148 Mo. 470 | Mo. | 1899
By this action plaintiff sought to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by her in consequence of tbe defective condition of a board sidewalk on one of the streets of Kansas City, Missouri. Plaintiff’s claim is, that on tbe twelfth day of June, 1894, while walking on tbe sidewalk on tbe west side of Elora avenue, in Kansas City, between Eleventh and Twelfth streets, she stepped into a bole in the sidewalk, fell and was seriously injured, tbe bole being concealed, or partly concealed from view, by a growth of weeds and other vegetation. Tbe answer was a general denial, coupled with a plea of contributory negligence. There was a trial in tbe circuit court wbicb resulted in a verdict for tbe defendant and tbe plaintiff after tbe usual preliminaries bas appealed.
Tbe testimony on tbe merits is neither preserved in tbe bill of exceptions nor abstracted in this record.
Tbe record simply shows that plaintiff offered testimony through herself and other witnesses tending to support tbe allegations of her petition, and that defendant offered testimony tending to support tbe allegations of its answer, and that of tbe witnesses called by tbe plaintiff one, Eitta Hayes, who, after stating that she was acquainted with tbe condition of tbe sidewalk in June, 1894, at tbe place where plaintiff was injured, and that it was in a bad condition, and that she believed a little of it was broken off at each corner, and that she frequently used the walk in going to and from her home to different parts of tbe city, was asked .the following ques
"Whether evidence of similar accidents, by another, upon an alleged defective walk at the place where the injury complained of is charged to have occurred, within a reasonable time before or after the accident, is admissible, is a question that has given rise to numerous and conflicting opinions in the different courts of our country. In point of number, as well as in the strength of reason upon which the two adverse rules have been announced, however, we think the weight of authority favors the rule denying the admission of such testimony as evidence. The question in issue and to be determined by the jury was, the condition of the sidewalk on the twelfth of June, 1894, when plaintiff was said to have been injured, and if found to be defective, did such defect cause the injury to plaintiff while walking upon and using the same with proper and reasonable care ? It is a condition and a fact the jury must find and determine upon, and not the experience or experiments of another or others. To permit such testimony to be heard would be to open the door to perplexing side issues, not raised by the pleadings and which presumably neither party would be prepared to try, a contingency, which all rules of evidence should, as far as possible, be so framed as to avoid. In our judgment all evidence of such collateral facts should be excluded on the ground, that it tends to draw the minds of the jurors from the real question in issue; to prejudice and njislead rather than to inform them upon the direct issue that they must consider and pass upon; and further because the adverse party having no notice from the
If the testimony of Mrs. Hayes would 'have been to the effect that she had fallen or gone through the sidewalk, at the point where plaintiff claims she was injured, is to be held and treated as tending to prove the defective condition of the sidewalk, as charged in plaintiff’s petition (and that is the only object, plaintiff says, it was offered for), it must of necessity follow that the city would, for a like reason, have the right to show that at the time the witness fell through the walk, she was not in the exercise of reasonable or ordinary care, and also that others had passed over the sidewalk in perfect safety notwithstanding the alleged defect, and thus to the consideration of the jury would be introduced an issue or issues as different of solution as the one they primarily were called to pass upon, as indicated by the pleadings.
Under this rule with each (new) witness thus called there would appear to view a new issue, and facts collateral thereto (not made by the pleadings) would be multiplied and increased until in the chaos of complications, the real issue would be obscured and hidden rather than elucidated and brought clearly to view, the true purpose in calling witnesses.
In the consideration of the question whether plaintiff’s witnesses A., B. or C. were injured through a defect in the sidewalk on account of their own fault or carelessness, the real issue must be lost sight of to some extent and surely so, when to it we permit the other question to be introduced as to whether the witnesses D., E. and E., called by defendant passed over the sidewalk by the exercise of particular care to avoid the defect, or whether they passed over it in the ordinary course of travel. No good can come from the recitation of the various and different experiences of so many different travelers upon the sidewalk in the performance of the same act.
After a witness has been called and permitted to tell all he or she knows regarding the condition of the walk at the time and place of the accident, or shortly before or thereafter as the case might be, all has been told by that witness of the facts in the case, and what has happened or not happened to him, or her in dealing with those facts is mere individual or personal experience, which a witness should only be permitted to give to the jurors, when called as an expert upon some question that he or she is presumed to be more familiar with than the average witness or juror. Certainly a party who has fallen once or oftener upon a sidewalk at a designated place can not be said to possess a special or peculiar knowledge over his more cautious, observing or fortunate neighbor, who has never as much as stumbled in passing the same place, that entitles him or her to give his experience at that place as a stumbler, for the purpose of aiding the juror in determining the real condition of the walk; or the question, as to the care that plaintiff was exercising at the time she was injured. The question as to what is, or what is not, a defective sidewalk is not one calling for expert testimony, but is one the jury must determine from the facts and conditions detailed to them by the witnesses. With the condition of the sidewalk detailed by the witnesses, to the jurors, they as well as the-greatest sidewalk builders or the most frequent sidewalk stumbler, are prepared to form their opinion as to the character of the walk wholly unaided by the personal experience of another.
The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.