39 W. Va. 357 | W. Va. | 1894
Lead Opinion
Malinda Good, widow of Francis Good, deceased, instituted a suit against J. L. Good, administrator of her deceased husband, to recover the possession of certain personal property, claimed by her as a gift from her husb'and before E. A. Thomas, a justice of the peace of Jackson county. Such proceedings were had that on the 13th day of October, 1891, she recovered judgment for the following properly, to wit: Two mares, of the value of one hundred and fifty dollars; one black cow, of the value of fifteen dollars; four spotted hogs, of the value often dollars; six pigs, of the value of three dollars ; household and kitchen furniture of the value of forty five dollars ; ten stands of bers, of the value of thirty dollars ; one wagon, of the value of twenty dollars, and twenty dollars danrages for the detention thereof and her costs — from which judgment the defendant appealed to the Circuit Court. After a motion 'to quash the summons had been sustained, for insufficiency, the plaintiff with permission of the court, filed an amended complaint, to the filing of which defendant excepted ; but the court overruled the exception and allowed the complaint to be filed. On this issue was made up ; and the parties waiving a trial by jury agreed upon the facts and submitted the ease to the court; on consideration whereof the court reversed the judgment of the justice and dismissed the action at the plaintiff’s costs. Plaintiff applied for and obtained a writ of error and nowhere insists that the Circuit Court erred in not rendering judgment in her favor for the property sued for and claimed by her.
The following is the agreed state of facts as set out in plaintiff’s bill of exceptions, to wit: The said Francis Good died intestate about the 14th day of July, 1891 ; that the defendant was duly appointed, qualified, and was acting, as administrator, as aforesaid, at the time of the com-
In the case of Fox v. Jones, 1 W. Va. 217, it was held, that, while a gift from a husband to his wife would be void at law, it would be sustained in equity; that the right of a husband, either with or without a trustee, to make a proper gift or settlement on his wife, is well established. “Whether the estate is derived from him or from a stranger, the husband during his lifetime (if no other has been appointed) will be treated as a trustee for her benefit; and in the event of his death quoad all seperate personal estate derived from him during his lifetime, which properly belongs to the wife, in equity his executor or administrator will be treated as a trustee for the wife and enjoined from making any legal disposition of the property in contravention .of the. trust.” I might here add, that, if such administrator refused to deliver her the property on demand, she could maintain an action of detinue for the recovery of the same-, as all her legal disabilities are removed by the death of her husband, and she sues, not for a tort committed by her husband, but for the wrong done her by his administrator
' There can be no question of her right to sue the administrator, if the property belongs to her, whether acquired from her husband or others, if he unlawfully withholds the same from her under the claim, that it is assets in his hands to be administered as the property of the decedent. This was the law of this state, fully recognized and established prior to the passage of the act of 1891, which conferred on her the legal right to acquire property from her husband as from a stranger, providing such acquisition did not interfere with the existing debts and liabilities of her husband. Code, c. 66, s. 2. That, which was heretofore regarded as an equitable estate, was by this provision of the law changed into a ■legal estate; and her rights with regard thereto were not limited but enlarged.
The defendant in error insists that section 1 of chapter 71 of the Code, which is in these words, to wit: “1. Eo estate of inheritance or freehold, or for a term of five years in lands, shall be conveyed, unless by deed or will; and no gift of any goods or chattels shall be valid, unless by deed or will or unless actual possession shall have come -to and remained with the donee or some person claiming under him. If the donor and donee reside together at the time of the gift, possession at the place of their residence shall not be a sufficient possession withiu the meaning of this section'’ — -renders the gift in this case — which is admitted —invalid, because the parties lived together at the time of the gift and continued to live together and in possession of the property up to the death of the donor.
If such a construction of the law is to prevail, then has the legislature in attempting to extend the rights of a married woman taken away those she already possessed. . By attempting to clothe her with legal rights it has destroyed her equitable rights and left her without power to acquire property from her husband by parol gift, unless she disposes of it during his lifetime or takes up a residence apart from him. If he gives her any anniversary presents in the
The statutory law before referred to not only bestows upon her the separate ownership of property, but also gives her the right of possession thereof at the place of their common residence, as fully and completely as though they lived many miles apart. While section 2, c. 66, of the Code does not repeal section 1, c. 71, of same, neither does said section 2 make said section 1 apply to the newly-acquired rights of a married woman, to whom and "to which it was in no sense applicable before. Neither should this Court so construe said sections as to deprive her of any rights heretofore enjoyed, or any with which the legislature may have sought to invest her by said chapter 66, but should endeavor, in so far as a liberal construction will permit, to secure to her all those enlarged and natural rights of which she has been so many years unjustly deprived by a strict adherence to an antiquated and barbaric law, not founded on human reason, nor the product of civilization, but which had its origin in an early period of man’s existence, when “might made right,” and mere brute force was considered superior to virtue, morality and intelligence. All such absurd laws — monstrosities as they are— should have perished with the feudal system or pre-historic man, and should have no place in the Code of an independent and intelligent people; but they have ever been kept alive by the gentle submission of woman on the one hand
The great English expounder of these laws says in their justification : “These are the chief legal effects of marriage during coverture, upon which we may observe that even the disabilities which the wife lies under are, for the most part, intended for her protection and benefit. So great a favorite is the female sex, of the laws of England.” The apologists for any kind of involuntary servitude or slavery have always sought to justify it on the same pretext that the very “disabilities of the servant or slave were intended, for the most pai’t, for his benefit aud protection.”
Such disabilities, though sugarcoated with the plea of favoritism, are not accepted freely by the helpless and innocent victims thereof; they would much prefer their natural freedom and a just equality before the law. Civilization in its upward progress is slowly but surely breaking down the harem walls of prejudice and restoring to woman those inherent rights originally bestowed on her by a beneficent Creator, which entitled her, married or unmarried, to recognition by the laws of the land as an intelligent person, equal in all respects to man himself — her debtor for the very existence he possesses and enjoys. It is the duty of this Court not to clog the wheels of tardy justice by a too narrow and technical construction of apparently conflicting laws, but to render them by a careful judicial construction consistent with each other to such an extent as to effect, not to destroy, the noble purpose sought to be attained by their enactment. The two sections referred to above, so construed, will in no wise modify or interfere with the proper operation of each other, but are simply limited to the legislative intent.
The defendant in error insists that the rights of creditors are paramount to the rights of plaintiff. This is undoubtedly true, if justified by the record; but no such question is presented. The gift being established, • it devolves on the administrator to show affirmatively that the property is liable to the demands of existing creditors ; and, if he fails to do so, such failure will be taken as an an admission, that no such indebtedness existed, or that there were sufficient other assets to satisfy it.
The matter of this opinion relating to section 1, c. 71 of the Code, is an expression of private conviction on my part; the majority of the court being of the opinion that the statement of the facts is not sufficient to furnish the necessary information to a proper determination of the questions involved, as it does not appear in what manner and at what time the plaintiff acquired the property claimed by her in this suit. Th^ meager facts being a question of dispute between the opposing counsel as to what they do and do not establish, this Court does not feel justified in rendering a final judgment at this lime, but reverses the order of dismissal entered by the Circuit Court and remands the case for a new trial of the matters in controversy according to law.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissentiucj):
Before the act of March 14, 1891, at law a married woman could not in any mode take property from her husband, though equity would sustain transfers from him to her in certain cases. So read the commonlaw and section 3, c. 66, of the Code. Humphrey v. Spencer, 36 W. Va. 11 (14 S. E. Rep. 410); McKenzie v. Railrond Co., 27 W. Va. 306. Chapter 3, Acts 1893, again enacts this incapacity to take from her husband. The act of 1891 removed this incapacity, by giving her capacity to acquire property from her husband by grant or gift, but such gift must be under the law regulating gifts in the case of other persons. Section 1, c. 71, of the Code broadly declares :
“No estate of inheritance or freehold, .or for a term of more than five years, in lauds, shall be conveyed unless by deed or will; and no gift of any goods or chattels shall be Valid, unless by deed or will, or unless actual possession*364 shall have come to and remained with the donee, or some person claiming under him. If the donor and donee reside together at the time of the gift, possession at the place of their residence shall not be a sufficient possession within the meaning of this section.”
This section prescribes the very manner of acquiring the property interests of which it treats. That is its office. It says that certain estates in lands and gifts of chattels shall not be valid, uuless created in certain ways. As to gifts of chattels, they must either be by deed or will, or, if oral, be accompanied by actual possession in the donee as a consummation of title; and if donor and donee reside together possession there shall not be sufficient to consummate the gift. Delivery of possession is necessary to a perfect gift, but it can not operate whgn the residence is common ; and the gift is then abortive, unless by deed or will. It goes to the very essence of title. This is a salutary provision as to gifts. A husband and wife reside together, and the personal property given by the husband to the wife is at the place of common residence. Subsequent creditors of the husband suppose it to be his and extend him credit. A purchaser buys it supposing it to be his. The law defeats the gift, not only as to them, but wholly: There is no title in the wife, even against the administrator or distributees of a dead donor; though it might occur to one at first thought, that it would be good in the latter case. But not so, as it is a want of title. The gift is abortive and passes no title. There is no exception to the prohibition of the statute. The wife must in such case take a deed. She may take under section 2, c. 66, Code 1891, by gift from her husband ; but that gift must conform to section 1, c. 71 of the same Code, as in gifts between father and son or other person having common residence.
The married woman’s act of 1891 can not be regarded a special act creating an exception to section 1, c. 71; for both are parts of one act — the Code act. To give the married woman’s act this effect is to work a repeal of section 1, c. 71 by implication as to gifts between husband and wife whereas both can stand and operate in harmony; and, when this is so, repeals or exceptions by implication can
The case of Fox v. Jones, 1 W. Va. 205, has no application, because it was in equity, and the gift was upheld on the theory of a reasonable settlement by husband upon the wife, and also because not a reference was made to the statute in question. This is an action of detinue inquiring legal title in the plaintiff. Burns v. Morrison, 36 W. Va. 423 (15 S. E. Rep. 62). The administrator represents existing creditors; for there must be debts for funeral and administration if not for taxes and other considerations. In the one month between the going into operation of the act of 1891 and the death of Good a gift may have been made, its date not appearing. If so, and the gift were valid under chapter 71, § 1, the wife would have legal title, as title in a wife under the enabling act is legal not merely equitable ; but, if before the act of 1891, her title would not be legal. But the trouble is that, whenever the gift -was made, she has no title, by reason of the fact that the gift was consummated by a possession at the common residence, and void under chapter 71, § 1.
Again, being plaintiff the wife must show the date of the gift to have been at such time under the law, when it was not unquestionably void, as would be the case, if made be