822 F.2d 1074 | Fed. Cir. | 1987
Gordon GOULD, Appellee,
v.
Donald J. QUIGG, Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, Appellant.
Appeal No. 86-1274.
United States Court of Appeals,
Federal Circuit.
June 25, 1987.
Fred E. McKelvey, Deputy Sol., U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, of Arlington, Va., argued for appellant. With him on the brief was Joseph F. Nakamura, Sol.
Roy H. Wepner, Lerner, David, Littenberg, Krumholz & Mentlik, of Westfield, New Jersey, and R.V. Lupo, Lupo, Lipman & Lever, of Washington, D.C., argued for appellee. Also on the brief were Sidney David and William L. Mentlik, Lerner, Davis, Littenberg, Krumholz & Mentlik, of Westfield, N.J.
Before BISSELL, Circuit Judge, BENNETT, Senior Circuit Judge, and ARCHER, Circuit Judge.
BISSELL, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from the judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia directing the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to issue a patent containing claims 1-15 of U.S. Application No. 823,611 ('611) filed August 11, 1977, "insofar as they relate to a gas discharge amplifier." Gould v. Mossinghoff, 229 U.S.P.Q. 1, 14 (D.D.C.1985). We affirm-in-part, vacate-in-part, and remand.
BACKGROUND
The application in suit arrives at this court after a long, arduous journey through the patent continuation, division, and interference practices in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), starting with an application filed on April 6, 1959, U.S. Application No. 804,540 ('540). See 35 U.S.C. Secs. 120, 121, and 135. While the '540 application disclosed many inventions in laser technology, the '611 application relates only to gas discharge light amplifiers that employ atomic and subatomic particle collisions in gases to amplify light by stimulated emission of radiation.1
During prosecution of the '611 application the PTO rejected the claims under 35 U.S.C. Sec. 112 since the '540 application failed to meet the disclosure and enablement requirements of this section of the statute. Upon Gould's appeal to the Patent and Trademark Office Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (Board), the Board affirmed those rejections by the examiner. Gould instituted a civil action on August 11, 1977, under 35 U.S.C. Sec. 145 (1976) seeking an order from the district court authorizing the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to issue to Gould a patent based on his application.
In light of new evidence presented in the district court proceeding, the district court found that "the decisions by the examiner and the Board were incorrect." 229 U.S.P.Q. at 9 (FF 87).2 The district court found that "[t]he examiner had no evidentiary basis to question the adequacy of Gould's disclosure, and Gould's disclosure should have been accepted as presumptively enabling." Id. at 9-10 (FF 86). Furthermore, the district court went on to conclude that the specification of Gould's patent application contained "a written description of the claimed invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same." Id. at 11, 13 (FF 94, CL 4). The district court then directed the Commissioner to issue to Gould a patent including claims 1 through 15 as set forth in the application. Id. at 14 (FJ 3). General familiarity with the district court's findings of fact and conclusions of law is presumed.
ISSUES
The Commissioner raises the following issues in this appeal:
1. Whether the district court erred in concluding that the examiner and the Board lacked a reasonable basis for doubting the enablement in Gould's application.
2. Whether the district court erred, as a matter of law, in crediting certain testimony upon which it based its conclusion that the '540 application contained an enabling disclosure for a gas discharge light amplifier, i.e., whether the '540 application enabled one skilled in the art to achieve a population inversion in the amplifying system.
3. Whether the district court erred, as a matter of law, in directing as opposed to authorizing the Commissioner to issue a patent.
OPINION
"An applicant dissatisfied with the decision of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences in an appeal under section 134 ... may ... have remedy by civil action against the Commissioner in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.... The court may adjudge that such applicant is entitled to receive a patent for his invention, as specified in any of his claims involved in the decision of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences ... and such adjudication shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such patent on compliance with the requirements of law." 35 U.S.C. Sec. 145 (1982 & Supp. III 1985). While the evidentiary record before the Board serves as the "evidentiary nucleus" of the district court proceeding in a section 145 action, the parties are entitled to submit additional evidence. Fregeau v. Mossinghoff, 776 F.2d 1034, 1037, 227 U.S.P.Q. 848, 850 (Fed.Cir.1985); see also Hoover Co. v. Coe, 325 U.S. 79, 83, 65 S.Ct. 955, 957, 89 L.Ed. 1488 (1945) ("[In an action under 35 U.S.C. Sec. 63, the predecessor to section 145,] a formal trial is afforded on proof which may include evidence not presented in the Patent Office." [Footnote omitted.]. Furthermore, in such an action, the district court can set aside the Board's fact findings only if they are clearly erroneous, but if new evidence is presented on a disputed question of fact, a de novo fact finding is made by the district court. Fregeau, 776 F.2d at 1038, 227 U.S.P.Q. at 851; see also Morgan v. Daniels, 153 U.S. 120, 125, 14 S.Ct. 772, 773, 38 L.Ed. 657 (1894) ("the decision [in the Patent Office] must be accepted as controlling upon [a] question of fact in any subsequent suit between the same parties, unless the contrary is established by testimony which in character and amount carries thorough conviction").
Enablement under 35 U.S.C. Sec. 112, first paragraph, is a question of law. See, e.g., Raytheon Co. v. Roper Corp., 724 F.2d 951, 960 n. 6, 220 U.S.P.Q. 592, 599 n. 6 (Fed.Cir.1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 835, 105 S.Ct. 127, 83 L.Ed.2d 69 (1984). However, in this case, extensive additional evidence directed not to the ultimate legal question of enablement, but to its numerous factual underpinnings was presented to the district court. Accordingly, we review the district court's judgment in this case, as we would any bench trial, for clearly erroneous findings of fact and errors of law. Fregeau, 776 F.2d at 1037, 227 U.S.P.Q. at 851; see Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a); Atlas Powder Co. v. E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., 750 F.2d 1569, 1573, 224 U.S.P.Q. 409, 411 (Fed.Cir.1984) (appellant must establish that the district court's legal conclusions were erroneous, or that the underlying findings were clearly erroneous); see also Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, North Carolina, 470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 1511, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985).
* The gist of the Commissioner's contention on appeal is that the Board's affirmance of the examiner's rejection of the '611 application should be affirmed because the examiner had a reasonable basis for doubting the enablement of Gould's '540 application and Gould presented no evidence either before the Board or the district court to rebut this prima facie case of lack of enablement. Even if the Commissioner is correct in his contention that the examiner presented before the Board a prima facie case of lack of enablement and that the district court erred when it held to the contrary, an automatic reversal of the judgment of the district court does not follow. Since the Commissioner does not prevail on his contention that Gould presented no evidence before the district court to overcome the asserted prima facie case of lack of enablement, we need not, and do not, address the issue of whether the examiner had a reasonable basis for doubting the enablement of the '540 application.
II
The Commissioner contends that, as a matter of law, the district court erred in relying on a post-1959 expert opinion (Dr. Franken's testimony) based upon two rationales when (a) one rationale (a post-1959 technical article) is irrelevant as a matter of law, and (b) the other rationale (a post-1959 laser device) was found insufficient by the district court.
Dr. Franken, Gould's expert, testified that the disclosure in the '540 application, when considered in conjunction with the state of the art as it existed as of the application's April 6, 1959, filing date, was sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill to build, without undue experimentation, a sodium-mercury light amplifier. As its initial argument, the Commissioner would have this court hold that the district court should have totally disregarded Dr. Franken's testimony because his opinions concerning the state of the art in 1959 were not based upon his having personally built a laser circa 1959. In addition, since the trial took place some 26 years after Gould's filing date, Dr. Franken's opinion was based essentially upon knowledge acquired by him during the intervening years between 1959 and 1985.
The Commissioner points to competing expert testimony to support the Board's decision. While the experts did hold different opinions, the district court specifically commented on Dr. Franken's credibility, stating:
The court accords more weight to the testimony of Dr. Franken than to the testimony of Dr. Feldman. Both experts are highly qualified, but in the court's opinion, Dr. Franken's credentials are more impressive. His manner of testifying and the reasons given for his opinions have convinced the court as the factfinder to accept his expert testimony over the conflicting expert testimony of Dr. Feldman.
229 U.S.P.Q. at 10 (FF 93).
The district court was fully aware of the 26-year time interval between Gould's filing date and the trial and must be presumed to have considered it in finding the facts. Perhaps one reason the district court credited Dr. Franken's testimony over that of Dr. Feldman is that Dr. Franken was a person skilled in the relevant art at the time of Gould's filing date. Id. at 2 (FF 6-7). In any event, as stated in Gyromat Corp. v. Champion Spark Plug Co., 735 F.2d 549, 552, 222 U.S.P.Q. 4, 6 (Fed.Cir.1984), "[t]he credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony and the other evidence in the record, however, is a matter for the trier of the facts." See also Anderson, 470 U.S. 564, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518.
In attempting to discount the testimony of Dr. Franken, the Commissioner argues that as of Gould's filing date, no person had built a light amplifier or measured a population inversion in a gas discharge. "The mere fact that something has not previously been done clearly is not, in itself, a sufficient basis for rejecting all applications purporting to disclose how to do it." In re Chilowsky, 229 F.2d 457, 461, 108 U.S.P.Q. 321, 325 (CCPA 1956); see also In re Ferens, 417 F.2d 1072, 1074, 163 U.S.P.Q. 609, 611 (CCPA 1969).
The Commissioner argues that Dr. Franken's testimony is worthless, because the foundation for his expert opinion was based solely upon his reliance on (1) a technical article published after Gould's filing date and (2) a laser device built after the filing date, both of which the Commissioner contends must be disregarded. This argument as to the worthlessness as a whole of Dr. Franken's testimony is without merit.
As to the technical article, it is true that a later dated publication cannot supplement an insufficient disclosure in a prior dated application to render it enabling. In this case, the later dated publication was not offered as evidence for this purpose. Rather, it was offered as evidence of the level of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the application and as evidence that the disclosed device would have been operative. Compare In re Hogan, 559 F.2d 595, 605, 194 U.S.P.Q. 527, 537 (CCPA 1977) ("This court has approved use of later publications as evidence of the state of the art existing on the filing date of an application." (footnotes omitted) (emphasis in original)) with In re Glass, 492 F.2d 1228, 1232, 181 U.S.P.Q. 31, 34 (CCPA 1974) (later publications which add to the knowledge of the art cannot be used to supplement an insufficient disclosure); cf. Hirschfeld v. Banner, 462 F.Supp. 135, 142, 200 U.S.P.Q. 276, 281 (D.D.C.1978), aff'd, 615 F.2d 1368 (D.C.Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 994, 101 S.Ct. 1695, 68 L.Ed.2d 193 (1981) ("factual evidence directed to the amount of time and effort and level of knowledge required for practice of the invention from the disclosure alone ... can be expected to rebut a prima facie case of nonenablement"); In re Pottier, 376 F.2d 328, 330 n. 1, 153 U.S.P.Q. 407, 408 n. 1 (CCPA 1967) ("[W]hether or not an invention would be deemed operative by one of ordinary skill in the art is determined, not at the time the invention was made but rather (at the earliest) at the time of the examiner's call for proof."). It was not legal error for the district court to accept the testimony of an expert who had considered a later publication in the formulation of his opinion as to whether the disclosure was enabling as of the time of the filing date of the '540 application.
There is no disagreement between the district court and the Commissioner that the laser device built after the filing date does not duplicate the amplifier disclosed by Gould in 1959 and that the construction of the device had doubtful probative value. The district court concluded that "[the evidence regarding the Optelecom device] does not prove by a preponderance of the evidence either that Gould's disclosure is enabling or that sodium and mercury without argon will work." Id. at 10 (FF 95). The finding that one piece of evidence, offered by the prevailing party, is not probative, does not require reversal of the district court's conclusion on enablement. Dr. Franken gave underlying reasons to support his opinion "[q]uite apart from [his] consideration of the [post-1959 technical article] and apart from the [post-1959 laser device]" that Gould's specification was enabling to one of ordinary skill in the art. Appendix at 205.
Thus, regardless of whether the examiner was correct in questioning enablement during prosecution, once a full trial on the issue occurred that flushed out the actual state of the art and level of experimentation, the district court reached a distinct and more informed conclusion on enablement. We find no legal error in the district court's reliance on Dr. Franken's testimony to support its conclusion of enablement.
III
Turning now to the issue of whether the district court has authority to direct the issuance of a patent, we conclude it does not. An action under 35 U.S.C. Sec. 145 is in essence an action to set aside a decision of the Board and to resolve questions of patentability to the extent issues are raised at trial. See Hoover Co. v. Coe, 325 U.S. 79, 85, 65 S.Ct. 955, 958, 89 L.Ed. 1488 (1945) (The issue was whether the district court had jurisdiction to review a final rejection of a claim for the purposes of provoking a subsequent interference.); Fregeau, 776 F.2d at 1037, 227 U.S.P.Q. at 851 ("[I]t cannot seriously be contended that a Sec. 145 action is other than one to overturn the board's decision."). It matters not that additional evidence is permitted in a civil action under section 145, allowing the district court to make de novo fact findings. See In re Fisher, 448 F.2d 1406, 1407, 171 U.S.P.Q. 292, 293 (CCPA 1971) ("As we have often pointed out, we pass only on rejections actually made and do not decree the issuance of patents."). We presume that the Commissioner will follow a proper order issued by the district court and perform the duties imposed upon the PTO by statute. See Hoover, 325 U.S. at 88, 65 S.Ct. at 959.
CONCLUSION
Since the Commissioner has not convinced this court that any finding of fact is clearly erroneous, or that there are errors of law, that portion of the district court's judgment setting aside the Board's decision is affirmed. However, since the district court's order directed the Commissioner to issue a patent for the '611 application, we vacate the order to the extent that it so directs and remand for issuance of an order that "shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such patent on compliance with the requirements of law." 35 U.S.C. Sec. 145 (1982 & Supp. III 1985).
AFFIRMED-IN-PART, VACATED-IN-PART, AND REMANDED.
A more detailed treatment of the technology can be found in prior decisions related to this application. Gould v. Mossinghoff, 215 U.S.P.Q. 310 (D.D.C.1982), rev'd, 711 F.2d 396, 219 U.S.P.Q. 383 (D.C.Cir.1983), on remand, 229 U.S.P.Q. 1 (D.D.C.1985). Court decisions involving patent applications containing essentially the same disclosure as the '611 application, but claiming different inventions and involving different issues have been numerous. See Gould v. Control Laser Corp., 705 F.2d 1340, 217 U.S.P.Q. 985 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 935, 104 S.Ct. 343, 78 L.Ed.2d 310 (1983); In re Gould, 673 F.2d 1385, 213 U.S.P.Q. 628 (CCPA 1982); Gould v. Hellwarth, 472 F.2d 1383, 176 U.S.P.Q. 515 (CCPA 1973); Gould v. Schawlow, 363 F.2d 908, 150 U.S.P.Q. 634 (CCPA 1966); Patlex Corp. v. Mossinghoff, 585 F.Supp. 713 (E.D.Pa.1983), aff'd in part and vacated in part, 758 F.2d 594, 225 U.S.P.Q. 243 (Fed.Cir.), reh'g granted in part, 771 F.2d 480, 226 U.S.P.Q. 985 (Fed.Cir.1985)
FF --- represents Finding of Fact; CL --- represents Conclusion of Law; FJ --- represents Final Judgment
