Gordon R. Gross v. the City of Houston
391 S.W.3d 168
Tex. App.
2012
Check Treatment

Gordon R. GOSS, Appellant v. The CITY OF HOUSTON, Appellee

No. 01-10-00836-CV

Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.)

Sept. 20, 2012

CONCLUSION

In sum, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment based on Jim‘s failure to set a hearing on his motion to stay within thirty days of its filing. Although the trial court properly granted summary judgment as to Jim‘s defenses based on section 157.005(b), the dormancy statute, and laches, it erred in granting summary judgment as to Jim‘s defense based on res judicata. Finally, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment as to Jim‘s remaining defenses because they were not addressed in Virginia‘s summary judgment motions.

We, therefore, reverse the judgment of the trial court in its entirety, and remand to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

John R. Craddock, The Feldman Law Firm LLP, Houston, TX, for Appellant.

Karen Gail Singer, Assistant City Attorney, City of Houston Legal Department, Houston, TX, for Appellee.

Panel consists of Justices KEYES, HIGLEY, and MASSENGALE.

OPINION

EVELYN V. KEYES, Justice.

Appellant, Gordon R. Goss, appeals the trial court‘s grant of the plea to the jurisdiction filed by appellee, the City of Houston (“the City“). The appeal arises from the dismissal of Goss‘s claims for violations of the Texas Commission on Human Rights Act (“TCHRA“), conspiracy to violate the TCHRA, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. In four issues, Goss argues the trial court erred by: (1) ordering the case to be dismissed when certain claims were still before the trial court; (2) granting more relief than requested by the City; (3) improperly dismissing his claims with prejudice; and (4) determining that his claims were barred by the statute of limitations.1 In a cross-point, the City argues that we lack jurisdiction to consider this appeal. We affirm the trial court‘s order dismissing the case for lack of jurisdiction with prejudice.

Background

Goss‘s claims arise out of complaints he filed with the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) and with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), one filed on April 13, 2006 and one filed on January 8, 2007 and amended on July 3, 2007. On April 13, 2009, the EEOC notified Goss and his attorney in two separate determinations that it believed the City had violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII“). The determinations made no reference to the TCHRA or any other state law or potential claim. On May 28, 2009, Goss and his attorney were notified that conciliation efforts required by Title VII had been unsuccessful. On November 23, 2009, Goss was notified by the United States Department of Justice (“DOJ“) that he had the right to institute a civil action under Title VII and that “such suit must be filed in the appropriate court within 90 days of your receipt of this Notice.” The right to sue letter from the DOJ made no reference to the TCHRA or any other state law claim.

Goss filed suit on February 26, 2010, asserting claims under the TCHRA and intentional torts. He did not include any federal claims. After the City filed its plea to the jurisdiction and motion for summary judgment, however, Goss filed an amended petition asserting federal claims under Title VII. He did not serve this petition on the City until July 21, 2010, over a month after the June 4, 2010 hearing on the City‘s plea to the jurisdiction, and a month after the trial court‘s June 21, 2010 order dismissing Goss‘s suit with prejudice.

Statute of Limitations

In his third issue, Goss argues the trial court erred by granting the City‘s plea to the jurisdiction based on the statute of limitations because equitable tolling applies. The City responds that statutory requirements, including limitations periods, are jurisdictional in suits against the City and that the equitable tolling doctrine does not apply. We agree with the City.

The TCHRA provides that a plaintiff who seeks redress under that Act must file suit within two years of the date he filed his complaint with the Texas Workforce Commission. TEX. LABOR CODE ANN. § 21.256 (Vernon 2006); see (holding that aggrieved employee must file complaint within 180 days of alleged discriminatory act, allow TWC 180 days to dismiss or resolve complaint before filing suit, and “file suit in district court no later than two years after the complaint is filed with the [TWC]“). Here, Goss filed two complaints with the EEOC and the TWC, one on April 13, 2006 and one on January 8, 2007. In both circumstances, Goss indicated that he wanted the charges filed with what is now the Texas Workforce Commission, Civil Rights Division. The EEOC issued its determinations on April 13, 2009. A right to sue letter was issued on November 23, 2009. Goss filed suit, alleging violations of the TCHRA, on February 26, 2010, over three years after he filed his last charge with the EEOC. Thus, this suit was untimely under the plain language of the TCHRA.

The City argues that a statute of limitations is jurisdictional in a suit against a governmental entity and, therefore, because Goss brought his TCHRA suit after limitations had run, the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction and properly dismissed the suit with prejudice. To support its argument, the City relies on Government Code section 311.034, a Texas Supreme Court case, and an opinion from the El Paso Court of Appeals. See TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN. § 311.034 (Vernon Supp. 2012); ; . While this suit was pending, however, the Texas Supreme Court answered this question definitively. See (applying Labor Code section 21.202, requiring that complaint under TCHRA be filed with TWC within 180 days, to section 311.034)

Section 311.034 provides, in relevant part, “Statutory prerequisites to a suit, including the provision of notice, are jurisdictional requirements in all suits against a governmental entity.” TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN. § 311.034. In , the Texas Supreme Court expressly held that the 180-day administrative filing deadline is jurisdictional. See . Courts have also determined that notices of intent to file suit and exhaustion of administrative remedies are statutory prerequisites that function as jurisdictional requirements in a suit against a governmental entity. (applying requirement to provide notice of intent to file suit to section 311.034); (applying exhaustion of administrative remedies requirements to section 311.034).

Prior to , the El Paso Court of Appeals had held that compliance with the statute of limitations in Labor Code section 21.256 was not only a mandatory statutory prerequisite to bringing suit under the TCHRA but was also jurisdictional when the defendant is a governmental entity. . As authority for its holding, the court relied upon the Texas Supreme Court‘s opinion in . In , the supreme court—mindful of its own prior opinion in , which held that a statutory prerequisite may be mandatory without being jurisdictional and observing that the United States Supreme Court had “consistently construed Title VII‘s requirements as mandatory but not jurisdictional“—held that the two-year statutory period for filing suit against a private employer on claims brought under the TCHRA was “mandatory but not jurisdictional” and was, therefore, subject to equitable tolling. . However, the court also observed, as part of its rationale,

[w]hile the Legislature could make the Labor Code filing deadlines jurisdictional, as it has in cases involving statutory requirements relating to governmental entities, see TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN. § 311.034 (providing that “statutory prerequisites to a suit, including the provision of notice, are jurisdictional requirements in all suits against a governmental entity“), it has not done so here. .

Citing the foregoing statement in , the court held that compliance with the statute of limitations for an employment discrimination claim under the TCHRA set out in Labor Code section 21.256 was a mandatory statutory prerequisite to bringing suit under the TCHRA against a governmental entity and was jurisdictional. . And it observed that “a failure to comply with the mandatory statutory requirements deprives a trial court of subject matter jurisdiction in a subsequent lawsuit alleging violations of the Act against a governmental entity.” (citing ).

We agree with the court that, in , the Texas Supreme Court explicitly recognized that the TCHRA and Government Code section 311.034 were both intended by the Legislature to have effect and that the express intent of section 311.034 is to make statutory prerequisites to suit jurisdictional in suits brought against governmental entities, including the mandatory, but otherwise non-jurisdictional, statutory limitations period in Labor Code section 21.256. See ; ; see also (holding that 2005 amendment of section 311.034 “evinces the Legislature‘s intent that all statutory prerequisites are now jurisdictional requirements as to governmental entities and are properly asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction“). We specifically observe that to hold otherwise would draw an unfounded distinction between “statutory prerequisites” and statutes of limitations and contravene the express intent of the Legislature, set out in Government Code section 311.034, that all statutory prerequisites to suit be considered jurisdictional when the defendant is a governmental entity. See TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN. § 311.034; (holding that “the term ‘statutory prerequisite’ refers to statutory provisions that are mandatory and must be accomplished prior to filing suit” and that “[i]n a statutory cause of action against a governmental entity, the failure to adhere to the statute‘s mandatory provisions that must be accomplished before filing suit is a jurisdictional bar to suit“).

In accordance with the foregoing authority, we hold that the TCHRA‘s statutory limitations period is jurisdictional under Government Code section 311.034. Accordingly, we hold that compliance with the statute of limitations in the TCHRA is a statutory prerequisite to filing suit under that statute against a governmental entity. Goss filed this litigation well outside the statutory limitations period. Failure to comply with a jurisdictional requirement for suit against a government entity deprives the trial court of power to act, other than to determine that it lacks jurisdiction. . Accordingly, suits brought against a governmental entity in violation of a statute of limitations, as here, must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Because Goss‘s TCHRA claims against the City were untimely filed, the City was entitled to dismissal of those claims. Therefore, we hold that the trial court properly granted the City‘s plea to the jurisdiction on the basis of statute of limitations, subject only to the validity of Goss‘s equitable tolling claims.

Equitable Tolling

In his fourth issue, Goss argues that the trial court erred by granting the City‘s plea to the jurisdiction based on the statute of limitations because equitable tolling applies to toll both his claims under the TCHRA, which are subject to the two-year statute of limitations set out in Labor Code section 21.256, and under Title VII. See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.256. Goss asserts two bases for equitable tolling: (1) the EEOC‘s failure to process the charge within the limitations period and (2) misrepresentations from an EEOC agent that Goss had to wait for the right to sue letter before filing suit. He argues that the TCHRA is analogous to Title VII, which provides for equitable tolling when a complainant has, as here, filed a “defective pleading” or filed in the wrong forum.

1. TCHRA Claims

Goss‘s arguments are based on federal opinions interpreting federal law, namely Title VII. See (holding limitations period is tolled while administrative agency has exclusive jurisdiction over claim if that time goes beyond time to bring claim in trial court); (holding equitable tolling applies when EEOC misleads claimant about nature of her rights under Title VII).

Goss‘s original petition concerns state law claims brought in a state court. Goss does not cite to any case law showing that Texas has adopted his equitable tolling arguments, nor have we found any. To the contrary, the TCHRA and Title VII are not the same or analogous, nor is the case law interpreting the requirements for filing suit under these statutes. For example, a Notice of Right to Sue is required when claims are filed under Title VII. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(l) (providing that Title VII action may be brought “within ninety days after the giving of . . . notice“). But a person who wishes to bring a lawsuit alleging discrimination in violation of the TCHRA need only wait 180 days after filing a charge with the TWC before filing suit. .

In addition, Title VII lacks a limitations provision parallel to the TCHRA‘s provision requiring that suit be filed within two years of the date the claimant filed the administrative complaint. Statutes of limitations, like that in the TCHRA,

operate to prevent the litigation of stale claims; they “afford plaintiffs what the legislature deems a reasonable time to present their claims and protect defendants and the courts from having to deal with cases in which the search for truth may be seriously impaired by the loss of evidence, whether by death or disappearance of witness, fading memories, disappearance of document or otherwise. The purpose of a statute of limitation is to establish a point of repose....”

(quoting ). The Texas Legislature has considered this function of the statute of limitations to be sufficiently important when private claims are alleged against governmental entities that it has made this limit jurisdictional. See TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN. § 311.034.

Thus, while the federal courts have found equitable tolling in certain cases brought under Title VII, the considerations that support such claims in those suits are not present in TCHRA suits. Rather, construing the TCHRA as permitting equitable tolling would contradict the express purpose of Texas‘s statutes of limitations and the jurisdictional bar to suit such statutes impose when governmental entities are sued in Texas state courts. Application of the doctrine of equitable tolling in such a case would also undermine the carefully articulated scheme set out by the Legislature for the equitable resolution of employment discrimination claims. Accordingly, we hold that the equitable tolling doctrine does not apply to claims brought against governmental entities under the TCHRA.

2. Title VII Claims

Goss also asserts that he was “misled” by the EEOC and that, therefore, under federal law, his Title VII claims “relate back” to the date he filed his TCHRA claims. We disagree.

Texas‘s “relation back” doctrine is set out in Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 16.068, which provides:

If a filed pleading relates to a cause of action, cross action, counterclaim, or defense that is not subject to a plea of limitation when the pleading is filed, a subsequent amendment or supplement to the pleading that changes the facts or grounds of liability or defense is not subject to a plea of limitation unless the amendment or supplement is wholly based on a new, distinct, or different transaction or occurrence.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.068 (Vernon 2008). Texas courts apply a two-pronged test to determine whether an amended pleading relates back to an earlier pleading for purposes of limitations. ; . “First, the original cause of action asserted in the first pleading must not have been time-barred when filed; and second, the amended pleading which changes the grounds of liability must not be wholly based on a new, distinct, or different transaction or occurrence.” ; .

Under section 16.068, a claim asserted in an amended petition which is related to the same transaction that is the subject of an original petition is time-barred if the claim made in the original petition is itself time-barred. See (“Section 16.068 is a tolling statute that stops the clock at the time that the original petition is filed, if filed within the limitations period, but cannot toll a time period already expired.“); (stating, “a cause of action barred by limitation cannot be revived by filing a pleading stating an invalid cause of action and thereafter amending to include the barred cause of action,” nor can it revive a time-barred cause of action) (quoting ). Moreover, because the trial court lacked jurisdiction over Goss‘s TCHRA suit, his original petition was a nullity and could neither toll limitations nor create subject matter jurisdiction over Goss‘s amended petition. See ; .

We hold that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over both Goss‘s TCHRA claim and his Title VII claim.

Dismissal with Prejudice

In his third issue, Goss argues that the City‘s plea to the jurisdiction should have been granted without prejudice. “A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea that seeks dismissal of a case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.” . Because governmental immunity from suit defeats the trial court‘s jurisdiction, it may be raised in a plea to the jurisdiction. In addition, because subject matter jurisdiction is essential to a court‘s power to decide a case, the absence of jurisdiction may also be raised, not only in a plea to the jurisdiction, but by other procedural vehicles, such as a motion for summary judgment. . “In general, a dismissal with prejudice is improper [in a plea to the jurisdiction] when the plaintiff is capable of remedying the jurisdictional defect.” . But if the pleadings affirmatively negate jurisdiction, a plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend his petition. ; . Thus, when the evidence establishes that the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction due to governmental immunity to suit, dismissal with prejudice is proper. .

Here, the evidence establishes that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over Goss‘s claims because the statute of limitations in Labor Code section 21.256 barred his TCHRA claims; Government Code section 311.034 made the statute of limitations jurisdictional as to Goss‘s claims against the City, a governmental entity; and Goss‘s Title VII claim did not relate back to the original date of filing of Goss‘s TCHRA time-barred suit so as to create jurisdiction where none otherwise existed. Therefore, the trial court did not err in dismissing Goss‘s suit with prejudice.

We overrule Goss‘s third issue.

Granting Greater Relief

In his first two issues, Goss argues that, by dismissing his Title VII claims, the trial court erroneously granted greater relief than the City had requested. He alleges, “The City‘s plea to the jurisdiction does not defeat Goss’ federal claims because the City failed to seek such relief in its April 30, 2010 filing.” He contends, “It is axiomatic that a party may not be granted judgment as a matter of law on a cause of action not addressed in a summary judgment proceeding.”

Goss confuses a plea to the jurisdiction and a motion for summary judgment. Subject matter jurisdiction is essential to the authority of the courts to decide a case. . It is never presumed and cannot be waived, even when uncontested. . Subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time, even for the first time on appeal. . A challenge to the court‘s jurisdiction may be made in the form of a motion for summary judgment without changing the requirements for establishing subject matter jurisdiction. See .

To establish subject matter jurisdiction, a party must allege facts that affirmatively demonstrate the court‘s jurisdiction to hear the cause of action. ; ; . If the pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, a plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend. . However, if a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, the courts will consider relevant evidence presented by the parties when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues. If the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact issue as to jurisdiction, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law. .

We have held, on the basis of the pleadings, that, because Goss failed to comply with a jurisdictional requirement for filing this suit against the City under the TCHRA, the trial court had no power to act other than to determine that it lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate that claim. See . Thus, the trial court properly dismissed Goss‘s TCHRA claim with prejudice. See . We have also held that Goss‘s Title VII claim was likewise time-barred, did not relate back to the filing date of Goss‘s TCHRA claim, and could not create jurisdiction over Goss‘s time-barred employment discrimination claims. See . Therefore, because Goss‘s pleadings affirmatively demonstrated the court‘s lack of subject matter jurisdiction over both his TCHRA and his Title VII claim, dismissal of his suit with prejudice was proper.2

Thus, the trial court could not properly have taken any action on Goss‘s suit other than to enter its final order of dismissal with prejudice.

Conclusion

We affirm the trial court‘s order granting the City of Houston‘s plea to the jurisdiction and dismissing the case with prejudice.

HIGLEY, J., dissenting.

LAURA CARTER HIGLEY, Justice, dissenting.

In his first two issues, Goss argues that the trial court erred by granting the City of Houston greater relief than it had requested by dismissing his Title VII claims. Because the trial court improperly disposed of Goss‘s federal claims, I respectfully dissent.

The parties dispute whether the trial court disposed of Goss‘s federal Title VII claims in the June 21 order or in the August 25 order. The City of Houston‘s plea to the jurisdiction was set for a hearing on June 4, 2010. At the time that the City of Houston filed its plea to the jurisdiction, Goss had only asserted his state TCHRA claims. Accordingly, the City of Houston only sought dismissal of those claims.

Seven days before the June 4 hearing, Goss filed an amended petition, asserting new claims under Title VII. The June 21 order recognized that the City of Houston‘s plea to the jurisdiction was based on Goss‘s original petition, which only asserted the TCHRA claims. It ordered, however, “that ... Goss‘[s] suit against Defendant City of Houston, and each and every claim asserted in the Original Petition is DISMISSED with prejudice.”

Focusing on the fact that the order only specifically dismissed his claims asserted in his original petition, which did not include his Title VII claims, Goss argued in his motion for reconsideration that the trial court had not dismissed his Title VII claims. Accordingly, Goss argued, the “Court record” had improperly designated the entire case as dismissed. He also argued in his motion that the TCHRA claims should be reinstated.

A hearing on the motion for reconsideration was set for August 16. Four days (two business days) before the hearing, the City of Houston filed its response. The City of Houston argued that the amended petition had no effect because it had never been served a copy of the pleading. It also included in its response a new plea to the jurisdiction and a motion for summary judgment, arguing that (1) Goss‘s amended petition asserting Title VII claims was not filed within 90 days of his right to sue letter; (2) the amended petition does not relate back to the original petition; (3) tolling does not apply; and (4) the City of Houston was immune from suit for intentional torts.

There is no indication that the City of Houston attempted to set its motions for the August 16 hearing date secured by Goss. Nevertheless, it did submit proposed orders to the trial court (1) denying Goss‘s motion for reconsideration, (2) granting its motion for summary judgment on Goss‘s Title VII claims, and (3) granting its plea to the jurisdiction for Goss‘s Title VII claims.

On August 25, the trial court signed only one of those proposed orders: the order denying Goss‘s motion for reconsideration. It explicitly stated that the motion for reconsideration was denied. It also ordered “that ... Goss‘[s] suit against Defendant City of Houston, and each and every claim asserted in this cause, is DISMISSED with prejudice.”

It is not necessary to resolve which order disposed of Goss‘s Title VII claims because I would hold that it was error to have dismissed them regardless of which order actually dismissed them.

The City of Houston‘s original plea to the jurisdiction only sought dismissal of Goss‘s TCHRA claims. Assuming without deciding that the June 21 order also disposed of the Title VII claims, the trial court gave the City of Houston greater relief than what it sought. It is reversible error for a trial court to grant the moving party more relief than it is entitled to. .

Neither do we have to decide whether the Aug. 25 order disposed of the Title VII claims, because the error remains. The City of Houston argues that Goss, in his motion for reconsideration, “expressly asked the trial court to consider the new claims asserted in the Amended Petition.” I disagree. Goss simply explained in his motion that his Title VII claims had not been adjudicated. Nowhere in his motion, however, did he actually ask the trial court to dispose of them. His prayer for relief only asked the trial court to reinstate the claims it had previously dismissed.

While the City of Houston included in its response to Goss‘s motion for reconsideration another plea to the jurisdiction as well a motion for summary judgment on Goss‘s Title VII claims, it never set these for consideration for the hearing that was two business days away or for any other hearing. Indeed, trying to set them for the hearing two business days away would have been improper. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 21 (requiring motions and notices of hearings to be served on opposing party not less than three days before hearing), 166a(c) (requiring motion for summary judgment to be served on opposing party at least 21 days before hearing). Moreover, the trial court only signed the order denying Goss‘s motion for reconsideration without ruling on the City of Houston‘s second plea to the jurisdiction or motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, the record indicates that no motion or other plea was properly before the trial court to allow it to rule on the propriety of Goss‘s Title VII claims.1

The City of Houston argues on appeal that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider the Title VII claims and, accordingly, could consider the issue sua sponte. See (holding courts are obligated to review sua sponte issues affecting jurisdiction). The Fifth Circuit has held, however, “The ninety-day filing requirement is not a jurisdictional prerequisite, but more akin to a statute of limitations.” . Because the ninety-day filing requirement, with respect to Goss‘s Title VII claims, was not jurisdictional, the trial court could not consider it sua sponte.2

Finally, the City of Houston argues that, because it never received notice of the amended petition, the amended petition was not properly filed with the trial court at least seven days before the June 4 hearing on its first motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, the City of Houston argues, the live petition at the time of the June 21 order was the original petition, and the June 21 order disposed of all claims and parties. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 63 (prohibiting amendment of pleading within seven days of trial); (applying rule 63 to motions for summary judgment).3

There is no evidence in the record, however, showing that the City of Houston was not served. “A certificate by ... an attorney of record ... showing service of a notice shall be prima facie evidence of the fact of service.” TEX.R. CIV. P. 21a. This rule sets up a presumption that notice was duly received by the addressee. ; see also (applying rule to service of amended petitions). “In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the presumption has the force of a rule of law.” . The opposing party may rebut the presumption by an offer of proof. Id.

Goss included a certificate of service with his amended petition, stating that the City of Houston had been served with a copy of the amended petition. The City of Houston did not present any offer of proof, however, to establish that it was not served with the amended petition. As a result, the presumption stands. See id. Accordingly, there is no evidence in the record to show that the amended pleading was not properly filed or that it did not supersede the original petition.

The conclusion from this analysis is that the trial court erred by dismissing Goss‘s Title VII claims when the claims were never properly before the trial court. I would sustain Goss‘s first two issues.

Johnny Louis TORRES Jr., Appellant v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee

No. 01-11-00644-CR

Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.)

Sept. 27, 2012

Notes

1
Goss identifies two issues in his statement of the issues. In his argument section, Goss identifies four sub-issues for the first issue. Goss‘s second issue re-argues matters raised in his first issue. Accordingly, for purposes of this opinion, we treat the four sub-issues in his first issue as the issues to consider on appeal. To be clear, because the viability of Goss‘s Title VII claims was never before the trial court, it cannot be considered on appeal. See (recognizing Texas courts’ constitutional prohibition on issuing advisory opinions). Accordingly, I express no opinion on the viability of these claims.
2
The dissent also addresses the issue of whether there is sufficient evidence to show that Goss did not timely serve his amended petition containing the Title VII claim. We need not resolve this issue, as we have already concluded that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the Title VII claim. See (holding that subject matter jurisdiction is required to invoke power of trial court to decide claim). Section 311.034 of the Texas Government Code does not apply in this circumstance, because it does not apply to federal statutes. See TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN § 311.002 (Vernon 2005) (applying chapter 311 to certain codes, statutes, and rules adopted under codes that were enacted by Texas Legislature).
3
The City of Houston filed a motion for summary judgment along with its first plea to the jurisdiction, raising the same arguments in each filing.
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