delivered the opinion of the Court.
The jury found a verdict of $3,500 against Mr. and Mrs. Gorman, the appellants, in a suit against them by their' neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. Sabo, the appellees, based on the wilful, malicious, long-continued beaming into the Sabo home of very loud and highly unreasonable blaring of the Gorman radio, and this appeal is from the judgment on that verdict. We are asked to hold that the demurrer to the declaration should have been sustained, that a directed verdict should have been granted as to Mr. Gorman, that there was no proof of actual damage, (and that testimony that illness of Mrs. Sabo was caused by the nuisance was improperly admitted and not an element of damage), as well as that the court erred in its instruction as to compensatory and punitive damages, and finally, that there was reversible error in the refusal of the court to continue the case during trial when Mrs. Gorman was absent.
The declaration alleged that the Sabos were the owners and occupants of 5422 Macbeth Street, Quincy Manor in Prince George’s County and that the Gormans were the owners and occupants of 5420 Macbeth Street, the houses being separated by a relatively narrow open space, and that on or about August 1, 1952, the Gormans “embarked upon an intentional malicious and wilful course of action to annoy, harass
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and injure the plaintiffs by causing, permitting, or causing and permitting loud and offensive sounds to emanate from their said property in such a way as to pass over into the plaintiffs’ property resulting in serious interference with the ordinary comfort, use and enjoyment by the plaintiffs of their property, and persisted and still persist in continuation of the said course of action after frequent requests to desist.” These allegations state a good cause of action. If noise causes physical discomfort and annoyance to those of ordinary sensibilities, tastes and habits and seriously interferes with the ordinary comfort and enjoyment of their homes, and thus diminishes the value of the use of their property rights, it constitutes a private nuisance, entitling those offended against to damages.
Meadowbrook Swimming Club, Inc. v.
Albert,
There was produced at the trial testimony which would have permitted the jury to find the following facts. The appellees, Mr. and Mrs. Sabo, and their four children moved in next door to Mr. and Mrs. Gorman, the appellants, who also had children. Trouble arose between the children which led to ill feeling on the part of Mrs. Gorman against the Sabo *160 children, Mrs. Sabo, and eventually, Mr. Sabo. In the late summer or fall of 1952, Mrs. Gorman engaged in a deliberate and calculated effort to harass and annoy the Sabo family with the aim of making them move. She did this by deliberately turning up the radio in the Gorman house to an excessive and highly unreasonable volume, beaming it directly from a west window of the Gorman house into the east side of the Sabo house. This continued for hours each day over a period of several years. The radio was placed on a table in the middle bedroom on the second floor of the Gorman house right at the casement windows, which were opened and angled so that the sound was directed at the Sabo house. Closed was the door of the room in which the radio was so that other neighbors would not be annoyed. The window was kept open even in cold weather when normally the windows would have been closed. Mrs. Gorman also ordered her children to beat with sticks and stones on metal furniture and cans at strategic times to annoy the Sabo children and Mrs. Sabo. Mrs. Gorman’s efforts to get rid of the Sabo family were known to the neighbors, many having seen the radio and heard its noise and other noises. Mrs. Gorman told various neighbors that she intended to make the Sabos move, that she would make life miserable for Mrs. Sabo, that she hoped Mr. Sabo would be struck down and never speak, and prayed that she would see Mrs. Sabo lie bleeding on the floor, that the Sabos would wish they were in hell before she was through with them, and on several occasions, with Mr. Gorman present, she said that she intended to see that Mrs. Sabo was carried out of the house either in a strait jacket or in a coffin. Soon after the campaign of noise began, Mr. Sabo asked Mr. Gorman to have his wife stop playing the radio. It continued to be played in the same loud and offensive manner for several years. Mr. Sabo complained to Mr. Gorman some five times about the noise. On one occasion Mr. Gorman turned the radio up loud in response to his wife’s statement, “ ‘Louder, dear, it is not loud enough.’ ” There was also testimony that when Mr. Gorman came home from work, Mrs. Gorman would tell him how things were going, and on one occasion, said: “ T did a good job today.’ ” One of the neighbors testified *161 that several times he heard Mr. and Mrs. Gorman say “* * * they were purposely playing the radio to annoy the Sabos.” Mr. Gorman said that the radio which was played belonged to him. There was testimony that as a result of the noise, life became miserable for Mr. and Mrs. Sabo, that their children could not sleep in the afternoon when they were supposed to take their naps, that it was necessary to move them from their room on the side of the house facing the Gormans and to shut the doors and windows of that room. Neighbors said that on innumerable occasions, too many to count, it was impossible to carry on a conversation in the Sabo home. There was medical testimony that Mrs. Sabo was suffering from an actual illness because of the constant harassment of the noise. Mr. Sabo testified that his wife’s deterioration in physical and nervous condition, and the miseries they endured as a result of the Gorman’s actions, made him irritable and nervous. Both Mr. and Mrs. Sabo said they had reached the point where they could not control themselves and could no longer stand the conditions to which they were subjected.
We think there was sufficient evidence to support a finding that Mr. Gorman participated in the maintenance and continuance of the nuisance. One who does not create a nuisance may be liable for some active participation in the continuance of it or by the doing of some positive act evidencing its adoption.
Walter v. Wicomico County,
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The challenges to the proof of compensatory damages, the right to punitive damages, and to the correctness of the charge of the court on both, must fail. There was no exception to (he charge on compensatory damages by either Mr. or Mrs. Gorman and, ordinarily, on appeal neither could raise the correctness of the charge in this respect. General Rules of Practice and Procedure, Part III, Rule 6(c) and 6(d);
Ritterpusch v. Lithographic Plate Service, 208
Md. 592, 601-602. There is no real claim by the appellants that the testimony did not support a finding of wilfulness and malice on the part of Mrs. Gorman sufficient to justify punitive damages. Her failure to seek a directed verdict or to except to the court’s charge on either compensatory or punitive damages, leaves her no standing in this Court to challenge the jury’s verdict. Mr. Gorman, however, did ask for a directed verdict and did except to the court’s charge on punitive damages. The right to compensation, or at least nominal damages, must be established before punitive damages may be awarded, and we think that Mr. Gorman sufficiently preserved his rights on appeal to have us discuss and decide whether the award of compensatory and punitive damages against him was permissible under the evidence. We think the record makes it clear that there was evidence from which the jury properly could have found, as it did, that he must respond in both kinds of damages. Where there is a non-trespassory invasion of rights in real property occupied by the owner as a home, consisting of a temporary private nuisance, the measure of damages is the diminution in the value of the use of the property as a home. The elements to be considered in the loss of the value of the use include the ordinary use and enjoyment of the home, and may also include sickness or ill health of those in the home caused by the nuisance.
Sutherland on Damages,
4th Ed., Vol. 4, Sec. 1048, p. 3890, says that the law is:
“A
plaintiff who occupies a home is not limited to the recovery of the diminished rental value of it, but may be compensated for any actual inconvenience and physical discomfort which materially affected the comfortable and healthful enjoyment and occupancy of his home * * See also
Wood on Nuisances,
3rd Ed., Sec. 866;
McCormick
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on Damages,
Sec. 127, p. 503. In
Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Co. v. Fifth Baptist Church,
The rule of the various states differs in regard to how adverse physical effects caused by nuisances are to be treated. There is an excellent annotation in 142 A. R. R. 1307, which discusses the differences. In many jurisdictions, it is held that damages for illness caused by a nuisance are recoverable in addition to, and separate from, damages for diminution in the value of the use or the value of the rental of the property. In other jurisdictions, the ill health is treated as an element or measure of the extent of the loss of value of the use and of the substantial invasion of normal and comfortable enjoyment of the property, and the illness of a member of the household may be included in the invaded property rights of the head of the house.
U. S. Smelting Co. v. Sisam,
It is urged that there was an abuse of discretion amounting to reversible error in the refusal of the trial court to postpone the further trial of the case on the afternoon of the first day when Mrs. Gorman was unable to be present, and on the next morning when again she was not present. The appellants, in their reply brief, presented an affidavit by trial counsel for appellants (who did not appear on appeal) that the trial judge refused to take the case out of the assignment although he was shown a certificate from a doctor to the effect that it would be better if the case could be postponed, that Mrs. Gorman became ill during the noon recess of the first day of the trial, that a doctor was summoned and gave her a hypodermic, that she was taken to the Prince George’s County Hospital, where an interne wrote a certificate saying that she was confused and that excitement might lead to another convulsive episode, and that in spite of these facts, the trial court would not postpone the case either on the afternoon of the first day or on the morning of the second day. The appellees counter by saying that they had been advised before trial that Mrs. Gorman was stating in the neighborhood that she would feign illness to prevent the case from coming to trial and, if necessary, to prevent its conclusion if it did begin and had so told her counsel. They say Mrs. Gorman went home from the hospital and was not ill. The record shows only that about three o’clock on the first day of the trial, Mrs. Gorman’s counsel asked that the case be continued until his client “recovers sufficiently to go through the ordeal of a trial”. The court denied the motion, stating that counsel should take notes of any testimony that Mrs. Gorman might rebut or explain so that she could testify later, if it were so desired. An exception was taken to this action. When court reconvened the next morning, counsel advised the court briefly that Mrs.
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Gorman was not able to be present and renewed the request for a continuance, and the court denied the request and granted an exception. It is not claimed in the brief, nor was it at the argument, that the appellants were hurt in fact by the failure of the court to allow a continuance of the case. It is not even claimed that Mrs. Gorman had planned to take the stand or that she would have been a helpful or persuasive witness. It is not said that she would testify as to any fact that was not brought out in the trial, or that she could have aided in bringing out any fact not brought out either on direct or cross examination of any witness. No actual prejudice was claimed, much less shown. The right of a party to a cause to be present throughout the trial is not an absolute right in a civil case and in the discretion of the court, with due regard to the circumstances as to prejudice, the case may be tried or finished when a party, including a defendant, is absent.
Winakur v. Zeno,
Judgment affirmed, with costs.