Goodrich v. State

133 Wis. 242 | Wis. | 1907

Dodge, J.

In proper deference to the legislative branch of government we can, of course, entertain no doubt that in enacting sec. 4608†, Stats. (Supp. 1906; Laws of 1905, ch. '82), outlawing “cigarettes,” tlie legislature used that word to describe some well known, recognized, and definite article. It is not conceivable that they meant to denounce criminality upon a dealer in a theretofore legitimate article of commerce without making certain what that article is, so that ordinary law-abiding persons would be likely through honest mistake -or difference of opinion to fall into crime. If the word is -certain and definite in its significance or extent, then if some •commodity was at the time of its use recognized as described by it, and other commodities were not commonly described by the word, but by other designation, and understood by a large part of the community not to fall within the meaning, •of such word, it is but fair to the legislature to assume that they meant to describe and denounce only the former article. 'This is but reiteration of the trite rule that criminal statutes ■are to be strictly construed, to' the end that the well-meaning •citizen shall not unconsciously become a criminal. 26 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 661; Perrault v. M., St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. 117 Wis. 520, 525, 94 N. W. 348; Miller v. C. & N. W. R. Co., ante, p. 183, 113 N. W. 384. In 1905, as we know by common knowledge and by undisputed evidence, there was an article of trade and consumption in, tremendous ■quantities which every one knew and designated as a “cigarette.” Large factories'had been established and many machines invented and patented for its manufacture. Its importation and manufacture had been made a subject of regulation and revenue by the law of the land. It had been the •subject of public statistical and governmental report; of attack and defense in public print; of sale lists, advertisements, and contracts. That article was tobacco of a peculiar kind rolled in a paper wrapper. There were also some variants, such as those with corn-husk wrappers of the Mexican, uniformly called “cigarettes” where known at all, but not generally known. At the same time there were known and in common use rolls of tobacco covered with tobacco wrapper leaf in almost limitless variety of quality and kind, shape, and size; some approximating in shape the.'Well-known cigarette, hut varying widely in size; others approximating the size, hut differing in shape; while others approximated both size and shape of the more common cigarettes. That any of these tobacco-wrapped rolls were ever known to any portion of the community as cigarettes is not made to appear. The fact that all varieties are commonly called cigars is matter of common knowledge and of proof in this case, and the gradations between the various kinds, sizes, and shapes are so indefinite, trifling, and intangible as to render practically impossible any line of demarcation. Upon such a condition the primary inference of intention would apply the word “cigarettes” to those paper wrappers filled with tobacco which every one knew by that name. That prima facie impression receives support from many things appearing in the record or of such general notoriety that we may take notice of them. Among these is the fact that the word “cigarette” had. a definite legal and statutory significance throughout the United States under the revenue statutes of Congress, which, classifying cigars and cigarettes and recognizing that some of each weigh more than three pounds per thousand and that some of each weigh less, declare “that all rolls of tobacco or any substitute therefor wrapped with tobacco shall be classed as cigars, and all rolls of tobacco or any substitute therefor wrapped in paper or any substitute, other than tobacco, shall be classed as cigarettes.” Again, the only judicial utterance on the subject prior to our statute which has been fojind is in Kappes v. Chicago, 119 Ill. App. 436, 442, where, in discussing a statute forbidding the sale of cigarettes without license, it is said: “We think the court may take judicial notice that cigarettes are generally made of tobacco rolled within small pieces of tissue paper.” Eurther, all lexicographers agree that the paper-wrapped rolls of tobacco are cigarettes, though they differ as to whether the word may also include similar rolls wrapped in tobacco.

While the foregoing would seem to be sufficient to mark with reasonable exactness the meaning of the word used by the legislature, we further think that the object of the legislation, if it may properly be considered at all, tends to confirm that meaning. As appears by uncontradicted evidence, what is generally termed a “cigarette” in the tobacco trade has, as its special characteristics, the paper wrapper and the peculiar kind and quality of tobacco, which is distinguished by its light color and mildness. The word and the name came to this country together from France, where had been developed, either by way of refinement or degeneracy in the tobacco habit, the custom of inhalation of the smoke, to which was substantially necessary a mild tobacco of peculiar flavor, such as would not unduly inflame the breathing passages. This end was secured by the use formerly of Egyptian and Persian tobaccos, which, being unfit for manufacture into the form of cigars, were inclosed in paper wrappers. As the habit was adopted and grew in this country, it was attacked by many people as injurious, on two grounds especially: one, the presence in combination with the tobacco smoke of the results of the burning paper. Whether this was in fact specially injurious or not we perhaps have not judicial knowledge. Suffice it to say that it has been long so contended, although denied. Another serious ground of disapproval of cigarettes was the inhalation of the smoke. But probably the consideration which has most tended to condemnatory legislation against cigarettes has been their use by the very young. This objectionable fact has undoubtedly been due mainly to the kind of tobacco which has been a general though not universal characteristic of the paper-wrapped cigarette, originally selected because of adaptability to inhalation, but also serving, by reason of its mildness, to remove the protection which nature placed in the way of acquiring habits of use of the more vigorous tobacco commonly used in cigars. Before the day of the cigarette, mastery of the tobacco habit was obstructed by agonies of nausea usually sufficient to postpone it to a period of at least reasonable maturity. Uncontradicted evidence establishes that tbe little cigars involved in this case are made of tbe same kinds of tobacco used in other cigars and wholly foreign to the cigarette of commerce. They are therefore free from at least the three most urged objectionable characteristics of the articles i which we are satisfied were intended to be proscribed by the legislature, viz., the paper wrapper, adaptability for inhalation, and ease of consumption by the novice.

Counsel for the state urges that the etymological meaning of cigarette is “small cigar,” and that we cannot depart from it. One trouble with this argument is that the word has no English etymology. In the French it doubtless has and had, but before its translation to English-speaking countries it had become principally used to designate a particular type of small cigars and was imported with the article so designated and has never here been used as the equivalent of “small cigar.” Hence its foreign etymology is hardly of significance, certainly not conclusive. A most serious difficulty with the state’s contention for a classification between “cigars” and “cigarettes” which would include some tobacco-wrapped rolls under the latter designation is that it could give no certainty of demarcation. If some tobacco-covered rolls of tobacco are “cigarettes” and others not, how shall the ordinary citizen or the courts decide which are one and which the other. Counsel suggests size, but where, between the smallest and the largest, shall the line be drawn? The gradations are almost infinitesimal, and some paper-covered cigarettes are as large as cigars which every one would recognize as such. Again, he suggests the cylindrical shape and open ends, but both these are characteristic of the cheroot and the stogy, either of which offers complete antithesis to the gentle cigarette so easily mastered by the school boy. Again, the fine granulated tobacco filler is urged, but that is characteristic of only some cigarettes and is also characteristic of many large and strong cigars, and, by the way, is not present in the article before ns. Such indefiniteness and un•certainty wonld be wholly ont of place in a penal statute, and we cannot believe the legislature intended it.

We reach the conclusion that the articles sold by defendant are not “cigarettes” within any reasonable meaning of the word in sec. 4608/, Stats. (Supp. 1906; Laws of 1905, ch. 82), and that the present conviction cannot be sustained. In so concluding, however, we do not mean to declare the impossibility of a tobacco-wrapped cigarette. We find no proof and have no knowledge- that such a thing existed at the time of the legislation or now exists, but it is at least conceivable that so complete an equivalent of the acknowledged cigarette might be devised, perhaps for the very purpose-of evading the law, that a court should declare it within the legislative proscription.

By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with direction to render judgment discharging the plaintiff in error.