Plaintiff appeals as of right from a judgment of no cause of action entered against him by the Muskegon Circuit Court. That judgment had the effect of dismissing his claim against defendant, his no-fault insurer, for personal injury protection (pip) benefits. We affirm.
Plaintiff was injured on February 16, 1985, shortly after he finished chipping ice off the roof of a friend’s home. To assist him in this chore, plaintiff parked his pickup truck next to the house and positioned the ladder against the roof from the truck bed. This was done to ensure greater stability and to extend the ladder’s reach. After knocking off the snow and ice with a small ax, plaintiff dropped the tool into the snowbank below, where it landed handle up. As he was taking down the ladder, he stumbled on some ice which had dropped into the truck bed. To avoid falling on firewood stacked in the truck, he threw himself over the edge of the truck in hopes of landing on the snowbank. His hopes were met — unfortunately. He landed in a straddle position atop the ax, impaling himself on the handle. He was able to *796 drive to a local hospital where he stayed for six days and incurred substantial medical expenses.
Plaintiff thereafter filed an application for pip benefits with defendant. Following defendant’s denial of the application, plaintiff commenced this suit in the Muskegon Circuit Court. A bench trial was held on the matter, at the conclusion of which the judge issued a judgment of no cause of action. The judge ruled that plaintiff had not been using the truck as a motor vehicle at the time of the injury, as required by § 3105(1) of the Michigan no-fault insurance act, MCL 500.3105(1); MSA 24.13105(1).
Pursuant to § 3105(1), a no-fault insurer "is liable to pay benefits for accidental bodily injury arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle
as a motor vehicle
. . . .” (Emphasis added.) Where, as in this case, an injury is sustained while the vehicle is parked, recovery under the no-fault act is generally precluded. MCL 500.3106; MSA 24.13106;
Harkins v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co,
In the instant case, defendant concedes that plaintiff was "alighting” from the truck (albeit in a rather unorthodox fashion) but asserts that he was not entitled to pip benefits because the truck was not being used as a motor vehicle at the time. In response, plaintiff argues that if an exception to the parked vehicle exclusion applies then the injury must necessarily have arisen out of the use of *797 a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. We disagree with that argument.
In prior decisions of this Court, it has overwhelmingly been held that, in order to recover for an injury in cases such as this, a claimant must show that an exception to the parked vehicle exclusion applies
and
the injury arose out of the use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. This latter requirement means that there must be a sufficient causal nexus between the use of the motor vehicle and the injury. See, e.g.,
Perryman v Citizens Ins Co of America,
*798 Section 3106, which establishes criteria for accidents involving parked vehicles, does not abrogate the need for a causal connection between the automobile and the injury. As the wording of the section makes clear, it establishes only minimum criteria for accidents involving parked vehicles. Under § 3106, no injury involving a parked vehicle may be compensated for unless one of the criteria therein is met; however, fulfillment of the requirements of § 3106 does not automatically result in liability. Even after the threshold of §3106 is crossed, it must still be established that the injury arose out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of the motor vehicle.
To our knowledge, only one case has expressly held that once an exception to the parked vehicle exclusion is found to apply then no such "causal connection” need be shown. See
McPherson v Auto-Owners Ins Co,
We once again take the opportunity to respectfully wish McPherson a speedy burial.
Considering the unanimity of post-McPherson decisions in requiring a separate showing that the motor vehicle was being used as a motor vehicle, we are confident that that case has long since been laid to rest.
Plaintiff argues, though, that
McPherson
has been resurrected by the Supreme Court’s decision in
Clute v General Accident Assurance Co of Canada,
In Clute the plaintiff was injured when a car crashed into a van where she was sleeping. The van had been parked off the street next to an acquaintance’s house at the time.
When the case was before this Court, two members of the panel held that defendant, the no-fault insurer of the van, was not liable to pay for plaintiff’s medical expense. The majority reasoned:
Here, the van was parked off the street and was being used for sleeping accommodations, apparently because the house by which it was parked could not accommodate all of the guests. Furthermore, it was not adapted for such use by its owner. We agree with the trial court that the van was not being used as a motor vehicle. [142 Mich App 643 .]
Judge Hood dissented from that holding, stating that the majority’s inquiry into whether the van was being used as a motor vehicle at the time of the collision was irrelevant for purposes of § 3114(4), the no-fault provision in dispute.
1
MCL 500.3114(4); MSA 24.13114(4). This was the thrust of Judge Hood’s dissent.
In a summary decision, the Supreme Court ruled, without independent explanation, that "the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed for reasons stated by Judge Hood in the Court of Appeals, . . .”
The basic goal of the no-fault insurance system is to provide individuals injured in motor vehicle accidents assured, adequate and prompt reparation for certain economic losses at the lowest cost to the individual and the system. See
Shavers v Attorney General,
The policies behind the specific no-fault provisions in question likewise support our conclusion that there must be a separate inquiry into whether the vehicle was used as a motor vehicle. The policies behind § 3105(1) and § 3106(1) were discussed at great length in Miller, supra. There, the Supreme Court noted:
Injuries involving parked vehicles do not normally involve the vehicle as a motor vehicle. Injuries involving parked vehicles typically involve the vehicle in much the same way as any other stationary object (such as a tree, sign post or boulder) would be involved. There is nothing about a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle that would bear on the accident.
The stated exceptions to the parking exclusion clarify and reinforce this construction of the exclusion. Each exception pertains to injuries related to the character of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle — characteristics which make it unlike other stationary roadside objects that can be involved in vehicle accidents. [Emphasis in original.411 Mich 639 -640.]
*802 Elsewhere in Miller, the Court explained that "[e]ach of the exceptions to the parking exclusion thus describes an instance where, although the vehicle is parked, its involvement in an accident is nonetheless directly related to its character as a motor vehicle.” Id., pp 640-641. It is clear from Miller that the policy considerations are essential for determining the scope of the three exceptions to the parked vehicle exclusion. Those policy considerations form the foundation on which the exceptions rest. Remove the foundation, and the exceptions topple. We do not read Miller as holding that, whenever an exception is technically satisfied, no-fault recovery is available despite being adverse to the underlying policy of the act. Subsequent Supreme Court decisions further support our conclusion.
Most recently, in
Bialochowski v Cross Concrete Pumping Co,
Having concluded that the equipment truck was a motor vehicle being used as a motor vehicle, our inquiry is not complete. In order to receive no-fault benefits for an injury involving a parked vehicle, one of the criteria established in § 3106 of the no-fault act must be met.
While primarily a workers’ compensation reimbursement case, Bialochowski is important because it reveals the two-step procedure which must be followed when determining no-fault eligibility in parked vehicle cases: first, the motor vehicle must have been used as a motor vehicle; and second, one of the exceptions to the parked vehicle exclusion must be found to apply.
The fact that there must be a separate inquiry
*803
into whether the motor vehicle was being used as a motor vehicle was further emphasized in
Thornton v Allstate Ins Co,
In drafting MCL 500.3105(1); MSA 24.13105(1), the Legislature limited no-fault pip benefits to injuries arising out of the "use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle.” In our view, this language shows that the Legislature was aware of the causation dispute and chose to provide coverage only where the causal connection between the injury and the use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle is more than incidental, fortuitous, or "but for.” The involvement of the car in the injury should be "directly related to its character as a motor vehicle.” Miller v Auto-Owners, supra. Therefore, the first consideration under MCL 500.3105(1); MSA 24.13105(1), [sic] must be the relationship between the injury and the vehicular use of a motor vehicle. Without a relation that is more than "but for,” incidental, or fortuitous, there can be no recovery of pip benefits.
Considering the emphasis in Bialochowski and Thornton on determining the application of both §§ 3105(1) and 3106(1), it is clear that use of a motor vehicle as a' inotor vehicle is not conclusively established from the mere fact that one of the exceptions to the parked vehicle exclusion is found to apply.
Simple statutory construction also leads us to that conclusion. In Johnston, supra, p 361, it was held:
We conclude, therefore, that the language of the no-fault act requires not only that a vehicle be a *804 motor vehicle but, in order to establish liability, it must also be used as a motor vehicle at the time of the accident. If the Legislature had intended coverage for any accident involving a motor vehicle, the additional requirement that the accident arise out of the use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle would be unnecessary surplusage.
It is a well-established rule of statutory construction that the language of a statute should not be treated as surplusage or rendered nugatory if at all possible.
Baker v General Motors Corp,
The policies underlying § 3105(1) and § 3106 thus are complementary rather than conflicting. Nothing of the policy behind the parking exclusion —to exclude injuries not resulting from the involvement of a vehicle as a motor vehicle — conflicts with the policy of compensating injuries incurred in the course of maintaining (repairing) a motor vehicle. The terms of the parking exclusion should be construed to effectuate the policy they embody and to avoid conflict with another provision whose effect was intended to be complementary. [411 Mich 641 .]
To ignore the express language of § 3105(1) would be a violation of not only a general rule of statutory construction but an unambiguous Supreme Court decision as well.
Having concluded that there must be a separate *805 inquiry into whether the motor vehicle was being used as a motor vehicle at the time of the accident, we must now determine whether this was shown in the instant case.
To show that an injury is compensable under § 3105(1), the claimant must satisfy a two-pronged test:
(a) Could the injury just as well have occurred elsewhere? If so, there is no recovery. . . .
(b) Was the act which immediately precipitated the injury identifiable with the normal use of a motor vehicle? If so, there is recovery. [Denning v Farm Bureau Ins Group,130 Mich App 777 , 786;344 NW2d 368 (1983), lv den419 Mich 877 (1984).]
It is not absolutely required, though, that these two prongs be linked together before no-fault recovery is available. The Denning Court noted that there may be "a case where the injury could not have occurred except in an automobile but the act which immediately precipitated the injury is not identifiable with the normal use of a motor vehicle. . . . Thus, it appears that if the injury can only occur in a motor vehicle regardless of the nature of the immediately precipitating act, there is coverage under the no-fault statute.” Id. We must caution too that the phrase "use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle” must be given a broad remedial interpretation. If the vehicle is designed for many different purposes, the statutory mandate is satisfied where the accident occurred while the vehicle was being used for one of those intended purposes. Bialochowski, supra, pp 228-229.
Applying those standards to the case at bar, we can only conclude that plaintiff was not using his truck as a motor vehicle at the time of the accident. The truck had merely been used as.a perch *806 from which to position and stabilize the ladder. Thus, it was not unlike any other stationary object such as a tree, sign post, or boulder. Miller, supra, pp 639-640. Plaintiffs truck was nothing more than a scaffold. Certainly, this was not the type of accident which could not have occurred except in a motor vehicle. Denning, supra, p 786. The causal connection between the accident and the truck was merely incidental, fortuitous, or "but for.” Thornton, supra, pp 659-660. Finally, our holding is not changed by the fact that plaintiff was in the process of stowing the ladder on the truck when he stumbled over the side. Preparing to use a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle does not satisfy § 3105. Although we certainly sympathize with plaintiffs injury, his is not the type for which the no-fault system was designed to compensate.
Affirmed.
Notes
For purposes of this appeal, it is not necessary to understand why this is so. For an explanation, though, see
Kalin v DAIIE,