Gordon v. StateGordon v. State
Robert A. Butterworth, Atty. Gen., and Craig B. Willis, Asst. Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, and Yvette Rhodes Prescott of Peters, Pickle, Niemoeller, Robertson, Lax & Parsons, Miami, for respondents.
Roy D. Wasson, Miami, amicus curiae, for The Academy of Florida Trial Lawyers.
Jack W. Shaw, Jr. of Osborne, McNatt, Shaw, O‘Hara, Brown & Obringer, Jacksonville, amicus curiae, for Florida Defense Lawyers Ass‘n.
Edward T. O‘Donnell of Herzfeld and Rubin, Miami, amicus curiae, for Product Liability Advisory Council, Inc.
PER CURIAM.
We review a question certified to be of great public importance: whether subsection
Harvey Gordon was falsely imprisoned and battered by employees of K-Mart Corporation in an incident in one of its stores on February 16, 1987. Gordon recovered a jury verdict against K-Mart for $72,500 in compensatory damages and $512,600 in punitive damages, which was affirmed on appeal. K-Mart Corp. v. Gordon, 565 So.2d 834 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990). After the mandate was issued, K-Mart, on September 20, 1990, moved to amend the final judgment pursuant to
If the cause of action was based on personal injury or wrongful death, 60 percent of the award shall be payable to the Public Medical Assistance Trust Fund created in s. 409.2662; otherwise, 60 percent of the award shall be payable to the General Revenue Fund.
This provision became effective on July 1, 1986, as part of the Tort Reform and Insurance Act of 1986.
As the district court noted:
[Gordon] has no cognizable, protectable right to the recovery of punitive damages at all. Unlike the right to compensatory damages, the allowance of punitive damages is based entirely upon considerations of public policy. Accordingly, it is clear that the very existence of an inchoate claim for punitive damages is subject to the plenary authority of the ultimate policy-maker under our system, the legislature. In the exercise of that discretion, it may place conditions upon such a recovery or even abolish it altogether.
Gordon, 585 So.2d at 1035-36 (citations omitted). This Court said in Ross v. Gore, 48 So.2d 412, 414 (Fla. 1950):
The right to have punitive damages assessed is not property; and it is the general rule that, until a judgment is
rendered, there is no vested right in a claim for punitive damages. It cannot, then, be said that the denial of punitive damages has unconstitutionally impaired any property rights of appellant.
(Citations omitted.) The incident here occurred subsequent to the effective date of the statute and thus the award clearly is governed by the statute.
We agree with the trial court that no substantive due process violation occurred. The statute under attack here bears a rational relationship to legitimate legislative objectives: to allot to the public weal a portion of damages designed to deter future harm to the public and to discourage punitive damage claims by making them less remunerative to the claimant and the claimant‘s attorney.
We also have considered the other constitutional claims raised and suffice it to say that the statute does not violate the right to trial by jury, does not constitute a tax on judgments, does not deny equal protection and is not a special law.
We further agree that the trial court‘s amendment to the initial judgment was proper because
We moreover find no merit to counsel‘s claim that subsection
Accordingly we answer the question certified in the affirmative and approve the decision of the district court.
It is so ordered.
BARKETT, C.J., and OVERTON, McDONALD, GRIMES, KOGAN and HARDING, JJ., concur.
SHAW, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion.
SHAW, Justice, concurring and dissenting.
I agree that subsection
This Court has said that “[w]hen the right to collect money under the terms of a decree has vested, it is not within the province of a court to divest such right.” Blocker v. Ferguson, 47 So.2d 694, 698 (Fla. 1950). We have noted that “[i]t is also well settled that the judgment of an appellate court, where it issues a mandate, is a final judgment in the cause and compliance therewith by a lower court is a purely ministerial act.”1 O.P. Corp. v. Village of N. Palm Beach, 302 So.2d 130, 131 (Fla. 1974). Mr. Gordon had a vested property right by the time the State intervened to claim its lion‘s share of the punitive damage award.
We said in Department of Law Enforcement v. Real Property, 588 So.2d 957, 960 (Fla. 1991):
The basic due process guarantee of the Florida Constitution provides that “[n]o person shall be deprived of life, liberty or
property without due process of law.” Art. I, § 9, Fla. Const. Substantive due process under the Florida Constitution protects the full panoply of individual rights from unwarranted encroachment by the government. To ascertain whether the encroachment can be justified, courts have considered the propriety of the state‘s purpose; the nature of the party being subjected to state action; the substance of the individual‘s right being infringed upon; the nexus between the means chosen by the state and the goal it intended to achieve; whether less restrictive alternatives were available; and whether individuals are ultimately being treated in a fundamentally unfair manner in derogation of their substantive rights.
The encroachment here is unjustified under this standard.
Our sister court, in Kirk v. Denver Publishing Co., 818 P.2d 262 (Colo. 1991), held that a similar statute (giving one-third of a judgment for exemplary damages to the state general fund) unconstitutional. It found the statute to be a forced taking of property unrelated to any constitutionally permissible governmental interest and, therefore, violative of the federal and state constitutional proscriptions against taking private property without just compensation. The court said:
In our view, forcing a judgment creditor to pay to the state general fund one-third of a judgment for exemplary damages in order to fund services which have already been funded by other revenue-raising measures, and without conferring on the judgment creditor any benefit or service not furnished to other civil litigants not required to make the same contribution, amounts to an unconstitutional taking of the judgment creditor‘s property in violation of the Taking Clause of the United States and the Colorado Constitutions.
Id. at 272. The court noted that this is particularly true where “the judgment itself results exclusively from the judgment creditor‘s time, effort, and expense in the litigation process without any assistance whatever from the state.” Id. The court also found significant “the absence of any demonstrable nexus between, on the one hand, any alleged governmental interest in punishing and deterring ... tortious conduct and, on the other, the statutory imposition of the forced contribution on the person injured by the wrongful conduct.” Id. at 273. I find these observations equally pertinent here: the State did nothing to earn its sixty-percent share of the punitive damage award; and a nexus between deterrence and the forced contribution from the injured person is absent.
The United States Supreme Court held unconstitutional, in Webb‘s Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith, 449 U.S. 155, 101 S.Ct. 446, 66 L.Ed.2d 358 (1980), a Florida statute giving $100,000 in interest accruing on moneys placed in the registry of the court to counties as a fee for using the courts.2 It said:
Neither the Florida Legislature by statute, nor the Florida courts by judicial decree, may accomplish the result the county seeks simply by recharacterizing the principal as “public money“... .
... [A] State, by ipse dixit, may not transform private property into public property without compensation... . This is the very kind of thing that the Taking Clause of the Fifth Amendment was meant to prevent. That Clause stands as a shield against arbitrary use of governmental power.
Id. at 164, 101 S.Ct. at 452. The court held constitutional, by contrast, a federal statute deducting one and one-half percent from the first five million dollars of an arbitration award entered by a federal claims tribunal, as reimbursement for administrative expenses. United States v. Sperry Corp., 493 U.S. 52, 110 S.Ct. 387, 107 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989). The court declined to define what percentage of an award would be “too great a take” because it
I also view section
For these reasons I dissent.