240 N.W. 534 | Minn. | 1932
Plaintiff purchased from defendant in June, 1924, a so-called instalment certificate. The certificate itself is short. It recites that, in consideration of the payment of $76 per year in advance for the period of ten years from its date, the defendant promises to pay to the plaintiff or her legal representative or assigns at the expiration of such period the sum of $1,000, upon surrender of the certificate. It further provides that, if the payments made by the holder of the certificate, with interest at the rate of five per cent per annum, compounded annually, amount to $1,000 before the maturity of the certificate, interest in cash at five per cent per annum will be paid annually thereafter to the holder until maturity.
The certificate was signed by defendant by its officers. It contains no provision for any penalty or forfeiture, but the concluding paragraph thereof provides that it is issued and accepted by the holder subject to the terms, conditions, and privileges appended thereto and made a part thereof. This appended document is lengthy and involved. It is not signed, but contains numerous provisions. It covers some ten pages of the printed record, and we do not attempt to set it out in full. Among other things it contains a *215 provision that the holder of the certificate, instead of paying $76 annually in advance, may pay $6.50 per month in advance, thus making his payments $78 per year instead of $76. It provides that in case of default before three full years shall have been paid thereon, if the certificate shall not be reinstated within the period of two years provided for such reinstatement, all liability on the part of the company shall cease and terminate at the expiration of the two-year period and all payments made thereon shall be forfeited and be retained by the company as liquidated damages for the nonperformance of the contract. It is further provided that if the certificate holder shall have paid the full payments for three years his certificate, at the end of the third year, shall have a cash surrender value of $171; or, at his option, he shall then be entitled to a paid-up coupon certificate for $241, payable ten years from its date, with interest payable annually at the rate of 2.5 per cent per anuum.
Plaintiff paid the monthly instalments of $6.50 each on her certificate for a period of 35 months, one month short of three years. The payments made amounted to $227.50. She made no further payments for a period of two years and five months. She then offered to make a further payment, but defendant refused to accept it and notified her that her contract had lapsed and had become automatically canceled by default for more than two years. The facts stated are undisputed and stipulated.
1. The question presented and argued is whether the provision for the forfeiture of payments made by the certificate holder is a penalty or a valid agreement for liquidated damages. It is difficult to find any basis for the application of the rule of liquidated damages under this contract. The defendant agrees to repay to plaintiff, if the contract is performed, not only all sums paid to it by plaintiff, but interest thereon from the time each payment is received up to the time the contract matures, at the rate of five per cent per annum. It resembles a loan of money to defendant, with some limitations upon the use to be made thereof by defendant. That defendant received less money from plaintiff than plaintiff had agreed to pay does not seem to furnish any foundation for *216 liquidated damages under such a contract. The less defendant receives the less it has to pay back.
In addition to the facts already stated, the court found that defendant has been continuously engaged in business since it secured plaintiff as a purchaser; that at that time defendant had some 700 of these certificates outstanding and that it now has many such certificates outstanding; that defendant paid its solicitors $40 for securing plaintiff as a purchaser. The court made no express finding on whether the forfeiture clause in the contract was a penalty, but held in its conclusions of law that plaintiff take nothing by this action, and judgment was so entered.
We find nothing in the facts that defendant had and has a large number of certificates outstanding, is continuing in business, and paid its solicitors $40 for securing plaintiff as a purchaser, which shows any grounds for liquidated damages.
The only default for which a forfeiture could become operative is failure to pay one instalment of $6.50 during the first three years after the date of the contract and continuing for more than two years. It is wholly a money transaction. The certificate holder does nothing except pay in money, and the company agrees to pay back money only. If the certificate holder had failed to pay the first instalment, there could have been no forfeiture and would be no provision in the contract for damages, liquidated or otherwise. If the holder paid one instalment of $6.50 and then defaulted, the forfeiture would be only that amount as defendant's damages. But if the holder paid 35 instalments, as here shown, amounting to $227.50, that amount would be forfeited as damages for failure to pay the additional sum of $6.50 to complete the payments for three years. In other words, the more money plaintiff handed over to defendant, short of the full payment for three years, the more she would lose. It is clear that the more money that was paid in the more benefit defendant received. But the forfeiture provision goes on the theory that the more benefit defendant has received the greater its damage. If it can be said that defendant could be damaged in any event, then it is apparent that the less that had been paid in the *217
greater its damage would be. If plaintiff had defaulted after paying the first instalment of $6.50, the defendant's damages, if any, must have been substantially greater than upon default only in paying the thirty-sixth instalment of $6.50. Under no theory known to us can a forfeiture provision so arbitrary and applying so unequally to any actual damages be sustained as a fair provision for liquidated damages. If it were intended to provide a graduated scale of liquidated damages, the contract should provide for the greatest amount of damages for a default in payment of the first instalment and a gradual decrease thereafter according to the number of payments made before the default. Schommer v. Flour City O. I. W.
A contract which requires the payment of an increasing sum as damages the nearer full performance is approached will be held to provide a penalty and not liquidated damages. 17 C.J. 947, § 240; Walsh v. Curtis,
A contract which provides no damages for a total breach and large damages for a partial or relatively slight breach cannot be construed as providing for liquidated damages. Schommer v. Flour City O. I. W.
Each of these rules applies to our present case.
A contract whereby one who has paid in to an investment company $227.50 shall forfeit all thereof, while one who has paid in $6.50 more, or $234, and then defaulted, shall receive a cash surrender value of $171, or, at his option, an interest-bearing certificate for $241, is arbitrary.
In Walsh v. Curtis,
Maudlin v. American S. L. Assn.
In J. I. Case T. M. Co. v. Fronk,
In our present case the claimed liquidated damages are over 30 per cent of the price of the certificate.
In Carter v. Strom,
That rule would seem to apply equally to the contract for instalment payments in our present case, where the amount of damages provided varies according to the number of instalments paid.
The character of the contract is an important factor to be considered in the case. It is not like a contract for the sale of real property, where the buyer goes into possession and has the use or income from the property, or like a sale of personal property, where the buyer receives the possession and use of the property. In the sale of real estate, the seller loses the use and income therefrom so long as the contract remains in force. In the sale of personal property, the seller parts with the possession, the buyer has the use of the property, and wear and deterioration naturally follow. In either such case, the longer the contract remains in force, the greater the seller's damage may be. It is not so where the buyer simply deposits or pays money to a seller of such a contract as we have here. In that case, the longer the contract is kept up by payments the *219 greater the benefit to the seller. For that reason the sellers of such contracts should be held to a stricter accountability for the money received by them.
The cases of Henkel v. Pioneer S. L. Co.
It is accordingly held that the forfeiture provision in the contract here in question provides for a penalty and not for liquidated damages.
2. Defendant urges that the damages involved are uncertain. But even if that were shown, which we do not find, it does not avail where the contract bears no fair relation to the amount of damages and is held invalid, so far as it attempts to fix liquidated damages, on the ground that it is arbitrary, unreasonable, and inequitable, under the rules we have stated. Such a contract is invalid in that respect, whether the damages, if any, are certain or uncertain.
3. Defendant states that the court will take judicial notice that defendant suffered damages in the matter of expense of selling the certificate, salaries of officers, maintenance of office, bookkeeping, investment of funds, etc. These are general expenses of conducting its business. Plaintiff's default neither increased nor decreased such expenses. There was no pleading as to any expenses. There was evidence, and the court found, that defendant paid its solicitor $40 for selling the certificate to plaintiff. There was no finding as to any other expense. This item of $40 was no more than an expense of doing business. It was not an item which plaintiff had agreed to pay, as was the freight charge considered in J. I. Case *220
T. M. Co. v. Fronk,
The fact that the court in deciding the case was required to construe the penalty provision of the contract did not convert the action into a suit in equity.
On plaintiff's appeal the judgment is reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
Defendant's appeal is dismissed. *221