Kеnt Anthony GRAHAM, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
No. 68820
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, En Banc.
Oct. 21, 1981.
On Rehearing Jan. 18, 1983.
This is a suit for breach of an oral contract between two brothers whereby John Niday, who operated a funeral home, promised Ronnie Niday that if Ronnie obtained his funeral director‘s license, John would transfer to him a share of the business. The question before us is whether the alleged agreement is unenforceable as violating the requirement of
The trial court granted summary judgment for John Niday. The court of appeals, in an unpublished opinion pursuant to Tex. R.Civ.Pro. 452, reversed and remanded the case for trial on the grounds that the agreement did not fall within the Statute of Frauds. We disagree.
That the required performance under the agreement here takes a minimum of two years time is not disputed. Ronnie Niday testified in his deposition that state licensing standards for funeral directors at the time in question required one year оf schooling and an additional year of apprenticeship. These two terms could not run concurrently; consequently, the contract performance could not possibly have been completed within one year. The court of appeals nevertheless held that the agreement did not fall within the Statute of Frauds under the holding of Miller v. Riata Cadillac Co., 517 S.W.2d 773 (Tex.1974). There this Court articulated the general rule that, where the parties do not fix the time of performance and the agreement itself does not indicate that it cannot be performed within one year, the contract does not violate the statute.
While the general rule regarding performance duration is as stated in Miller v. Riata Cadillac Co., supra, this Court has also held that, where the agreement, either by its terms or by the nature of the required acts, cannot be completed within one year, it falls within the statute and must therefore be in writing. Hall v. Hall, 158 Tex. 95, 308 S.W.2d 12 (1957). That is, where an oral contract omits the performance term, duration may properly be implied from extrinsic evidence. If that evidence conclusively proves that the contract cannot be completed within one year, as is the case here, the oral contract violates the Statute of Frauds as a matter of law. Krueger v. Young, 406 S.W.2d 751 (Tex.Civ. App. -Eastland 1966, writ ref‘d n.r.e.).
We conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment for John Niday. Because the holding of the court of appeals is in conflict with a decision of this Court, Hall v. Hall, supra, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals without hearing oral argument and affirm the judgment of the trial court. Tex.R.Civ.Pro. 483.
F. Duncan Thomas, Dist. Atty. and Steven Watkins, Asst. Dist. Atty., Greenville, Robert Huttash, State‘s Atty. and Alfred Walker, Asst. State‘s Atty., Austin, for the State.
OPINION
ODOM, Judge.
This is an appeal from a conviction for capital murder. At the punishment phase of the trial, the jury answered the issues under
Appellant raises twenty-onе grounds of error on appeal. In light of Adams v. Texas, 448 U.S. 38, 100 S.Ct. 2521, 65 L.Ed.2d 581 (1980), however, our initial and primary attention focuses on one of the contentions that several prospective jurors were improperly excused over objection under Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391. U.S. 510, 88 S.Ct. 1770, 20 L.Ed.2d 776 (1968) in that
In Adams v. Texas, supra, the United States Supreme Court clarified the permissible grounds for challenging venire members by holding that the Witherspoon doctrine is violated by excusing a potential juror who could follow the court‘s instructions in the charge but who could not take the
“Q. All right sir. How do you feel generally about capital punishment?
“A. Oh, I think capital punishment is justified under certain conditions.
*
*
*
*
*
*
...
“Q. ... the question I need to ask you is would the fact that the penalty for
capital murdеr is automatically life or death affect your deliberations on any particular fact issue in the case? “A. I, I imagine so.
*
*
*
*
*
*
“Q. And you can conceive then, sir, of some case—not this case; not a particular fact circumstance—but of some case in which the death penalty could and should be imposed? Maybe not should be but could be imposed?
...
“A. [Y]es, I think that the death penalty is, is a fitting thing in some instances, that society has that right.
“Q. And you can think of some set of circumstances in which you yourself, if first of all guilt was established beyond a reasonable doubt and if you were convinced if that was necessary, can you think of some instance in which you yourself could impose, vote to impose the death penalty?
“A. I suspect I probably could.”
Direct examination was resumed and after the following interchange, Slack was excused:
“Q. But, Reverend Slack, the statutory question that I need to ask you is would the mandatory penalty of either life or death affect your deliberаtions on any particular fact issue? Would that—in other words, would that be a consideration that you would give in your deliberations, thinking about the automatic nature of the penalty, because it‘s pretty high, either life imprisonment or death. That‘s what I‘d like to know.
“A. Well, I‘m tempted to say—I suspect it would. I don‘t see how it could keep from making some difference.
“Q. All right, sir.
“THE COURT: I‘m going to excuse the juror.
“MR. WALKER: Note our exception, Your Honor.”
In Adams the Supreme Court noted that although the State could, consistent with Witherspoon, use
As in Adams, it does not appear that prospective juror Slack was so irrevocably opposed to capital punishment as to frustrate the State‘s legitimate efforts to administer its constitutionally valid death penalty scheme. Indeed, the voir dire examination reflects that he considered the death penalty proper in some cases and probably could vote to impose the death penalty. Additionally, he indicated he could make a determination of guilt or innocence based solely on the evidence presented at trial. Although the precise statutory question was answered negatively,
The death penalty may not be imposed if even one prospective juror has been excluded in violation of Witherspoon, Davis v. Georgia, 429 U.S. 122, 97 S.Ct. 399, 50 L.Ed.2d 339 (1976), and the judgment of guilt must be reversed. Evans, supra. We will not reform the verdict reached at the punishment stage by an improperly selected jury in such a way as to render judgment of life imprisonment. Fearance v. State, 620 S.W.2d 577 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Grijalva v. State, 614 S.W.2d 420 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Loudres, supra; Pierson v. State, 614 S.W.2d 102 (Tex.Cr.App.1980).
Because of our disposition of the Adams question, the only remaining issue that we need address is appellant‘s twenty-first ground of error wherein the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged. The significance of the contention is that if sustained, a retrial would be barred. Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978); Greene v. Massey, 437 U.S. 19, 98 S.Ct. 2151, 57 L.Ed.2d 15 (1978). Therefore, a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence should be considered before disposing of a case even though reversal may be based on another ground. Hooker v. State, 621 S.W.2d 597 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Watson v. State, 605 S.W.2d 877 (Tex.Cr.App.1979) (opinion on original submission); Swabado v. State, 597 S.W.2d 361 (Tex.Cr.App.1980).
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting hearsay statements of the murder victim as related to a police officer and that if such testimony is properly excluded, the remainder of the record does not sufficiently show his connection with the death of the victim, Linda Mae Rogers, to corroborate the accomplice witness in order to sustain a conviction. However, the record shows that the statement of the accomplice witness was sufficiently corroborated by other admissible evidence “tending to connect” appellant to the murder and therefore the hearsay objections need not be addressed. Infante v. State, 612 S.W.2d 603 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Carrillo v. State, 591 S.W.2d 876 (Tex.Cr.App.1979); Deas v. State, 531 S.W.2d 810 (Tex.Cr.App.1976); Runkle v. State, 484 S.W.2d 912 (Tex.Cr.App.1972).
The record reflects that appellant‘s brother, Jeffrey Scot Graham, made a voluntary statement in which he related that after some discussion, he and appellant decided to commit a robbery at a Fisca serviсe station. They left their house in a dark brown Firebird with a beige vinyl top at approximately eight o‘clock on the evening of April 9th. Upon their arrival at the station, the attendant filled the car with gas and checked the oil. After following the girl into the station to get the oil, appellant began shooting her. He returned to the car, closed the hood and reached into the car for additional bullets. Appellant then instructed his brother to drive around the block and as he subsequently circled the car back toward the station, appellant was walking toward the car. He got in the car and they headed home. Appellant told his brother he had shot the woman.
To test the sufficiency of the corroborative evidence, the accomplice‘s testimony is eliminated from consideration and the evidence of the other witnesses is examined to ascertain if there is any inculpatory evidence which tends to cоnnect the accused with the commission of the offense. Walker v. State, 615 S.W.2d 728 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Infante, supra. The testimony of several witnesses tends to place appellant at
The cumulative weight of the evidence tends to connect appellant with the crime. Proof that an accused was at or near the scene of a crime at or near the time of its commission may tend to connect the accused with the crime so as to furnish sufficient corroboration to support a conviction. Deas v. State, 531 S.W.2d 810 (Tex.Cr.App.1976). The testimony of several witnesses places appellant at the scene at the time of the commission of the offense.
We hold the evidence to be sufficient to sustain the conviction. The conviction is reversed because of the improper exclusion of a prospective juror under
ONION, P.J., concurs.
OPINION ON STATE‘S MOTION FOR REHEARING
TOM G. DAVIS, Judge.
Appeal is taken from a conviction for capital murder. After finding appellant guilty, the jury answered “yes” to the three special issues submitted under
On original submission, appellant‘s conviction was reversed due to the improper exclusion of a prospective juror under
In Whan v. State, 485 S.W.2d 275 (Tex.Cr.App.1972) we held under Art. 4, Sec. 11, of the Texas Cоnstitution providing “the Governor shall have power, after conviction ... to grant reprieves and commutation” (emphasis supplied) that the Governor may commute a death sentence to life imprisonment before the final disposition by this Court. See also Rodriguez v. State, 626 S.W.2d 35 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Wilder v. State, 623 S.W.2d 650 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Simmons v. State, 623 S.W.2d 416 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Adams v. State, 624 S.W.2d 568 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Clark v. State, 627 S.W.2d 693 (Tex.Cr.App.1981).
In each of the foregoing capital murder cases, at the time the commutation proclamation was issued, the alleged error before the Court affected only the punishment stage of the cases. Since the Governor‘s commutation “rendered the death penalty
However, we noted in Whan, that “a commutation does not affect the judgment, but merely mitigates the punishment which can be given.” 485 S.W.2d at 277. When, as in the instant case, there is error in the guilt stage which affects the judgment, the commutation by the Governor, which relates to punishment only, is of no effect.
In his ninth ground of error, appellant contends the court erred in admitting hearsay evidence.1 Such evidence consists of the victim‘s out-of-court declaration to a police officer that appellant was the individual who shot her.
The instant offense occurred at the Fisca Service Station in Greenville on April 9, 1979. Peggy Woodard testified that she was at the station on the day of the offense visiting with her sister, the victim. Woodard left the station at approximately 8:55 p.m. and related that no one was there other than her sister. Officer Raymond Webb, of the Greenville Police Department, arrived at the service station at 9:18 p.m. Upon entering the station, he found the victim lying on the floor. Rogers was conscious and told Webb that she had been shot six times in the back. Rogers wаs then taken by ambulance to Citizen‘s General Hospital in Greenville.
Dr. Harris Hollingsworth testified that he performed surgery on Rogers on the night of April 9. Hollingsworth removed two slugs from Rogers and she was then placed in the intensive care unit. Hollingsworth related that on April 23, Rogers “was stable” in her condition. She was then transferred to a “regular room.” She suffered “brain death” on April 25.
The evidence of which appellant complains in this ground of error was admitted through the testimony of police officer Ivan Gustin, of the Greenville Police Department. Gustin testified that at 8:50 a.m. on April 10, he went to the hospital in order to see Rogers. The officer took six photographs with him. Gustin testified that Rogers was unable to speak, however she was able to move her lips and make gestures with her hands.
Gustin related that upon entering Rogers’ hospital room he “asked her if she would look at some pictures and try to identify someone who had robbed her.” One of the photographs depicted appellant. Gustin testified that he asked Rogers “who shot you?” In describing Rogers’ actions when she was shown appellant‘s picture, Gustin testified that “she made a shooting motion with her hands.” Specifically, Gustin stated:
“A. (By the witness) She made a shooting motion, cocking her thumb with her finger pointed out.
“Q. (By Mr. Davis) Was this a very definite gesture?
“A. Yes, sir, it was.”
The court overruled appellant‘s numerous and timely objections in which it was urged that Gustin‘s testimony describing Rogers’ actions constituted inadmissible hearsay.
In Salas v. State, 403 S.W.2d 440 (Tex.Cr.App.1966), it was stated that hearsay evidence is that which a given witness offers in court which is not based on his own knowledge but is merely a repetition of what he has been told and which is offered as proof of truth of matter contained therein. This Court has recognized that an assertion by conduct can be hearsay. In Byrd v. State, 89 Tex.Cr.R. 371, 231 S.W. 399 (1921), it was noted that evidence from a witness to the effect that he was present when a third party pointed out the defendant as the man who sold him liquor, would be objectionable as hearsay. In this regard, in 1A R. Ray, Texas Evidence, 3rd ed., Sec.
“A sharp contrast is drawn between evidence of statements or assertions made by one out of court which is a characteristic feature of hearsay evidence, and evidence of acts or conduct of persons out of court which of course is generally objectionable on this score. But suppose the evidence of the act is only significant as indicating a belief on the actor‘s part of some alleged fact. Suppose the issue to be whether A was the man who committed a theft from B, and to show B‘s belief evidence is offered that B assaulted A immediately after the theft. If the evidence has any relevance, it is only as the equivalent of a statement by B that A was the thief. Of course, B‘s conduct would not be understood as being a manner of communicating his belief; an assault is not normally ‘a substitute for words in exрressing the matter stated.’ If he were asked, Who is the thief?, and pointed to A, his action would be ‘assertive,’ and subject to the hearsay objection as fully as the statement, ‘A is the thief.’ Sign-language, and an expressive gesture, are the substantial equivalent of verbal statements.” (Emphasis in original).
In Wells v. State, 43 Tex.Cr.R. 451, 67 S.W. 1020 (1902), the defendant‘s conviction for rape was reversed due to the improper admission of hearsay. There, two witnesses were permitted to testify that the husband of the prosecutrix assaulted the defendant shortly after the rape. Such evidence was inadmissible, as hearsay, as tending to show that the husband beleived that the defendant was the man who had committed the offense.
In D.L.N. v. State, 590 S.W.2d 820 (Tex. Civ.App.—Dallas 1979, no writ), the defendant‘s conviction for sexual abuse of a child was reversed due to the improper admission of hearsay testimony. In describing such testimony, the court stated as follows:
“The girl‘s father also testified concerning the meeting. He said that the child was present and that he and others asked her questions. At this point appellant‘s hearsay objection was overruled. The father then testified that he asked the child to demonstrate what had happened, and she responded by pulling up her dress and saying ‘He kissed me right there.’ When asked what he made her do, she went over to appellant, put her head in his lap and tried to undo his pants. After this testimony was given, appellant‘s counsel objected that the scene ‘took place somewhere else,’ that the child was forced to do something by her father, that nobody was under oath, and took place outside the courtroom, and asked the court to instruct the jury to disregard the evidence. These objections were overruled.” Id. at 822.
The court concluded that none of the foregoing evidence was competent to prove the delinquent conduct alleged, since all of it depended on assertions by the child and conduct by her that was interpreted by her parents and others as indicating what had occurred between her and the defendant. It was thus concluded that such evidence was hearsay and not admissible within any exception to the hearsay rule.
In the present cause, Gustin testified that he showed several photographs to the victim after asking her to identify the individual who had shot and robbed her. When shown appellant‘s photograph, Rogers made a shooting motion with her hand. Gustin‘s testimony concerning Rogers’ actions and conduct was only significant as indicating her belief that appellant was the individual who had shot her. Such conduct was assertive in nature and testimony concerning that conduct was hearsay.
The State concedes that Gustin‘s testimony concerning Rogers’ conduct constituted hearsay. However, the State maintains that such testimony was admissible “as part of the victim‘s res gestae.”
In Watson v. State, 532 S.W.2d 619 (Tex.Cr.App.1976), this Court noted that we have previously held that a description of the offender given by the victim of the crime to police officers immediately after a crime is
In Martinez v. State, 533 S.W.2d 20 (Tex.Cr.App.1976), the defendant sought to introduce certain statements made by the victim before his death. The statements allegedly identified someone other than the defendant as the person who had committed the offense. The trial court refused to admit the statements. This Court concluded that the statements were properly excluded. It was noted that the statements were made 18 hours after the victim had been stabbed and had an opportunity to talk with other persons. It was held that under the circumstances presented, the spontaneity of the statement and the absence of time to contrive, misrepresent and fabricate were not sufficiently shown to justify overruling the trial court‘s decision to exclude the testimony.
In the present cause, Rogers was shown appellant‘s picture some 12 hours after the offense. The victim had been through surgery and was confined in the intensive care unit. The State did not present evidence of Rogers’ physical condition or state of mind at the time she spoke with Gustin. Under the circumstances presented, we are unable to conclude that Rogers‘s conduct was shown to be spontaneous and unreflective in nature. Therefore, Gustin‘s testimony concerning Rogers’ conduct was not admissible as a res gestae statement or action of the victim.
Further, Gustin‘s testimony concerning Rogers’ conduct was not admissible as a dying declaration.
“The dying declaration of a deceased person may be offered in evidence, either for or against a defendant charged with the homicide of such deceased person, under the restrictions hereafter provided. To render the declarations of the deceased competent evidence, it must be satisfactorily proved:
“1. That at the time of making such declaration he was conscious of approaching death, and believed there was no hope of recovery;
“2. That such declaration was voluntarily made, and not through the persuasion of any person;
“3. That such declaration was not made in answer to interrogatories calculated to lead the deceased to make any particular statement; and
“4. That he was of sane mind at the time of making the declaration.”
Rogers’ conduct does not qualify as a dying declaration under the provisions of the above quoted statute because the evidence does not show that she was conscious of approaching death and believed there was no hope for recovery at the time she identified appellant‘s picture as the person who had robbed and shot her. See Martinez v. State, supra.
We find the court erred in overruling appellant‘s objection to Gustin‘s testimony concerning Rogers’ conduct at the photo spread. Whether the improper admission of hearsay evidence requires the reversal of a conviction is determined on a case by case basis. Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821 (Tex.Cr.App.1977). The duty of this Court is to determine from the record the probable impact of the erroneously admitted evidence upon “the minds of the average jury.” Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. 427, 92 S.Ct. 1056, 31 L.Ed.2d 340 (1972). Unless there is a reasonable possibility that the improperly admitted evidence contributed to the defendant‘s conviction, reversal is not required. Wilder v. State, 583 S.W.2d 349 (Tex.Cr.App.1979).
The only direct evidence of appellant‘s participation in the instant offense, other than Gustin‘s testimony concerning Rogers’ conduct, came from the testimony of appellant‘s codefendant and brother, Jeffrey Graham. He related that in return for his testimоny in the instant cause, a plea bargain agreement had been reached in which capital murder charges would be dismissed and he would plead guilty for a five
Officer Raymond Webb testified that he arrived at the scene of the offense at approximately 9:18 p.m. He found the victim on the floor lying on her back. She told Webb that the person who shot her “was driving a brown Firebird.” The victim‘s sister, Woodard, was at the service station at approximately 8:55 p.m. While leaving the station, she observed Jeffrey Graham driving a Firebird automobile toward the station. Woodard testified that appellant was a passenger in Graham‘s automobile.
We find that there is a reasonable possibility that the improperly admitted evidence from Gustin contributed to appellant‘s conviction. For the improper admission of such evidence, the conviction must be reversed.
The State‘s motion for rehearing is denied.
ON STATE‘S MOTION FOR REHEARING
W.C. DAVIS, Judge.
A majority of this Court denies the State‘s motion for rehearing on the basis that the trial court committed reversible error in allowing certain evidence to be admitted.
The evidence in question consisted of the testimony of police officer Ivan Lenin Gustin as to “the victim‘s out-of-court declaration ... that appellant was the individual who shot her.” Briefly stated on April 9, 1979, at approximately 9:00 p.m., the victim, Linda Mae Rogers, was shot numerous times in the back at the Greenville service station at which she worked. Rogers was then taken by ambulance to Citizen‘s General Hospital where emergency surgery was performed that evening and again the next morning to remove two “missiles” from her body; one was removed from “the substance of the liver,” and the other was removed from “the general area of the abdominal cavity of the liver.”
The record reflects that Rogers suffered extensive injuries, described at one point by the treating physician as being “an accute injury, a massive injury.” There was testimony by Dr. Goodman, the physician who later performed the autopsy, that there were either four or five entry wounds in Rogers’ back. Her spinal cord had been severed by one of the bullets, causing paralysis in her lower extremities. Goodman further described Rogers’ injuries by stating:
“She died as a result of having sustained multiple injuries, secondary to multiple gunshot wounds which transected or cut in half the patient‘s spinal cord, penetrated her right chest and diaphram, penetrating the liver and the right kidney and the stomach.”
At least two bullets, which the doctors were apparently unable to remove, remained in the thoracic cavity.
After the surgery was completed on the morning of April 10, Rogers was moved to the intensive care unit of the hospital where she was reported to be suffering great pain and discomfort. It was while Rogers was in this condition that the identification was made which is the basis of the majority‘s reversal.
At 8:50 a.m. on April 10, just a few short hours after this shooting victim had been taken out of surgery to repair her “massive, accute injuries,” Officer Gustin entered the intensive care unit with six photographs in an attempt to have Rogers identify the people involved in the incident. It is clear that Rogers could not speak, but only move her lips and gesture with her hands. At this point, she identified appellant as the person who had shot her.
The majority reverses appellant‘s cоnviction on the basis that Officer Gustin‘s testimony concerning Rogers’ identification con-
In finding the testimony inadmissible, the majority states:
“In the present cause, Rogers was shown appellant‘s picture some 12 hours after the offense. The victim had been through surgery and was confined in the intensive care unit. The State did not present evidence of Rogers’ physical condition or state of mind at the time she spoke with Gustin. Under the circumstances presented, we are unable to conclude that Rogers’ conduct was shown to be spontaneous and unreflective in nature. Therefore, Gustin‘s testimony concerning Rogers’ conduct was not admissible as a res gestae statement or action of the victim.” [Emphasis added].
In a determination as to whether an otherwise inadmissible hearsay statement should be admitted into evidence under the “excited utterance” exception, “the decisive factor is that the circumstances reasonably justify the conclusion that the remarks were not made under the impetus of reflection. Whether this conclusion is justified depends upon the facts of each case and must be determined by the trial court in the exercise of sound judicial discretion.” Martinez v. State, 533 S.W.2d 20 (Tex.Cr.App.1976). The basis for the “res gestae” or “excited utterance” exception is that in the proper situation, the declarant‘s statements gain reliability due to the lack of an opportunity in which to reflect back upon the events, or in which to contrive or formulate self-serving declarations. Truck Insurance Exchange v. Michling, 364 S.W.2d 172 (Tex.1963).
As stated in Freeman v. State, 91 Tex.Cr.R. 410, 239 S.W. 969 (1922):
“The spontaneity of the statement or matter offered in evidence under said res gestae rule is the test and this may be arrived at by circumstances and the condition of the maker of such statements during the time which has elapsed since the оccurrence or injury. Many authorities hold that when a condition of suffering exists from the infliction of the injury to the making of the statement in a given case it might extend far enough to preclude premeditation and in cases of this kind we have declined to be limited to any specific time.” 239 S.W. at 970.
In the case at bar, it is evident that Rogers was suffering from the infliction of her injury from the time of the shooting until the time of the making of the statement. While it is true that the State put on no direct evidence of Rogers’ mental state at the time she made the identification in question, the circumstantial evidence is ample to show that Rogers had little opportunity in which to reflect back upon the past events or to formulate self-serving or premeditated declarations. Also see Ricondo v. State, 475 S.W.2d 793 (Tex.Cr.App.1971); Fambro v. State, 142 Tex.Cr.R. 473, 154 S.W.2d 840 (1941); T.E.I.A. v. Shifflette, 91 S.W.2d 787 (Tex.Civ.App.1936); International Travelers’ Ass‘n v. Griffing, 264 S.W. 263 (Tex.Civ.App.1924); Davis Transport v. Bolstad, 295 S.W.2d 941 (Tex.Civ.App.1956); Dallas Hotel v. Fox, 196 S.W. 647 (Tex.Civ.App.1917); Missouri, K. & T. Ry. Co. of Texas v. Anderson, 198 S.W. 795 (Tex.Civ.App.1917).
Further, the determination as to the admissibility of a declaration as res gestae is a question of fact for the trial judge, and one which he ought to have considerable discretion in deciding. Only in case of extreme and apparent abuse should the trial judge‘s ruling be disturbed on appeal. 1A Ray, Texas Evidence, 3rd ed., Sec. 917; Truck Insurance Exchange v. Michling, supra; City of Austin v. Johnson, 195 S.W.2d 222 (Tex.Civ.App.1946); Gilmer v. Griffin, 265 S.W.2d 252 (Tex.Civ.App.1954).
From the facts before us in the case at bar, I think it evident that at the time Rogers made the identification in question, she was in such a condition of suffering that the opportunity for a reflective, self-serving declaration was sufficiently reduced as to render Gustin‘s testimony admissible under the “res gestae” exception to the hearsay doctrine. The determination as to
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent to the reversal of the judgment.
CAMPBELL, J., joins in this dissent.
ON STATE‘S MOTION FOR REHEARING
CLINTON, Judge, dissenting.
After the Supreme Court of the United States reversed “in part” a judgment of this Court in a capital case, the Court deferred to a subsequent act of executive clemency that “reached the punishment before the judicial sequence did” and affirmed the judgment of conviction, citing only Whan v. State, 485 S.W.2d 275 (Tex.Cr.App.1972). Adams v. State, 624 S.W.2d 568 (Tex.Cr.App.1981).
When this Court first reversed a judgment of a trial court assessing the death penalty for “trial error” during the punishment stage, but then granted leave to file motions for rehearing, and contemporaneously an executive proclamation was issued purporting to commute punishment at death to life, the Court thought executive clemency rendered our judgment such that “imposition of the death penalty is no longer possible” 1 and affirmed the judgment of conviction, after finding no error in the guilt-innocence stage of the trial; cited were Adams v. State, supra, along with two others similarly situated, and Whan v. State, supra. Clark v. State, 627 S.W.2d 693 (Tex.Cr.App.1982).2
In the cause before us now reversal first followed our discovery of “Witherspoon-Adams” error in exclusion of a juror, so a remand for a new trial with the death penalty as possible punishment was in order. Once again leave was granted the State to file a motion for rehearing, and thereafter the Governor issued a proclamation which facially commuted punishment at death to life. Notwithstanding that “judicial sequence” reached the punishment before the Executive Department did, the opinion of the Court says, “In view of appellant‘s life sentence following the commutation,” punishment errors are harmless. Then, drawing on language in Whan v. State, supra, the Court tells us, “When, as in the instant case, there is error in the guilt stage which affects the judgment, the commutation by the Governor, which relates to punishment only, is of no effect.” Thus, the Court at once allows a purported commutation order to supercede its own reversal for “Witherspoon-Adams” error, but seems to declare the order ineffective with respect to “trial errors” on guilt.
It is readily apparent that Whan is ubiquitous. In the company of a purported commutation proclamation, it is found blocking the possibility—often likelihood—of imposition of capital punishment by the Judicial Department. Now is the time and this is the right opportunity to reexamine Whan, and I submit we should, indeed must, do so. Otherwise, as I demonstrated in Adams, usurpation of judicial power and authority to assess punishment and impose a death sentence in a capital murder case will surely continue—at the discretion of the Executive Department. Nullification of the death penalty is a matter for the people through established processes of our representative democracy, not one of administrative fiat. But Whan allows the latter.
The central fallacy in Whan is reflected by the following language:
“[Article 42.07,3 V.A.C.C.P.] indicates that a pardon is valid even if granted before sentence is pronounced. The Governor‘s authority to grant commutation arises
from the same Article of the Constitution as does his authority to grant pardons. It follows that a commutation under the same circumstances would likewise be valid, the punishment having been assessed before sentence is pronounced, and therefore subject to commutation.” Id., at 277.
With deference, the conclusion of law reached doеs not follow from the premises expressed.
Let us suppose that after entry of judgment upon a jury‘s finding of guilt and assessing punishment at a term of forty years the Executive Department issued a proclamation purporting to commute that punishment to a term of twenty years confinement, but the defendant resisted by insisting on posttrial rights. Whan, drawing on language from two earlier opinions of the Court,4 indicates that such commutation is valid since it is granted after “the verdict of guilty pronounced by a jury.” Yet, judgment adjudicating guilt and assessing punishment has not been rendered and entered by the trial court. Therefore, I suggest there is nothing to commute, and, similarly, though judgment be entered on the verdict.
Commutation is “an executive act reducing the term of a sentence already imposed and substituting a lesser for the greater punishment,” 67A C.J.S. § 4, p. 7; Black‘s Law Dictionary (Rev. Fourth Ed. 1968) 351. Thus, the constitutional term “after conviction” is of little moment with respect to commutation, for that kind of executive clemency simply may not attach “before conviction.” “Commutation is ... an act appropriate for reducing existing sentences ...,” 67A C.J.S. § 33b, p. 44.
On the other hand, unless otherwise restricted a pardon may be granted by proper authority at any time—even before a criminal charge has been lodged against the offender.5 67A C.J.S. § 12, p. 18. In Texas, however, when expressly limited, exercise of the power to pardon has always been restricted to “after conviction.”6 But that constitutional limitation is purely a reflection of a policy decision made by the people of Texas on the matter of timing valid exercise of the power to pardon.7 Rather than permitting the Executive Department to grant pardons before charge is made, before indictment is returned, before trial begins, before jury verdict, the Constitution restricts the grant to that point in the criminal prosecution which is “after conviction.” And therе has never been any intimation that such restriction on timing is part of a definition of what constitutes a pardon.8
“1. That the defendant has received a pardon from the proper authority, on the presentation of which, legally authenticated, he shall be discharged.”
That reason obviously contemplates only a pardon in the classic sense, one which absolves from punishment and “whatever else the law has provided,” Carr v. State, supra, at 657, and the mandate of discharge clearly excludes operation of a commutation order. There is not the slightest suggestion in Article 42.07, or elsewhere, that receiving commutation is a reason the defendant may advance to prevent sentence.
Whan also observed that the authority bestowed on the Governor to grant commutations “arises from the same Article of the Constitution as does his authority to grant pardons.” But the observation, while absolutely accurate, is pointless. As already shown ante, the constitutional provision is a matter of timing exercise of pardoning power, not a matter of defining the kinds of executive clemency mentioned in the section.9 Indeed, except for pardons the term “after conviction” is redundant for the other kinds, facially or by definition, necessarily require conviction and punishment.
Neither reprieve, commutation, fine nor forfeiture precedes a finding of guilty or “conviction,” and the authority of the Governor to grant any of those kinds of clemency could have been provided effectively anywhere in Article IV—or anywhere in the Constitution—without the words “after conviction.”
Thus, the conclusion reached in Whan doеs not “follow” its premises. Furthermore, omitted from its analysis are pertinent factors that seem to have been overlooked.
The functional distinction between a pardon and commutation, along with other kinds of executive clemency, has been legislatively and administratively provided. In
“‘Commutation of sentence’ means an act of clemency by the governor which serves to modify the conditions of a sentence.”10
Constitutionally and statutorily, the Governor may not commute (or pardon, for that
Finally, when Whan was decided Article 42.07, supra, also provided another reason to prevent sentence, towit:
“3. Where there has not been a motion for new trial or a motion in arrest of judgment made, the defendant may answer that he has good grounds for either or both of these motions and either or both may be immediately entered and disposed of...”
The effect of granting a new trial is obvious, but overlooked often is the consequence of the effect of arresting judgment provided in
Today the Court finds that the judgment of conviction must be reversed on account of trial error, much as the trial court could have done on appellant‘s motion for new trial, under Article 42.07 or regular procedure in Chapter Forty with its effect—“to place the cause in the same position in which it was before any trial had taken place,”
Accordingly, I dissent.
ONION, P.J., and TEAGUE, J., join.
Ex parte Jerry Edward VAUGHN.
No. 68844.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, En Banc.
Nov. 4, 1981.
Rehearing Denied Feb. 2, 1983.