656 F. App'x 916
10th Cir.
2016

ORDER AND JUDGMENT **

Paul J. Kelly, Jr., Circuit Judge

Plаintiff-Appellant Keith Gosselin, a pro se state prisoner, appeals from the district court’s dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action. Gosselin v. Kaufman, No. 15-cv-00539-MEH, 2015 WL 7293211 (D. Colo. Nov. 18, 2015). Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

Background

Mr. Gosselin alleges that Defendants violated his Eighth Amendment rights while he was a prisoner incarcerated in the San Carlos Correctional Facility (SCCF) of the Colorado . Department of Corrections (CDOC), where Defendants worked. According to Mr. Gosselin, Defendant Sergeant Kaufman kicked him in the groin while in his cell and Defendant Officer Gonzalez negligently failed to prevent the assault. Mr. Gosselin also alleges that Defendant Sharon Philips, the medical pro*918fessional at thе prison, failed to provide adequate medical care for his injuries.

Mr. Gosselin sued the Defendants, both in their official and individual сapacities, seeking declaratory, injunctive, and monetary (compensatory and punitive damages) relief as well аs fees. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss his amended complaint based on Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and’ 12(b)(6). A magistrate judge, ‍‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​​‌​‍hearing the' matter by consent of the parties, granted the motion, holding that Eleventh Amendment immunity protected the Defendants from suit in their official capacities and limitations barred the remaining claims against Defendants in their individual capacities. Gosselin v. Kaufman, No. 15-cv-00539-MEH, 2015 WL 7273229 (D. Colo. Nov. 18, 2015). Mr. Gosselin timely appeals.

Discussion

We review dismissal under both Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. Davis ex rel. Davis v. United States, 343 F.3d 1282, 1294 (10th Cir. 2003). We construe a pro se plaintiffs pleadings liberally, but may not “supply additionаl factual allegations to round out a plaintiffs complaint or construct a legal theory on a plaintiffs behalf.” Smith v. United States, 561 F.3d 1090, 1096 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

A. Rule 12(b)(1)

Rule 12(b)(1) allows a. court to dismiss a complaint for “lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.” Motions to dismiss under this rule constitute either “(1) a facial attack on the sufficiency of the complaint’s allegations as to subject matter jurisdiction; or (2) a challenge to the actual facts upon which subject matter jurisdiction is based.” Ruiz v. McDonnell, 299 F.3d 1173, 1180 (10th Cir. 2002). When, as herе, the motion is a facial attack, we presume ‍‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​​‌​‍all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint to be truе. Id.

The Eleventh Amendment provides immunity to states and state agencies from suit in federal court unless the state has waived such immunity. Johns v. Stewart, 57 F.3d 1544, 1552 (10th Cir. 1995). A suit against state officials in their official capacities is considered a claim against the state, and thus likewise barred. Id. Tо the extent Mr. Gosselin seeks money damages or a declaration that his rights were violated, his claims against Defendants in their official capacities are barred by sovereign immunity. Id. at 1553.

Eleventh Amendment immunity, however, does not prevent a plaintiff from obtaining рrospective enforcement of his federal rights. Id. at 1552 (citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 159-60, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908)). In his amended complaint, Mr. Gosselin asserted that Defendant Philips was deliberately indifferent to his continued medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Am. Compl. at 19 (I R. 78). As relief, he requested “аn injunction ordering defendant Philips, or C.D.O.C. agents to arrange for the plaintiff to be evaluated by a medical practicionеr [sic] with expertise in the treatment of testicular injuries.” Id. at 23 (I R. 82). The Eleventh Amendment does not bar this claim seeking prospective relief. However, as explained below, this claim and the claims against Defendants in their individual capacities are barred by thе statute of limitations.

B. Rule 12(b)(6)

Rule 12(b)(6) allows a court to dismiss a case for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be grantеd.” “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint ‍‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​​‌​‍must contain 'sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a clаim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, *919556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Though limitations is an affirmative defense, “when the dates given in the complaint make clear that the right sued upon has been extinguished, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing a factual basis for tolling the statute.” Aldrich v. McCulloch Properties, Inc., 627 F.2d 1036, 1041 n.4 (10th Cir. 1980).

The personal injury statute of the state in which the federal district court sits determines the limitation period for § 1983 suits. Mondragon v. Thompson, 519 F.3d 1078, 1082 (10th Cir. 2008). The general limitation for personal injury claims in Colorado is two years from when the action accrues. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-80-102. Federal law establishes when the claim accrues and when the limitations period begins to run. Mondragon, 519 F.3d at 1082. “A civil rights action accrues when facts that would support a cause of actiоn are or should be apparent.” Fratus v. DeLand, 49 F.3d 673, 675 (10th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation ‍‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​​‌​‍marks and citation omitted).

Mr. Gosselin alleges the incident in his cеll occurred on October 22, 2012. He saw Defendant Philips on October 23, 2012, with a follow up visit on October 28, 2012. Mr. Gosselin filed his complaint on March 16, 2015, well beyond the two-year limitation period, but argues equitable tolling should apply. Under Colorado law, equitable tolling is aрplicable when (1) “defendant’s wrongful conduct prevented the plaintiff from asserting the claims in a timely manner” or (2) “truly exceptiоnal circumstances prevented the plaintiff from filing the claim despite diligent efforts.” Noel v. Hoover, 12 P.3d 328, 330 (Colo. App. 2000). Mr. Gosselin alleges that he received multiple threats from Defendants that prevented him from bringing suit until he was transferred to a new facility. But this argument is undеrcut by the fact that Mr. Gosselin did actually attempt to gain legal representation and file a lawsuit, though he was unsuccessful, and even after he was transferred beyond the reach of defendants, he waited four months to finally bring his suit. We have considered Mr. Gosselin’s other arguments for tolling the limitations period, and even construing these arguments liberally, we agree with the district court and find no exceptional circumstances to justify tolling the statute of limitations.

Mr. Gosselin seems to also bring a continuing violation claim for Defendаnt Phillips’s alleged deliberate indifference. Because we have never formally adopted the continuing violation doctrine for § 1983 actions, see Graham v. Taylor, 640 Fed.Appx. 766, 769 n. 2 (10th Cir.2016), Defendant Phillips is entitled to qualified immunity on this claim. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236-37, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009) (explaining government officials are protected by qualified immunity ‍‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​​‌​​‌​‍if the right allegedly violated was not clearly established).

AFFIRMED. We grant IFP status and remind thе plaintiff that he remains obligated to pay the full filing fee. All remaining pending motions are denied.

Notes

This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Read the detailed case summary