186 Mo. 300 | Mo. | 1905
— This is an action for ten thousand dollars damages, for personal injuries sustained by plaintiff, on the tenth of July, 1901, while in the employ of the defendant. The trial court sustained a demurrer to the evidence, at the close of the plaintiff’s case, the plaintiff took a nonsuit, with leave, and after an unsuccessful motion to set the same aside, appealed to this court.
The petition alleges the relation of master and
The answer is a general denial, with a plea of contributory negligence, and a plea of assumption of risk.
The case made by the plaintiff is this:
The plaintiff was forty-four years of age. He was a structural iron worker by trade, and had been in that business over ten years. Two days before the accident, he was employed by defendant’s foreman, and set to work riveting the frame work of the reservoir. The foreman showed him where to work and told him where he would find the tools. He was working on a platform about thirty-five feet above the ground, with the riveting gang, whose duties were to join steel uprights of the frame work together, by the insertion .and fastening of rivets. One of the men would heat the rivets, another would insert it, while heated, in the holes of the pieces to be connected, and hold it in place with his hammer, while another would fasten it. At times the holes in the iron work would not correspond, and the rivet could not be inserted. In such cases it was necessary to straighten out the holes, which was done by inserting and driving through a “drifting pin,” by striking it with a six pound hammer or maul. The drifting pins were made of steel, and
The defendant used a great many such drifting pins in the doing of this work. • The pins were made from bars of steel, purchased by defendant from the Firth-Sterling Steel Company, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, a first-class concern. They were made by that company out of what is called ‘ ‘ Silver Star ’ ’ steel, which is the best grade of steel that is manufactured for making drifting pins. They were three and a half temper, which means seventy-five one-hundredths of a per cent carbon, which is the mildest temper made for drifting pins. They are made softer in temper so that they will not chip, but the end that is struck with a hammer will crush or batter down. They were furnished to the defendant in round bars, ten or twelve feet long. When defendant received such bars, they were sent into the tool shop, where they were cut into pieces, six to eight inches long, by an expert tool manufacturer. The pieces were then turned with a lathe into drifting pins of the size and shape described. The pins were then tempered by being heated, and while hot, dipped in oil, which made them tougher, but not as hard as if dipped in water. The more highly tern
Some time in June, preceding the accident, one of the men, who was a witness for the plaintiff, used several pins and they chipped, and he said to the defendant’s foreman, “These pins are awful bad; they are dangerous to work with.” The testimony was first admitted over the defendant’s objection, but, afterwards, on defendant’s motion, it was stricken out, on the ground that it had no tendency to prove that the pin the plaintiff used was defective, and this is assigned as error in this case. Afterwards the said man, while working with the plaintiff, took some pins from the box that he thought were too highly tempered, and heated them and drew the temper out of them to prevent accident, and some of the pins he threw away. The witness did not see the pin that the plaintiff was using, and so could not say whether it was one of the pins he had drawn the temper out of or not.
It also appeared that pins may chip so that slivers will fly off from them, from three causes, to-wit: first, because they are too highly tempered; second, when they are struck a slanting blow with the maul; and, third, because there is a latent defect of some sort in them.
It also appeared from the testimony of the defendant’s tool-maker, that he did not temper forged
It further appeared that when a driftpin was not tempered too highly, the end would mash or crush where it had been hit with a hammer, and that a great many of those used by the defendant had done so, and that after they had done so, the men would take a hammer and knock off the mashed edges, before again using them.
Upon this showing the trial court nonsuited the plaintiff, and the only question here involved is whether or not this ruling was correct.
I.
It is the duty of a master to furnish his servant a reasonably safe place and reasonably safe tools and appliances in which and with which to do his work. A failure to do so constitutes actionable negligence. [Minnier v. Railroad, 167 Mo. l. c. 112; Holmes v. Brandenbaugh, 172 Mo. 53; Curtis v. McNair, 173 Mo. 270; Fisher v. Lead Co., 156 Mo. 479.]
The qualifications to this rule need not be here repeated, for they are not involved in this case. The master, however, is not an insurer of the safety of the place or tools and appliances. His duty is to exercise' ordinary care, and his liability arises out of his negligence in not exercising such care. The servant, on the other hand, assumes the risks ordinarily and usually incident to the employment, and the wages he receives are in part compensation for assuming such risks. The qualifications to this general rule need not be repeated here. Necessarily, all business or employments are not equally hazardous, and the care required of the master is measured, in a great degree, by the
It is, therefore, a rule of universal law that in suits of this character it is necessary for the plaintiff to allege and prove a causal connection between the injury and the negligence of the master. The corollary of this rule is that if the accident might have resulted from more than one cause, for one of which the master is liable and for the other he is not liable, it is necessary for the plaintiff to prove, in the first instance, that the injury arose from the cause for which the master is liable, for it is not the province of a court or jury to speculate or guess from which cause the accident happened. [Railroad v. Nelms, 83 Ga. 70; Searles v. Railroad, 101 N. Y. 661; Dobbins v. Brown, 119 N. Y. l. c. 193; Peirce v. Kile, 80 Fed. l. c. 867; Mining Co. v. Kitts, 42 Mich. l. c. 37; Priest v. Nichols, 116 Mass. 401; Epperson v. Telegraph Cable Co., 155 Mo. 346; Wood on Law Master and Servant, sec. 382.]
It only remains to apply these principles and rules of law to the case made by the plaintiff.
Here the defendant furnished the drifting pins for the plaintiff to work with. The steel from which they were made was purchased from a manufacturer of good standing, and the steel was the best that is manufactured for such use, and was of a temper of the proper character. The steel came to the defendant in round bars, ten or twelve feet long. The expert toolmaker of the defendant cut the bars into pieces six or eight inches long, and then with a lathe turned the pieces into pins, which were round, largest in the middle, and pointed or nearly so at both ends. He then tempered the pins by heating them and dipping them in oil. There is no pretense that this was not a proper method of doing so. After he made them he put them in a box, where the workmen could get them. The defendant used a great many such pins in its business, and the pins wore out of course. Necessarily all the
But all the pins were susceptible to latent flaws or water cracks from excessive heating, and such flaws could not be detected by any test, and appeared only during the use of the pin, when a sliver would fly off from the weak point of the pin which covered the crack. Slivers were liable to fly off from the pin when it was too highly tempered, or when the workman hit the pin a slanting and not a square blow with the hammer, or when there was a flaw or latent defect in the pin.
It, therefore, appears that the master would be liable if the sliver was caused to fly off by reason of the pin having been too highly tempered, but that he would not be liable if it was caused by the act of the workman himself in striking the pin a slanting blow, or if there was a latent defect in the pin.
It, therefore, devolved upon the plaintiff in this case to show that the sliver which flew off from the pin and injured him, did so because the pin was too highly tempered. Otherwise, the master is not liable. And unless the plaintiff did so show by some substantial testimony, he did not make out a prima facie ease for the jury. The plaintiff appreciated this, for he at
This condition and this testimony amply justified the trial court in striking out the testimony, for it would have left the jury to supply by conjecture, a connection of condition between the pins that the witness used a month before the accident and the pin that plaintiff was using; and in addition it involved a further speculation as to whether the pin that was made by the expert tool-maker, had been overheated and too highly tempered by the act of the witness in attempt
This left the plaintiff's case without any testimony whatever from which the jury would be authorized to find the fact to be that the pin the plaintiff was using was too highly tempered, and that the injury resulted from that cause and not from the character of the blow the plaintiff gave it or from a flaw in the pin. And, therefore, there was no causal connection shown between the accident and the negligence charged.
In this respect this case differs essentially from the cases of Duerst v. Stamping Co., 163 Mo. 607, and Franklin v. Railroad, 97 Mo. App. l. c. 480. In both of those cases the actual defects in the tool furnished were shown by evidence sufficient to take the cases to the jury. The Duerst case was reversed solely because the court refused to instruct the jury that if the accident was caused by the plaintiff striking the mandrel instead of the wire handle with the hammer, the defendant was not liable. So here the testimony wholly fails to show that the plaintiff struck the pin a square blow instead of a slanting blow, and it was necessary for the plaintiff to so show in order to exclude the hypothesis that the sliver flew off from the blow and to show that it flew off because the pin was too highly tempered.
Upon the whole case made there was no error in the ruling of the trial court, and, therefore, the judgment is affirmed.