Goodyear's India Rubber Glove Manufacturing Co. v. Goodyear Rubber Co.

Dec 10, 1888

Versions:

Mk. Justice Field

delivered the opinion of the court.

This was a suit in equity, brought by. the Goodyear Rubber Company, a corporation created' under the laws of New York, ,to restrain Goodyear’s India Rubber Glove Manufacturing Company, a corporation created under the laws of Connecticut, and others, defendants below, from using the name of “ Goodyear’s Rubber Manufacturing Company,” or any equivalent name in their business. The bill alleges that the plaintiff was organized as a corporation on the 20th of November, 1872, for the purpose of manufacturing and dealing in india rubber and gutta percha goods, under its corporate name, in the city of New York; that it engaged in business in that city, where If has three largé warehouses, with branch houses in other cities; that since its organization i-t has continually used its corporate name on signs at its various places of business and factories; on its bill and letter heads; on its various articles of manufacture ; and on its corporate seal in contracts and other business transactions; that by reason thereof it has become possessed of an exсlusive right and title to its corporate nárae, which, from its inseparable connection, with the business and goodwill of the company, has become of great value; and that its exclusive use is essential to the prosperity of the plaintiff.

The bill then sets forth that át thе time of its organization, there existed a corporation carrying on business in the city of New York under the name Goodyear’s India Rubber Glove' Manufacturing Company, and dealing in various articles oh; which india rubber formed a component part, its business being similar to that of the plaintiff; that prior to the organization of the plaintiff in November, 1872, that company conducted its business under its corporate name, using it On its. business signs, on its letter and bill heads, on its seal, and in all contracts and business transactions ; that after the creatiоn and organization of the plaintiff that company began to call itself Goodyear’s Rubber Manufacturing Company, and, for the purpose of diverting to itself the business and good-will of the plaintiff, resorted to various devices and contrivances having for their оbject the imitation and appropriation to its use of the plaintiff’s name; that among these dévices was the representation of the words “ India” and “Glove,” sometimes in small letters and sometimes by initials, thereby constituting a name for practical purpоses almost identical with the name of the plaintiff, producing much loss and inconvenience to plaintiffs business ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍by causing a diversion of letters and telegrams addressed to it; that for the like purpose of taking from the plaintiff its customers and trade, and appropriating its good-will, that company, on or about the first of January, 1882, adopted for its principal sign the name “ Goodyear’s Rubber Mfg. Co.” over the entrance to and in front of its warehouses; and that these devices deceive the public and divert business and custоmers- from the plaintiff, by which it sustains, and, without the interference of this court, will in the future? astain, great loss and damage.

The bill also alleges that the defendants Allerton and Yermhle, with other persons unknown to the plaintiff, pretend to be a corporation under the nаme of Goodyear’s Rubber Manufacturing Company, and that they are the principal owners and managers of the business carried on under the name of Goodyear’s India Rubber Glove Manufacturing Company, and of Goodyear’s Rubber Manufacturing Company, and as such direct and control whatever is done under the names of both.

The several defendants appeared and filed answers to the bill. These allege in similar terms that the defendant, Goodyear’s India Rubber Glove Manufacturing Company, was organized as a сorporation .under that name in Connecticut in 1847 for the purpose of manufacturing-india rubber goods, .and-in 1849 obtained license for their manufacture under patents of Charles Goodyear, and continued in that business during the existence of those patents; that аfter their expiration and in 1865, and continuously since, it has manufactured. and sold very largely all kinds and classes of india- rubber goods, treated according to the patents of Goodyear; that it has been for upwards of twenty years the most prominent corpоration or association in the city of New York engaged in the manufacture of those goods, and has become known to the trade by abbreviated and generally used titles of “ Goodyear’s Rubber Manufacturing Company,” or “ Goodyear Rubber Company,” or “ Thе Goodyear’s Company,” and other similar titles abbreviated from its full corporate name; that the name of “ Goodyear ” in connection with' the word “ Company,” or “Co.,” or with similar brief letters or words indi-‘ eating a company engaged in rubber manufacturing, has been its distinguishing characteristic; that by adoption of the name of Goodyear in connection with its business and acquiescence of the public therein, and general usage, that company acquired a valuable right and interest in it, and ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍has exercised the same for upwards of twenty years; that its use has been recognized by the plaintiff and its predecessors in repeated business transactions ; that a large part of its correspondence during this period has been under the abbreviated names of “ Goodyeаr Rubber Company,” “ Goodyear’s Rubber Manufacturing Company,” or “ Goodyear’s Company,” or other similar abbreviated title; that it registered a trade-mark in the name of Goodyear’s Rubber Manufacturing Company, and for the purpose of protecting it filed a certificate of incor- ■ poration under that name in New York in March, 1873; and that its trustees and managers subsequently organized as a’ corporation under that name in Connecticut. The answers also allege that the organizers of the plaintiff company, рrior to 1873, had done business only under the name of “ Rubber Clothing Company,” or as F. M. & W. A. Sheppard, or as Sheppard & Dudley; that about January 1st, 1873, for the purpose of injuring the defendant and appropriating its well-known name and good-will, and securing its business, they organized the plaintiff under the name of the Goodyear Rubber Company, against which the defendant protested; and that such' action on the part of the plaintiff has caused a diversion of the business of the defendant and general interference with it.

As a separate defence the answers also sеt forth various transactions of the plaintiff, which tended to show unfair and inequitable measures to divert to itself business from the defendant, Goodyear’s India Rubber Glove Manufacturing Company, but it is not deemed important to state them. That company also filed a crоss-bill to restrain the conduct of the plaintiff in that respect, and praying that damages might be decreed against it for its wrongful and inequitable acts. Replications having been filed to the several answers, proofs were taken, upon which the court below rеndered a decree in favor of the plaintiff, perpetually enjoining the defendants from using or. in any ■ way employing the name Goodyear’s Rubber Manufacturing Company, or the name Goodyear Rubber Company, or any abbreviation thereof represеnting such integral name in their business, upon their signs, bills of merchandise, receipts, letters, products of their manufacture, or otherwise; • and directing that the cross-bill be dismissed. From the whole of that decree an appeal was taken' to this court.

The proofs in thе case show very clearly that Goodyear’s India Rubber Glove Manufacturing Company had, as alleged in its answer, been for many years in the use of abbreviations in the designation of its company, using sometimes a name similar to the corporate name of the plaintiff ;■ and if any exclusive right to the abbreviated name were to follow from its protracted use, that right would seem to belong to that' company rather than to the'plaintiff. B.ut the name of “Goodyear Rubber Company” is not one capable of exclusive appropriation. • “ Goodyear Rubber ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍” are terms descriptive of ' well-known classes of goods produced by the process known as .Goodyear’s invention. Names which are thus descriptive of a class-of goods cannot'be exclusivеly appropriated by any one. The addition of the word “ Company ” only indicates that parties have formed an association or partnership to deal in such goods, either to produce or to sell them. Thus parties united to produce or sеll wine, or to raise cotton or grain, might style themselves Wine Company, Cotton Company, or Grain Company; but by such description they would in no respect impair the equal right of others engaged in similár business to úse similar designations, for the obvious reason that all persоns have a right to deal. in such articles, and to publish the fact to the world. Names of such articles cannot be adopted as trade-marks, and be thereby appropriated to the exclusive right of any one ; nor will the incorporation of a company in the name of an article of commerce, without other specification, create any exclusive right to the use of the name.

In Canal Company v. Clark, 13 Wall. 311, 323, 324, an attempt was made to appropriate the term “ Lackawanna ” to coal brought by the cаnal company from Lackawanna Yalley in Pennsylvania. The coal sold by the defendant Clark was a different kind, but was brought from the same valley ; and he designated it also as Lackawanna coal. To enjoin this usé of the name the suit was brought. The court held that geographical names designating districts of country could not be thus appropriated exclusively, as • they pointed only to the place of production, and not to the producer. “ Could such phrases,” said the court, “as ‘Pennsylvania wheat,’ ‘Kentucky' hеnip,’ ‘ Yirginia tobacco,’ or ‘ Sea Island cotton ’ be protected as trade-marks; could any one prevent all others from using them, or from selling articles produced in the districts they describe under those appellations, it would greatly embarrass' trade and secure exclusive rights to individuals in that which is the common right of many.” In reaching this conclusion the court considered the principles upon which the owner of a trade-mark is protected in its use, and held, that “ the trademark must, either by itself or by association, point distinctively to the origin or ownership of the article to which it is applied. The reason of this is, that unless it does, neither can he who first adopted it be injured by any appropriation or imitation of it by others, nor can the public be deceived.” And again: “ Nо one can claim protection for the exclusive use of a trade-mark or trade-name which would practically give him a monopoly in the sale of any goods other than those produced or made by himself. If he could, the públic would be injured rаther than protected, for competition would be destroyed. Nor can a generic name, or a name merely de scriptive of an article of trade, of its qualities, ingredients, 01 characteristics, be ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍employed as a trade-mark and the exclusive use of it be entitled to legal protection.”

To the same purport is the decision in Manufacturing Company v. Trainer, 101 U. S. 51. There the court said: “ The object of the trade-mark is to indicate, either by its own meaning or by association, the origin or ownership of the article to which it is applied. If it did not, it would serve no useful purpose, either to the manufacturer or to the public ; it would afford no protection to either against the sale of a spurious in place of the genuine article.” See also Amoskeag Manufacturing Co. v. Spear, 2 Sandford (N. Y.) 599; Falkinburg v. Lucy, 35 California, 52; Choyniski v. Cohen, 39 California, 501; Raggett v. Findlater, L. R. 17 Eq. 29.

The designation Goodyear Rubber Company not being subject to exclusive appropriation, any use of terms of similar import, or any abbreviation of them, must be alike free to all persons.

The case at bar cannot be sustained as one to restrain unfair trade. . Relief in such cases is granted only where the defendant, by his mаrks, signs, labels, or in other ways, represents to ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍• the public that tbe goods sold by him are those manufactured or produced by the plaintiff, thus palming off his goods for those óf a different manufacture, to the injury of the plaintiff. McLean v. Fleming, 96 U. S. 245; Sawyer v. Horn, 4 Hughes, 239; Perry v. Truefitt, 6 Beavan, 66; Croft v. Day, 7 Beavan, 84. There is no proof of any attemрt of the defendant to represent the goods manufactured and sold by it as those manufactured and sold by the plaintiff; but, on the contrary, the record shows a persistent -effort on its. part to call the attention of the public to its own manufactured goods, аnd the places where they are to be had, and that it had no connection with the plaintiff.

It follows' that

The decree of the Circuit Court as to the original bill must be reversed, arid the cause remanded, with instructions to dismiss that bill, with costs. No case was made out for relief to the plaintiff in the cross-bill. The costs of the appeal are cmarded to the appellants.