Gеorge Gordon was twice arrested by Boise Police Officer Richard Noble for operating unlicensed or unregistered motor vehicles. Gordon sued Noble and two other defendants, Mike Quintieri and Keith Schultz for damages because Noble dirеcted Quintieri and Schultz, operators of private towing companies, to pick up and impound the vehicles. Gordon’s complaint was styled as a trover action. This appeal comes to us after the trial court entered a dirеcted verdict for defendants Quintieri and Schultz, and a jury returned a verdict in favor of defendant Noble. Gordon, appearing pro se throughout these proceedings, appealed the decision to the district court which affirmed the magistrate’s judgment. This appeal followed. We affirm.
Gordon seeks either the return of the vehicles or money damages for their conversion by the defendants. He raises essentially two questions; first, was Officer Noble authorized to impound the vehicles; аnd second, were the private towing companies authorized to keep the vehicles after Gordon requested their return. Gordon alleges that his property was taken without due process of law and held for ransom. He also assеrts that it was error for the court to treat his common law trover action as governed by the Idaho Tort Claims Act (ITCA).
We first address the liability of Officer Noble. The jury was given instructions based on the Idaho Tort Claims Act (ITCA), I.C. § 6-901 to -928. As noted, Gordon did not sue under the ITCA, but sued insteаd in trover, preferring to claim his rights under common law instead of statutory law. Gordon’s position is not only that the ITCA is inapplicable but that he is “exempt” from such statutory law. Gordon cites to the law of conversion to support his trover action. Conversion is the dominion over chattels by a person not the owner, which is inconsistent with the rights of the owner.
Schlieff v. Bistline,
The ITCA authorizes tort claims against governmental entities and employees for their negligence or wrongful acts or omissions when engaged in activities for which an individual could be held liable. How *1050 ever, I.C. § 6-904 provides exceptions to this liability:
A governmental entity and its employees while аcting within the course and scope of their employment and without malice or criminal intent shall not be liable for any claim which:
1. Arises out of any act or omission of an employee of the governmental entity exercising ordinary care, in reliance upon or the execution or performance of a statutory or regulatory function, whether or not the statute or regulation be valid, or based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a governmental entity or employee thereof, whether or not the discretion be abused.
4. Arises out of assault, battery, false imprisonment, false arrest, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, libel, slander, misrepresentation, deceit, or interference with contract rights.
These exceptions were upheld as a valid exercise of legislative power in
Haeg v. City of Pocatello,
The jury in the present case wаs also given an instruction based upon I.C. § 49-692 which authorizes police officers to remove vehicles under certain conditions. This statute provides in part:
Officers authorized to remove vehicles.—
(3) Any police officer is hereby authorized to remove or cause to be remоved to the nearest garage or other place of safety any vehicle found upon a highway when:
(b) The person or persons in charge of such vehicle are unable to provide for its custody or removal,____
Thus, the jury could have сoncluded that Officer Noble was authorized by I.C. § 49-692 to impound the vehicle, or that in any event, the ITCA provided him immunity from liability for a wrongful impounding. In regard to the lawfulness of Officer Noble’s actions, we note that under enumerated circumstances I.C. § 49-692 authorizеs the removal of a vehicle “found upon a highway.” Here, the vehicles were located in parking lots when impounded. Also, Gordon protested the taking of the vehicles, and on both occasions he requested that the vehicles be turnеd over to his “agent” who accompanied him. Gordon argues that Officer Noble had no authority to have the vehicles impounded and removed from private property without Gordon's consent when he, Gordon, was able to provide fоr their custody. It is possible that Gordon could have obtained the proper registration and license plates, returned later, attached the plates and taken the vehicles lawfully away. These facts do not put this case squarely intо the language of I.C. § 49-692.
On the other hand, Officer Noble was faced with an unusual situation. The first traffic stop occurred when Officer Noble observed a motorcycle with an expired plate and a loud muffler. The driver, later identified as Gordon, refusеd to identify himself or produce a driver’s license. Officer Noble discovered that the motorcycle was registered to an Emmett, Idaho resident, while the license plate had been issued for a different motorcycle. Gordon refused to еxplain the discrepancies, and was taken into custody. The second incident involved a car. On that occasion Gordon was driving without license plates. Officer Noble recognized Gordon, who again refused to produce a driver’s license. Noble called in the vehicle identification number and found the car to be registered to someone other than Gordon. Again, Gordon refused to explain and was taken into custody, and again, a towing company was called tо impound the vehicle. Had Gordon been able to show proof of ownership to Officer Noble before the vehicles were impounded against his will, and with an “agent” present to take them, we would have a much different case.
Gordon maintains that his status as a “free and natural citizen” places him be *1051 yond the regulatory statutes contained in the motor vehicle code. We have already decided against Gordon on that contention, in another case. See Gordon v. State, supra.
Gordon further сontends that by impounding his vehicles, Officer Noble held the vehicles for “ransom” as a form of punishment for noncompliance with the motor vehicle licensing and registration statutes. He asserts this “curbside justice” chills the free exercise of rights by the сitizenry. Although we do note that the vehicles were initially taken without any judicial process, we cannot view Gordon’s self-proclaimed exemption from the regulations involved, and his refusal or inability to provide Officer Noble with proof of ownership, as the reasonable exercise of a citizen’s rights. It was Gordon who gave Officer Noble the Hobson’s choice of impounding the vehicles under questionable statutory authority or simply letting vehicles of undetermined ownership slip away. It plainly appears, and the jury implicitly found, that Officer Noble made the choice “without malice or criminal intent” as denoted by I.C. § 6-904. Accordingly, we need not decide whether his choice was the right one under I.C. § 49-692, because even if it was not, I.C. § 6-904(1) рrecludes liability of Officer Noble in this action.
The next question is whether the retention of the vehicles by Quintieri and Schultz was authorized. We believe that in this case it was. Officer Noble instructed the two operators to remove the vehicles and tо release them only upon a proper showing of ownership. Gordon sought the return of the vehicles but never provided documented proof of ownership. Gordon directs our attention to
Capson v. Superior Court of State of Arizona, etc.,
Were it not for Gordon’s refusal or inability to prove his title to these vehicles we might well follow the reasoning of the Capson case. Quintieri and Schultz had no lien authority to keep these vehicles against the will of the owner. However, Gordon would not, or could not, prove thаt he was in fact the owner, and was therefore entitled to possession of the vehicles. The instructions given by Officer Noble authorized Quintieri and Schultz to retain the vehicles until the owner, upon sufficient proof of title, called for them. This was nevеr done. Gordon has not shown that the vehicles were tortiously withheld from him as security for payment of the towing and storage fees. We affirm the directed verdict of the trover action in favor of Quintieri and Schultz.
Quintieri and Schultz were granted judgment on their сounterclaim for towing and storage charges. In an order preceding *1052 the judgment, the magistrate concluded that, because the towing operators had been authorized by Officer Noble to impound and hold the cars until proof of ownership was furnished, the operators were “entitled to storage charges for the time the vehicles have been in the custody of the defendants.” The trial court did not explain upon what legal theory Gordon, rather than the City of Boise, should be liable for the towing and storage costs. The order authorized Quintieri and Schultz to release the vehicles to Gordon without any further proof of Ownership upon Gordon’s payment of the charges contained in the judgment.
Gordon now argues that forcing him to рay the charges is punishment for failure to comply with the vehicle registration statutes. He also now asserts that the magistrate erred in awarding judgment against him for the operators’ charges. There may be some merit to his assertions. However, the record shows that Gordon did not raise this issue in his appeal from the magistrate division to the district court. Nor was the issue considered and decided in the district court on its merits. The district court in this case functioned as an intermediate appellate court. “It is well settled that when a second appeal is taken, the appellants may not raise issues in the higher court different from those presented in the intermediate court.”
Centers v. Yehezkely,
The decision of the district court affirming the magistrate court’s orders and judgment is affirmed. Costs to defendants Noble, Quintieri and Schultz. We decline to award attorney fees.
Notes
. At the time the vehicles were removed, I.C. § 49-592 provided that abandoned vehicles could be held by towing companies until payment of the towing and storage fee, and if unclaimed could then be sold. However, this "lien” was predicated upon the vehicle first having been abandoned. Idaho Code § 49-592 was repealed in 1982 аnd replaced with Chapter 35, Title 49, Idaho Code. This new chapter does provide a possessory lien for towing and storage. Since Chapter 35 was not yet in effect at the time of the impoundment of the vehicles the lien does not apply to this case.