31 Pa. Commw. 547 | Pa. Commw. Ct. | 1977
Lead Opinion
Opinion by
Plaintiffs, television and radio broadcasters, commenced this suit in equity
After an extensive trial, including the presentation of detailed expert testimony on plaintiffs’ broadcasting operations and a tour of the broadcasting facilities by the Chancellor, he concluded that the plain
The City’s Business Privilege Tax was enacted pursuant to the authority granted by The Local Tax Enabling Act (Enabling Act), Act of December 31, 1965, P.L. 1257, as amended, 53 P.8. §6901 et seq. Section 2 of the Enabling Act, 53 P.S. §6902, provides in pertinent part:
The duly constituted authorities of . . . cities of the second class . . . may, in their discretion, by ordinance or resolution, for general revenue purposes, levy, assess and collect or provide for the levying assessment and collection of such taxes as they determine on persons, transactions, occupations, privileges, subjects and personal property within the limits of such political subdivisions. ... Such local authorities shall not have authority by virtue of this act:
(4) To levy, assess and collect a tax on goods and articles manufactured in such political subdivision or on the by-products of manufacture ... , or on any privilege, act or transaction related to the business of manufacturing ... , by manufacturers . . . with respect to the goods, articles and products of their own manufacture. . . . (Emphasis added.)
The issue thus presented is whether the Business Privilege Tax, as applied to plaintiffs, is a tax on a “privilege . . . related to the business of manufacturing . . . with respect to the . . . products of their own manufacture . . or put simply, does broadcasting constitute “manufacturing?” This is a matter of first
We note at the outset that contrary to the impression left by the City in its citation of Commonwealth v. Philadelphia Gas Works, 25 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 66, 358 A.2d 750 (1976), this case does not involve a tax exemption which would subject the critical statutory words to a strict construction test. See Statutory Construction Act, 1 Pa. C.S. §1928(b) (5). Bather, as both the Chancellor and the plaintiffs point out, the words “shall not have authority” have been construed to be a limitation on the power to tax so that doubts relating to their construction are resolved in favor of the taxpayers. Directory Publishing Co. v. Pittsburgh, 205 Pa. Superior Ct. 423, 425-26, 211 A. 2d 509, 511 (1965). However, we do not view this principle as of controlling significance in this case. For the issue here is whether broadcasting is “manufacturing,” and, as we recently noted in Commonwealth v. Perfect Photo, Inc., 29 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 316, 321, 371 A.2d 580, 582 (1977), the difficulty with this and similar cases is the want of a statutory definition of the term “manufacturing.” In the absence of such definition, either in the context of an “exemption” as in the Capital Stock Tax Act
In Perfect Photo, supra, we summarized the judicial efforts at defining “manufacturing” as follows:
The word ‘manufacturing’ when employed in a statute or taxing measure, without further definition, consists in the application of labor and skill to material whereby the original article is changed into a new, different, and useful article. Morrisville Scrap Processing Co., Inc. Tax Appeal, 6 Pa. Cmwlth. 121 (1972), aff’d. 453 Pa. 610, 307 A.2d 905 (1973). Whether or not an article is a manufactured product depends on whether it has gone through a substantial transformation in form, qualities, and adaptability in use from the original so that a new article or creation has emerged. General Foods Corp. v. Pittsburgh, 383 Pa. 244, 118 A.2d 572 (1955). If there is merely a superficial change in the original materials without any substantial and well-signalized transformation in form, qualities, and adaptability in use, it is not a new article or new production. Commonwealth v. Berlo Vending Co., 415 Pa. 101, 202 A.2d 94 (1964).
29 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. at 321, 371 A.2d at 582-83. We also noted the aptness of Justice (now Chief Justice) Eagen’s observation in Commonwealth v. Deitch Co., 449 Pa. 88, 295 A.2d 834 (1972), that:
‘Concededly, “it is sometimes difficult to determine with legal exactness what is and what is*553 not manufacturing,” for as one court has observed, “[i]t is easier to feel the line of distinction than to express it. . . .” ’ 449 Pa. at 94, 295 A.2d at 837-38. (Citations omitted.)
Perfect Photo, supra, at 321, 371 A.2d at 583.
Nevertheless, with the above definitions in mind, we must now turn to the rather complex and technical facts of this case.
Inasmuch as the parties stipulated at trial that evidence would be limited to the operations of plaintiff Westinghouse Broadcasting Company (“KDKA,” an affiliate of the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)) which is engaged in both television and radio broadcasting, and that the other plaintiffs’ cases would be determined thereby, our discussion of plaintiffs’ activities is similarly limited. In addition, we do not find it necessary to discuss, in any great detail, the radio broadcasting aspect since television broadcasting appears to include much, if not all, that is involved with radio and more. While there are no doubt great differences in the two operations to those trained in the field, we do not, for the purposes of this case, perceive any basis for a legal distinction between the two, such that one and not the other could be consided “manufacturing.” Consequently, the following discussion of television broadcasting is intended to apply, by analogy, to radio broadcasting and reference will be made to the latter only when necessary.
The record reveals that KDKA’s television broadcasting operations begin with what the plaintiffs refer to as pre-camera activities. These activities begin in the Program Department where the program schedule is prepared and basic decisions are made as to which programs are to be broadcast and how they are to be produced or otherwise obtained. As to programs, commercials, and other material that are to be produced in the studio, assignments are made to
However, only a small part of the total broadcasting time consists of programs, commercials and other materials that actually originate or are originally produced in the local studio.
How the actual process of broadcasting begins depends, to some extent, on the particular source of the material being broadcast. In the case of live broadcasts, the studio camera is the source. Light from the studio subject is focused on a photo-sensitive
Thus whatever the source, the audio and visual information is either received as, or is transformed into, an electrical signal. This signal is then subjected to an extremely complex processing system involving the studio control, master control and quality control rooms where various adjustments are made and information from other sources is mixed and integrated. The signal is then transformed into a microwave signal and sent to the transmitter where it is subjected to further processing. Thereafter, the signal is impressed on the broadcaster’s carrier wave and the carrier wave is then amplified until it reaches the authorized power of the particular broadcaster’s channel. The signal is then sent from the transmitter to the antenna tower where it is radiated, strikes the receiving antenna and becomes the image which is viewed on the home television set.
The Chancellor was convinced that this process of broadcasting which we have attempted to describe constitutes manufacturing. The essence of this determination is expressed as follows:
In the broadcast of a TV program, optical information is changed into an electrical signal which is modified in many ways by the application of extremely complex technology. That*556 electrical signal is eventually encoded and placed on the broadcaster’s carrier and sent out to be received by a receiving set, decoded and put into such a state as to be viewed by the ultimate consumer. That which occurs in the television studio before the cameras may be viewed only by those who are in actual visual contact within the television studio, and nothing is available for the benefit of the consuming public until the highly technical process of transforming optical information into an electrical signal and back has been completed by the application of skill and labor, which results in a new, different and useful product.
The Chancellor placed particular reliance on City of Pittsburgh v. Pittsburgh Press Co., 14 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 551, 322 A.2d 390 (1974), where we affirmed the lower court’s determination that printing a newspaper was manufacturing
We agree with the Chancellor that WLEX-TV, Inc., supra, upon which the City has placed great reliance, is less than persuasive due to the Kentucky court’s strict reliance upon the “common understanding” definition of manufacturing and upon case law precedents at variance with our own.
We further agree with the Chancellor that the fact that the plaintiffs derive their income from advertising revenues rather than direct sale of their “product” is not controlling. If a newspaper produced in the same way as that in Pittsburgh Press, supra, was distributed without charge, with income generated solely
In addition, without specifically deciding the question, we will accept the Chancellor’s determination that the absence of tangibility is not controlling. This issue is of particular difficulty, both with respect to defining “tangible” and in deciding whether such a quality is required. To a large extent, tangibility seems almost inherent in the concept of manufacturing. For instance, the Enabling Act speaks of the “goods, articles and products” of manufacturing and the case law makes constant reference to the application of skill and labor to, and the combination of, “raw materials,” and the changing of the original “article” into a new and different “article.” Further, it is difficult, if not impossible, to think of examples of what could clearly be considered a “manufactured” intangible.
At the same time, our Enabling Act does not specifically limit manufacturing to “tangible” products and, although they are somewhat old and vague authority for the proposition, we will accept that Southern Electric, supra, and Keystone Electric, supra, hold that the production of electricity, which could be considered an intangible, is “manufacturing.”
Since our ultimate resolution of this case does not turn on tangibility, we need not and do not decide this abstract and difficult issue at this time; rather, we will accept the Chancellor’s determination that the tangibility factor is not controlling.
Although we have thus found some areas of agreement with the Chancellor’s adjudication, we are, for the reasons that follow, unable to accept his ultimate legal conclusion and must therefore reverse.
First, we can distinguish the cases relied upon by the Chancellor and further find them to be of only limited assistance in deciding this unique and ex
Further, we do not find this case either controlled or particularly influenced by Pittsburgh Press, supra. Before the Chancellor, plaintiffs spent a great deal of time and testimony in an effort to show what we readily accept as true: that television and radio are, in many ways, functionally equivalent to newspapers and that they compete with newspapers for the same advertisers. However, this fact does not, in our view, compel the conclusion that broadcasting, like printing a newspaper, is manufacturing. For it is clear from Pittsburgh Press, supra, and Directory Publishing Co., supra, that a newspaper or periodical which does not own and operate its own printing presses is not a manufacturer despite the fact that it otherwise performs the identical functions and competes for the same advertisers with a newspaper or periodical that does. As the lower court stated in Pittsburgh Press, supra,, at 557, 322 A.2d at 392:
*560 In the final analysis, it is the printing process itself, i.e. the combining of raw materials, ink and paper, into something new (the newspaper) through the use of labor, skill and machinery which basically makes printing manufacturing.
The above quotation also serves to point out the very essence of manufacturing, that is, the “combining of raw materials . . . into something new. . . .” While each of the cases cited by the Chancellor involved, in part, technology and activities (photography, recording, newspaper publishing) similar to those involved in broadcasting, the processes therein also clearly resulted in the emergence of a new and different product that previously did not exist. For example, in Olan Mills, supra, sensitized paper was exposed to a color negative and combined with other elements to form a finished portrait; and in the electricity cases, skill, labor and machinery were applied to the raw materials of coal, oil or natural gas and the result was a completely different, although perhaps intangible, product — electricity.
It is this factor, the combination of raw materials into a new and different product — the very essence of manufacturing — that we find lacking here; and therein lies our fundamental disagreement with the Chancellor. For if broadcasting is manufacturing, what precisely is the “new and different product” which they themselves manufacture or make and what are the raw materials from which this “product” is derived?
It is true that the broadcasting process involves a transformation of visual and auditory information into electrical signals and microwaves. However, to say that broadcasters are thus engaged in “manufacturing” such signals and waves is but a play on words. For electrical signals and microwaves are not the
That manufacturing is not involved in broadcasting, for example, network programming is illustrated by the following exchange during the cross-examination of KDKA’s engineering manager:
Q. Do you do anything to that [network] signal other than take it off the telephone wire and amplify it and modulate it and send it out?
A. Quite often we do, yes.
The network signal either by the manner in which it is created or generated or whatever hazards it is exposed to in the transportation process to us, quite often must be what we call reprocessed to us, quite often must be reprocessed.
We have equipment that we call procamps, which is an abbreviation for processing amplifiers, and the function of this particular piece of equipment or pieces of equipment is to allow us to clean up, if you will, this signal that has been delivered to us. (Emphasis added.)
Record, Volume II, p. 221.
Whatever occurs in the “reprocessing,” “cleaning up,” “amplifying” and “modulating” of the network signal, we are satisfied' that it constitutes neither a “manufacturing” of that signal or of the resulting
Broadcasting is therefore, in our view, simply a process of transporting or transmitting by electrical signals and microwaves, visual images and sounds to home viewers and, as such, is more analogous to the provision of a service than the manufacture of a product. In this respect, we agree with the statement in WLEX-TV, Inc., supra, that:
In the last analysis, the function of television is to transmit a message or communication. It manufactures messages in about the same sense that a common carrier manufactures travel.
438 S.W. 2d at 523.
We readily acknowledge the complexity and sophistication of the skill, technology and equipment used in the broadcasting process but this alone cannot simply overwhelm or confound us into the conclusion that manufacturing has occurred. As our Supreme Court stated in Armour & Co. v. Pittsburgh, 363 Pa. 109, 116, 69 A.2d 405, 408-9 (1949):
Nor is it of legal significance in this connection that the operations thus conducted require large and extensive plants and organizations, trained men and intricate machinery, for even though the labor be skilled, the operation delicate, a large plant involved, and expensive machinery utilized, such factors, neither individually nor collectively converted what is essentially a mere processing operation into a manufacturing one: Cf. Rieck McJunkin Dairy Co. v. Pittsburgh School District, 362 Pa. 13, 23 66 A.2d 295, 299.
Of course, the above analysis does not completely account for the limited amount of television broadcasting time which does, in fact, consist of images and sounds which originate live or are originally recorded in the studio. However, we are likewise persuaded that this element does not render that portion of the plaintiffs’ activities “manufacturing.”
First, with respect to what plaintiffs have called “pre-camera activities” (described above), we note that with the exception of the actual live production or taping of a program, these activities are not significantly different from the planning, organizational, administrative and operational activities -of any number of large business enterprises, and not necessarily those of a manufacturer. While elements of manufacturing are involved (e.g., construction of a set), this is, in our view only incidental to the broadcaster’s essential function.
However, as impressive as this process is, we cannot, with respect to what actually occurs on the studio set, distinguish it from that involved, for example, in an elaborate theatre or musical production, an activity that no one would seriously contend constitutes “manufacturing.” For the production of a play similarly involves planning and organizational functions, set and costume design and fabrication, as well as the “combining” of talent, script, entertainment, art work, recorded or live music and sound effects, etc. into a final product — the actual performance. And if what actually occurs in the studio is not manufacturing, it is not made so by its electronic transmission to viewers at home; for this transmission process is, as discussed above, in our view, simply a transporting of images and sounds and not their manufacture.
All that we have said above applies with equal force to radio broadcasting. To the extent that it consists of the broadcast of music, commercials and other in
This is a close and difficult case and one that practically defies strict legal analysis. The result perhaps turns more on what is perceived as the essence and inherent meaning of words than on the simple application of legal principles and definitions. As noted at the beginning, this is an area where the distinctions are easier to “feel” than to express. Nevertheless, we are persuaded that the process of radio and television broadcasting, while an invaluable service involving complex and sophisticated skills, technology and equipment, is, in the final analysis, simply, a means of transporting or transmitting images and sounds rather than a “manufacture” of such images and sounds as that term was intended by the Legislature and is defined by the courts.
Order
Now, September 12, 1977, the order of the lower court is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings as to issues raised but undisposed of by the Chancellor in his adjudication.
The suit was originally brought in 1969 but, upon joint motion of the parties, was continued pending disposition of City of Pittsburgh v. Pittsburgh Press Co., 14 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 551, 322 A.2d 390 (1974).
Enacted by City of Pittsburgh Ordinance No. 675 of 1968, as amended by Ordinance No. 594 of 1970 and No. 1 of 1975.
Commonwealth ex rel. Luckett v. WLEX-TV, Inc., 438 S.W. 2d 520 (Ky. 1968) held that broadcasting is not manufacturing hut, for reasons expressed below, it is less than persuasive authority in this case.
Act of June 1, 1889, P.L. 420, as amended, repealed and replaced by Article VI of The Tax Reform Code of 1971, Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 6, as amended, 72 P.S. §§7601-7606.
A review of tiie KDKA “TV Daily Program Log” for October 17, 1970, which was submitted as part of tbe plaintiffs’ supplemental record, reveals that practically all noncommercial broadcast time is occupied by network programming, movies and films which do not originate in the studio. With respect to commercial advertisements, the record reveals that 97% are submitted to the station on film, 2% are produced by advertising agencies using the facilities of the local station, and only 1% are actually prepared by the broadcaster. These same figures with respect to KDKA radio are: 98.5% (received on transcription), .5% and 1% respectively.
See supra n. 5.
Actually, Pittsburgh Press, supra, held that the printing and circulation of the advertising content was manufacturing, the City having acknowledged the same with respect to the news content. See Commonwealth v. J. B. Lippincott Co., 156 Pa. 513, 27 A. 10 (1893). There is no such dichotomy asserted in the present case.
Act of May 22, 1933, P.L. 853, as amended, 72 P.S. §5020-201.
See also, Perfect Photo, supra.
For example, the Kentucky court had previously held that publishing and printing a newspaper was not manufacturing. City of Lexington v. Lexington Leader Co., 193 Ky. 107, 235 S.W. 31 (1921).
See, e.g., the list of activities which comprise “processing” as that term is defined in the Capital Stock Tax Act, 72 P.S. §7602, some of which may be manufacturing and some of which may not; they all, however, would normally be conducted at an “industrial establishment.” Interestingly enough, the list includes “broadcasting radio and television programs.” However, the City is obviously wrong in suggesting that this precludes such broadcasting from being manufacturing since the very same clause similarly includes the publishing of books, newspapers and magazines.
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Tetley Tea Co., 421 Pa. 614, 220 A.2d 832 (1966) ; Armour & Co. v. Pittsburgh, 363 Pa. 109, 69 A.2d 405 (1949) ; Commonwealth v. Babcock Lumber Co., 1 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 45, 272 A.2d 522 (1971).
Large retailers routinely construct such “sets” and displays for the purpose of exhibiting their merchandise but that does not make that activity “manufacturing.”
Dissenting Opinion
I respectfully dissent.
In City of Pittsburgh v. Pittsburgh Press Co., 14 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 551, 322 A.2d 390 (1974), we held that the production of a newspaper was manufacturing. In Commonwealth v. Olan Mills, Inc. of Ohio, 456 Pa. 78, 317 A.2d 592 (1974), the Supreme Court held that the making of custom-made photographic portraits was manufacturing. In City of Pittsburgh v. WIIG-TV Corp., 14 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 18, 321 A.2d 387 (1974), we held that a television station was an industrial establishment. Yet the majority in this case, although expressly accepting the proposition that The Local Tax Enabling Act does not limit manufacturing to tangible products, holds that the production of radio and television programs is not manufacturing because radio and television stations do not combine raw materials, such as ink and paper in the newspaper case and sensitized and negative paper in the photograph case, into a new and different product. Thus the majority seems to say that the end product of manufacturing may be intangible only if the raw materials are tangible, with the result that the production of liquids from gasses would not be manufacturing but the production of gasses from liquids would.
The majority asks: “For in broadcasting, what precisely is the ‘new and different product’ which they themselves manufacture or make and what are the raw materials from which this ‘product’ is derived?” The answers come readily to mind. The new and different product is the station’s radio or television programming, consisting of entertainment, news, opinion and advertising — a product identical to a newspaper except that the former is to be listened to or seen rather than read. The raw materials of broadcasting are electronic signals, capable of being converted to sound or light, some produced by the station, some
