OPINION
In this appeal, chapter 7
2
debtors sought to amend their exemption schedule after their case was reopened for the purpose of avoiding a judicial lien. The bankruptcy court denied the debtors’ motion to avoid the lien, holding that their right to amend their exemption schedule terminated upon closure of the bankruptcy case.
FACTS
Baikunth and Sharon Goswami (“debtors”) filed a bankruptcy petition in 1998. They listed real property located at 3221 East Harvard Avenue, Fresno, California (“the property”) on their Schedule A. Debtors valued the property at $60,000 and listed first and second deeds of trust totaling $70,000. Debtors did not claim an exemption in the property. There were no оbjections to the exemptions that debtors did claim.
MTC Distributing (“MTC”) obtained a prepetition judgment against debtor Bai-kunth Goswami. Approximately one month before debtors filed their bankruptcy petition, MTC recorded the judgment, thereby obtaining a judicial lien against the property. Apparently unaware of this fact, debtors listed MTC as an unsecured creditor in their original bankruptcy papers. See Schedule F at p. 4; Statement of Financial Affairs at p. 2.
After debtors received their discharge, the court entered an order approving the trustee’s no asset report, discharging the trustee and closing the bankruptcy case.
Almost five years later, debtors filed an Ex Parte Application to Reopen Case, which was granted. After the case was reopened on March 19, 2003, debtors filed an Amended Schedule C — Property Claimed as Exempt, asserting an exemption in the property. Debtors also filed a motion to avoid MTC’s judicial lien under § 522(f)(1)(A).
Although there was no objection to the amended exemption or opposition to the motion to avoid MTC’s lien, the bankruptcy court entered an order denying debtors’ motion to avoid MTC’s lien. In denying debtors’ motion, the court stated as follows:
This court has recently ruled that a debtor is not entitled to amend the schedules to exempt a scheduled asset under subsection 522(b), after the case is closed, for purpose of exercising the remedies available under subsection 522(f). In re Oster, [293] B.R. [242],2003 WL 21209996 (Bankr.E.D.Cal.[2003]). The basic facts of this case are identical to the facts in Oster- the Debtors failed to “exempt” their over-encumbered Residence until after their case was closed. The analysis set forth in Oster is equally applicable here. The Debtors’ right to amend their exemptions under subsection 522(b) terminated upon closure of the bankruptcy case. The relief which the Debtors seek is not available for a scheduled asset which was not properly exempted before the case was closed.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re Motion to Avoid Judicial Lien of MTC Distributing, 2:19.5 — 3:4 (original emphasis; footnоte omitted). Debtors timely appealed.
ISSUE
Whether the bankruptcy court erred in concluding that debtors’ right to amend their exemption schedule terminated upon closure of their bankruptcy case.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Interpretation of Section 522(f) is a legal issue reviewed
de novo.” In re Higgins,
A. Overview
With certain limitations not relevant here, § 522(f)(1) provides that a
debtor may avoid the fixing of a liеn on an interest of the debtor in property to the extent that such lien impairs an exemption to which the debtor would have been entitled under subsection (b) of this section, if such lien is—
(A) a judicial lien[.]
Section 522(b) permits a debtor to “exempt (1) property under the federal exemptions contained in Section 522(d), unless State law does not so authorize, or (2) property exempt under State or local law, or other federal law.”
In re Higgins,
California has opted out of the federal exemption scheme. Id. Under California law, a debtor in bankruptcy may choose from two alternative sets of exemptions: (1) the exemptions available under Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 703.140(b), or (2) the regular state law exemptions. 1 J. Scott Bovitz, PERSONAL AND SMALL BUS. BaNKR. PRACTICE in Cal. § 4.44 (2003).
In this case, debtors elected to claim their exemptions under Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 703.140(b) which, at the time debtors filed their petition, stated in relevant part as follows:
The following exemptions may be elected ...:
(1) The debtor’s aggregate interest, not to exceed fifteen thousand dollars ($15,-000) in value, in real property or personal property that the debtor ... uses as a residence ....
(5) The debtor’s aggregate interest, not to exceed in value eight hundred dollars ($800) plus any unused amount of the exemption provided under paragraph (1), in any property. 3
Cal.Civ.Proс.Code § 703.140(b)(5) is referred to as “the ‘wild card’ exemption because it can be used to protect any kind of property whatsoever[.]” 1 Bovitz, Personal and Small Bus. Banxr. Praotioe in Cal. § 4.45. Thus, when debtors filed their petition, a total exemption of $15,800 was available under Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 703.140(b)(5) to exempt any kind of property, if the total amount provided for under (b)(1) was unused.
Debtors did not claim any part of the exemption provided for under Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 703.140(b)(1) for real or personal property used as a residence. Instead, they used the full amount of their wild card exemption to protect a variety of property (motor vehicles, a liquor license, a shotgun and cash) valued at $15,800. See Schedule C — Property Claimed as Exempt. In effect, debtors used up their wild card exеmption by claiming a ten dollar exemption for “[clash on hand.” Schedule C — Property Claimed as Exempt. In their Amended Schedule C filed after debtors reopened their case, they deleted the exemption for “cash on hand” and substituted a ten dollar exemption in the property. 4
There are four basic elements of an avoidable lien under § 522(f)(1)(A):
First, there must be an exemption to which the debtor “would have been enti-tied under subsection (b) of this section.” 11 U.S.C. § 522(f). Second, the property must be listed on the debtor’s schedules and claimed as exempt. Third, the lien must impair that exemption. Fourth, the lien must be ... a judicial lien. 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)(1).
In re Mohring,
B. A debtor’s ability to amend his or her claim of exemptions does not terminate upon case closure.
In its Oster decision, which the bankruptcy court adopted in this сase, the court reasoned as follows:
The concept of an “exemption” under section 522(b) has a specific application that relates by its own terms, to “property of the estate.” The bankruptcy estate includes all of the interests in property, legal and equitable, possessed by the debtor at the commencement of the case, and it automatiсally springs into existence upon the filing of the petition. Code § 541(a). In Chapter 7, property of the estate is collected and administered by the Chapter 7 trustee. Code § 704. The case is closed after the estate has been fully administered and the court has discharged the trustee. Code § 350(a). Closure of the case affects the “estate” in three significant ways: the trustee no longer has any authority over property of the estate, all scheduled property of the estate not administered by the trustee is abandoned to the debtor (Code § 554(c)) and the estate ceases to exist. See Bass v. Denney, (In re Bass),171 F.3d 1016 , 1022 (5th Cir.1999).
Here, the Residence was originally property of the estate, but it was not “within the estate” at the time the Debtors amended their exemptions to include the Residence. Once the Debtors’ interest in the Residence was abandoned to the Debtors, it was no longer “possessed by the estate.” Once the case closes, and the estate ceases to exist, section 522(b) ceases to have any meaning or application to the scheduled property. There is nothing in the Bankruptcy Code which suggests that a new exemption may be claimed for scheduled property after closure of the case.
In re Oster,
The problem with the bankruptcy court’s analysis is that it ignores the well-established rule that the critical date
The bankruptcy court correctly stated that scheduled property of the estate that is not administered by the trustee is automatically abandoned to the debtor pursuant to § 554(c) upon closure of the case. This is known as “technical” abandonment. However, because the petition date is the determinative date, the court’s focus on the effect of case closure was misplaced. In addition, while “[property that was technically abandoned under § 554(c) is not automatically reeled back in by virtue of reopening[,]” a court may set aside a technical abandonment in appropriate circumstances.
In re Menk,
The bankruptcy court’s focus on matters of estate administration in the context of a § 522(f)(1) motion is misplaced for an additional reason. A debtor’s right to avoid a lien under § 522(f) is “a ‘personal’ right of the debtor which exists independent of case administration.”
In re Ricks,
The consequences of closing a case “are limited.”
Menk,
The Bankruptcy Code contemplates that various activities may occur after closing. The fact that the estate has been fully administered merely means that all available property has been collected and all required payments made. Similarly, the completion of the trustee’s work does not mean that everything has been done that may need to be done.
Id.
Lien avoidance actions are among the “various activities” that may occur after a case is closed. In the absence of prejudice, lien avoidance actions are not barred either by entry of a discharge order or the closing of the bankruptcy case.
Ricks,
C. There is no difference between a never-closed case and a reopened case with respeсt to amended exemption claims.
The bankruptcy court, in its
Oster
decision, held that debtors may not file amended schedules in a reopened case without court approval.
Rule 1009(a) states that the debt- or has the absolute right to amend any “list, schedule, or statement” prior to clo
The fact that a debtor in a reopened case can amend his or her exemption schedule does not mean that the debt- or has an absolute right to have the amended exemption allowed. Even though Rule 1009(a) allows amendments without court permission “as a matter of course at any time before the case is closed[,]” there is no absolute right to amend schedules in bankruptcy cases. “[J]udge-made exceptions” bar amendment if the debtor has acted in bad faith or if prejudice would result.
In re Arnold,
CollieR on Bankruptcy, upon which the bankruptcy court relies in its Oster decision, states that a debtor may have to show excusable neglect under Rule 9006 to amend an exemption schedule after the bankruptcy case has been previously closed. See 9 Lawrence P. King, Collier on BaNKruptoy ¶ 1009.02[3] (15th ed. Rev. 2001). We disagree.
Rule 9006(b)(1) states as follows:
Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subdivisiоn, when an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified period by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if the request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order or (2) on motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect.
The only authority cited by Collier is
In re Medley,
In contrast, there is no justification for applying Rule 9006 in this case. The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure do not require that exemption schedules be amended “within a specified periodf,]” Rule 9006(b)(1), and nothing in the excerpts of record suggests that the bankruptcy court in this case entered an order generally restricting the time period for amending exemption schedules, as did the bankruptcy court in the Medley case.
We acknowledge that there is some merit to the concerns expressed by the bankruptcy court in the
Oster
case. Rule 1009(a) requires that a debtor give notice of any amendment to the trustee. This requirement presents a problem in a reopened case, because a trustee is not
We conclude, however, that these concerns do not warrant the imposition of a requirement for court approval that is not supported by the Bаnkruptcy Code or the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. The United States trustee is charged with the responsibility of monitoring developments in reopened bankruptcy cases. In fact, Rule 1009(c) states that “[tjhe clerk shall forthwith transmit to the United States trustee a copy of every amendment filed” under Rule 1009. Once notified of an amended exemption claim in a reopened case, the United States trustee can ask the court to approve the appointment of a trustee and/or seek an extension of time under Rule 4003(b) to file an objection to the amended exemption.
While we conclude that it is appropriate to place the burden of monitoring amendments in reopened cases without reappointed trustees on the United States trustee, debtors seeking to have their cases reopened to amend their exemption schedule must be careful to fully disclose that fact in their motion to reopen. If a debtor fails to make that disclosure and, as a result, there is prejudice to interested parties, that prejudice may result in denial of the amended exemption.
The approach we аdopt in this case is consistent with the Ninth Circuit’s policy of liberally allowing debtors to amend their exemption schedules so as to enhance their fresh start.
See Michael,
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE and REMAND for the bankruptcy court to decide whether the other prerequisites to lien avoidance are satisfied.
Notes
. Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section and rule references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1330, and to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9036.
. The values listed in Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 703.140(b) were increased in, 2001. See Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 703.140 historical and statutory notes.
. Avoidance of a judicial lien may be allowed even if the claimed exemption amount is de minimis.
See In re Higgins,
. Debtors request that we find that they were entitled to avoid MTC's judgment lien under § 522(f)(1). The ultimate disposition of debtors' motion to avoid MTC's lien is not before us in this appeal, because the bankruptcy court only ruled on the amendment issue.
. At oral argument, appellants’ counsel, who also represented the debtors in the Oster case, advised us that the appeal of that case to this court has been dismissed. Oster is not before us, but for the same reasons we reverse here, we disapprove of that decision as well.
. Rule 1009(a) states, in relevant part, as follows:
A voluntary petition, list, schedule, or statement may be amended by the debtor as a matter of course at any time before the case is closed. The debtor shall give notice of the amendment to the trustee аnd to any entity affected thereby ....
. Rule 5010 states as follows:
A case may be reopened on motion of the debtor or other party in interest pursuant to § 350(b) of the Code. In a chapter 7, 12 or 13 case a trustee shall not be appointed by the United States trustee unless the court determines that a trustee is necessary to protect the interests of creditors and the debtor or to insure efficient administration of the case.