apex in lot 38, and, having trusted to fortune in that position, after trial and judgment, change to new ground, at the mere suggestion of a discovery of a vein by the trial judge, with no evidence to warrant tbe suggestion, no variance between the proof and pleadings, and ho offer of further proof, under tbe proposed amendment and new pleadings, seek a recovery upon such change of base. We can perceive neither equity nor justice in such a proceeding, under such circumstances, where years of time have already been consumed in the litigation, and where the battle has already been fought twice over, necessarily at enormous expense to the litigants, with the ability of eminent counsel and of skilled and learned witnesses, and has resulted at the end of each trial in practically the same judgment. As to the formations and indications upon the surface and on the various' levels, including the 400 level, as to the physical facts in evidence, the appellant had no more knowledge after than before the suggestion of the judge was made; and the formations, where this vein was claimed to be, all the prominent geological facts revealed by the evidence, the inferences drawn therefrom by the learned scientists and experts, and the long years of operations without discovery of such vein, render that opinion not only vulnerable, but show that it was not founded in fact, and, as we have seen, it cannot become the basis of amendment.

If such amendments, under such circumstances, were sanctioned, the ingenuity of counsel would not fail in pointing out, upon each successive defeat, a new avenue leading to another experiment, until the bankruptcy of the litigants would finally end the controversy. In Warner v. Godfrey, 186 U. S. 365, 22 Sup. Cf. 852, 46 L. Ed. 1203, the complainant filed his bill in equity to set aside a conveyance on the ground of actual fraud, and, being defeated, obtained leave to amend his bill, claiming the same relief, but upon the ground of constructive fraud. The trial court found that the charges of actual fraud were unfounded, and in this the appellate court of the District of Columbia concurred, but held that ‘ ‘from another point of veiw, made clear by the testimony, though it may not be specifically presented by the pleadings/’ acts ’constituting “legal or constructive fraud,” the plaintiff was entitled to prevail, reversed the decree dismissing the bill, and directed the lower court to permit an amendment. The bill was amended accordingly, and a decree entered in favor of- the plaintiff. Then on appeal to the Court of Appeals this decree was affirmed, and thereafter an appeal taken to the Supreme Court of the United States. That court held it error to permit the amendment, and, speaking, through Mi. Justice White, said:

“It would be highly inequitable to permit a litigant to press with the greatest pertinacity for years unfounded demands for specific and general relief, however much confidence he may have had in such charges, necessitating large expenditures by the defendants to make a proper defense thereto, and then, after the submission of a cause, when the grounds of relief actually asserted were found to be wholly without merit, to allow averments to be made by way of amendment, constituting a new and substantive ground of relief.” (1 Ency. Pl. & Pr. 584-586; Gubbins v. Laughtenschlager [C. C.], 75 Fed. 615; Metropolitan Nat. Bank v. St. L. Dispatch Co. [C. C.], 38 Fed. 57; Marshall v. Golden Fleece M. Co., 16 Nev. 156, 180; Page v. Williams, 54 Cal. 562; Richard v. Hupp [Cal.], 37 Pac. 910; Chicago, etc., Ry. Co. v. Third Nat. Bank, 134 U. S. 276, 10 Sup. Ct. 550, 33 L. Ed. 900; Shawper v. Chamberlain, 113 Iowa 742, 84 N. W. 661, 86 Am. St. Rep. 411.)

This suggestion of the trial judge, that there was a vein apexing in the Golden King and Bradley that embraced the disputed ore bodies, was a new theory in the case. So far as the record shows, during all the years the mine had been operated, such a vein had remained undiscovered. Nor had such a theory ever suggested itself to any of the eminent counsel or experts during either of the trials. The judge himself says that the conclusions which he has “deduced from the testimony differ widely from the views of both parties to the cause.” He asserts that this vein exists and terminates in its course northward at station 427 of the 400 level, and that the ore bodies underlying the Silveropolis and Consort mining ■claims south of the plane drawn through station 427, parallel to the Silveropolis south end line, are within such vein. $7ow, if that plane be extended westerly across those claims, it will cut an ore body or ore channel which, on the 700 and 800 levels, as has before been shown, is continuous for more than 1,300 feet, and then, if this vein terminates at station 427, to what vein, it m'ay be asked, are we to refer the portion of that ore channel which is north of where it is cut by that plane % To what vein does the great Butterfly stope belong ? The answer is plain. It is simply an unfounded, impossible theory, under the evidence, and furnishes no excuse for an amendment to the pleadings. The ore lying north of this imaginary plane and the ore lying south thereof all is in the same vein, and that vein extends from the south end of lot 38, on its strike, northerly and northwesterly along the line of ore bodies to and beyond the Butterfly stope. This seems to be the only rational theory, and the fact is established by the evidence beyond reasonable controversy, and is in harmony with the conduct of the appellant for more than a quarter of a century; for if, after operations have been conducted by it and its predecessors for more than 3 years, and after all the preparations for these protracted trials, the appellant is yet so uncertain as to where the apex of the vein, through which it claims the ore bodies in dispute, is that at the mere suggestion of the trial judge, without proof to warrant the suggestion, it is willing to abandon its former position, that the apex is in lot 38, and change it to the Golden King and Bradley, showing that it is yet unable to say where, in fact, the apex is, then surely its theory would form an unsafe basis upon which to found a judgment. Upon careful examination of this subject, we entertain no doubt that the proffered amendment was made, as the record discloses, not to conform to the proof, but, as we have said, to conform to the views expressed by the judge in his written opinion; and the court, therefore, under the facts in evidence, properly refused to permit it to be filed. It is a wholesome' rule that one shall not be permitted to litigate his case by piecemeal, and one necessary to the proper administration of justice. If a litigant occasionally suffers through its enforcement in a proper case, bis misfortune must be attributed to bis own want of foresight or lack of diligence. A court cannot set aside tbe well-establisbed principles of tbe law, even where hardship may result from their application, A fortiori, will it refrain from doing so where the litigant receives apparently no injury. Such seems to be the case at bar. The appellant, having founded its claim to the ore bodies in its neighbor’s ground upon reserved or extralateral rights has received no injury by its failure to establish a vein in its own ground which would warrant a recovery, and therefore cannot complain of the judgment against it; for it still owns all of its possessions. By this decree the appellant has been deprived of none of its property, although, if it had been successful, it would have acquired an immense fortune-in its neighbor’s land.

Not unmindful of the grave responsibility that attaches to the final decision of a case of such magnitude and importance, we have examined with commensurate caution the voluminous mass of evidence, in extended and deliberate discussion have announced our views upon the various questions involved, and have come to the inevitable conclusion that the appellant has shown no right of recovery under its counterclaim and no right to amend its pleadings.

The judgment must therefore be affirmed. It is affirmed, with costs.

McCABTY'and STKAUP, JJ., concur.