Gnerich v. Yellowley, No. 3706

No. 3706 | 9th Cir. | Jan 9, 1922

ROSS, Circuit Judge.

An addition to the Constitution of the United States made by the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment prohibits the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes within the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, and also the importation thereof into or the .exportation thereof from the United States and all territories subject to its jurisdiction, and further declares that the Congress and the several states shall have concurrent power to enforce those provisions by appropriate legislation.

Acting under and in pursuance of the power thus conferred upon it by the Constitution, Congress passed on October 28, 1919, an act entitled :

“An act to prohibit intoxicating beverages, and to regulate the manufacture, production, use, and sale -of high-proof spirits for other than beverage purposes, and to insure an ample supply of alcohol and promote its use in scientific research and in the development of fuel, dye, and other lawful industries.” 41 Stat. 305.

The decree appealed from dismissed a bill of complaint filed by the appellant drug company on the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the defendant as acting prohibition director in and for the district of California. After setting forth the jurisdictional facts and the nature of the appellants’ business, and the appointment and qualification of the defendant prohibition director, the bill alleges that on January 16, 1920, the federal Prohibition Commissioner and the Commissioner of Infernal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, published “Regulations 60 Relative to the Manufacture, Sale, Barter, Transportation, Importation, Exportation, Delivery, Furnishing, Purchase, Possession and Use of Intoxicating Liquor under Title II of the National Prohibition \ct of October 28, 1919, Providing for the Enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States,” which rules and regulations are still in effect, and that pursuant thereto the complainants on the 29th day of September, 1920, applied for and were granted by the. federal Prohibition Commissioner at Washington, .->« the form prescribed by the regulations, a permit “to use and sell intoxicating liquors for other than beverage purposes,” in the following particulars, to wit:

“1. In the manufacture of United States Pharmacopoeia, and National Formulary preparations unfit for use as a beverage.

“2. In selling in quantities not exceeding one pint, to persons not holding permits to purchase when medicated according to any one of the seven formula? set forth in section 61 of the aforesaid regulations prescribed by said Treasury Department.

”3. In compounding medicinal preparations on physicians’ prescriptions or otherwise medicated according to the standard set forth in paragraph A, section 60, of the aforesaid regulations, prescribed by said Treasury Department, and put up in advance of order for sale, and in quantities not exceeding five gallons in a period of ninety days.

“4. In selling retail as such to others holding permits which confer authority to purchase and use intoxicating liquors for nonbeverage purposes.

“5. In dispensing as such on physicians’ prescriptions given on form 1403 prescribed by the Treasury Department of the United States internal revenue, in quantities not exceeding one pint in ten days to the same person, and for iionbeveragc purposes.”

The bill further alleges that the complainants were required by the i egulations to set forth, and in their application for the permit did set forth, that the kind and the probable maximum quantity of "intoxicating liquors” that they desired to sell or use in their business during any quarterly period would be 283 proof gallons of alcohol, 157 proof gallons of whisky, and 5 gallons of wine and 4% proof gallons of brandy; iliat their said application was duly verified and was accompanied by a bond in the form and amount required by the .regulations to cover the maximum quantities of intoxicating liquors set forth in the application as desired to be used or sold by them, a copy of which application was annexed to and made a part of the bill. The bill alleges that under date November 26, 1920, the Prohibition Commissioner at Washington issued to the complainants a permit under and in pursuance of the National Prohibition Act authorizing and permitting them to usé and sell intoxicating liquors for other than beverage purposes, in conformity with their said application, “but arbitrarily and without authority of law or regulation, inserted in said permit the restriction that ‘this permit is issued for one hundred gallons of distilled spirits and five gallons of wine’ for each quarterly period,” which permit is also annexed to and made a part of the bill.

The bill alleges that the said permit has not been revoked, and that by virtue of it the complainants, on February-17, 1921, made application to the defendant as prohibition director for the district of California, on the form and in the manner prescribed by the regulations of the Treasury Department, for a permit to purchase one barrel of grain alcohol for the uses set forth in the permit, which application was on the 2d of March,-1921, returned to the complainants by the defendant, for the reason that the purchase of the said barrel of alcohol would allow the complainants to withdraw in excess of 100 gallons of distilled spirits per quarter, as more fully appears from his letter, a copy of which is annexed to and made a part of the bill; that numerous other similar applications of the complainants for permits to purchase alcohol and intoxicating liquors had been likewise disapproved by the defendant upon like grounds, all of which refusals, it is alleged, have resulted in great injury to the complainants in their business of pharmacists, and have prevented them from lawfully pursuing such business in using, dispensing, and selling such alcohol and intoxicating liquors for other than beverage purposes, to their great and irreparable damage.

The bill alleges that the restriction so fixed by the Commissioner in the said permit “is arbitrary, unlawful, unreasonable, and void as constituting an unwarranted usurpation of legislative powers by an administrative officer of the executive department of tíre government of the United States, and is an attempt by said official to invalidate and repeal those portions of the National Prohibition Act which recognize and permit the lawful use of ‘intoxicating liquor’ for medicinal and nonbeverage purposes, and is a violation of the rights, privileges, and duties conferred upon complainants as pharmacists, under the provisions of said act”; that the said restriction is not necessary to the enforcement of any of the provisions of that act, nor is it authorized by any rule or regulation published by the authority thereof; that because of the said restriction the complainants have been prevented from filling many prescriptions lawfully issued by licensed physicians resident in the southern division of - the northern district of California, and issued by them under permits on the form and in the manner prescribed by law.

The prayer of the bill was that tire defendant to it show cause why the limit so fixed in the permit issued to complainants should not by him be disregarded pending the final hearing and determination of the cause, and that upon final hearing the defendant be perpetually restrained from enforcing as against the complainants tíre restrictions complained of.

The constitutional amendment imposes no prohibition upon either the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquor for non-beverage purposes, nor does it undertake in any way to define what shall constitute intoxicating liquor, but Congress did the latter in its National Prohibition Act, and also enacted numerous most stringent provisions for the giving effect to the constitutional amendment, and in the endeavor to prevent its evasion.

Section 1 of title 2 of the act defines the meaning of the words “person/5 “commissioner,” “application,” “permit,” and “bond,” as used therein, and by the seventh subdivision of that section declares:

“Tilts term ‘regulation’ shall mean any regulation prescribed by the commissioner with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury for carrying out the provisions of this act, and the Commissioner is authorized to make such regulations. Any act authorized to be done by the Commissioner may be performed by any assistant or agent designated by Mm for that purpose. Records required to be filed with the Commissioner may be tiled with an Assistant Commissioner or other person designated by the Commissioner to receive such records.”

Section 4 enumerates various articles therein declared not subject to the provisions of the act if tiaey correspond witli certain specified descriptions and limitations, in which event the Commissioner is authorized to issue a permit for their sale. By section 5, however, it is provided that, whenever the Commissioner has reason to believe that any of such articles do not correspond with the descriptions and limitations specified in section 4, he shall make an investigation upon prescribed notice, and, in the event that the manufacturer of such an article fails to show to his satisfaction that the article corresponds to the descriptions and limitations provided in section 4, his permit shall be revoked. And that section concludes with the provision that—

“The manufacturer may by appropriate proceeding in a court of equity have the action of the Commissioner reviewed, and the court may affirm, modify, or reverse the finding of the Commissioner as the facts and law of the case may warrant, and during the pendency of,such proceedings may restrain the manufacture, sale, or other disposition of such article.”

By section 6 it is declared, among other things, that no one shall manufacture, sell, -purchase, transport, or prescribe any liquor without first obtaining a permit from the Commissioner so to do, except that a person may, without a permit, purchase and use liquor for medicinal purposes when prescribed by a physician as therein provided. The life of such permits is prescribed, and it is declared that they shall specify the quantity and kind of liquor to be purchased and the purpose, for which it is to be used, power being given the Commissioner to prescribe the form of all such permits and of the applications therefor, and to require bond in such form and amount as he rnay prescribe, and further as follows:

“No permit shall he issued to any one to sell liquor at retail, unless the «ale is to be made through a pharmacist designated in the permit and duly licensed under the laws of his state to compound and dispense medicine prescribed by a duly licensed physician. No one shall be given a permit to proscribo liquor unless he is a physician duly licensed to practice medicine and actively engaged in the practice of such profession. Every permit shall be in writ ing, dated when issued, and signed by the Commissioner or his authorized agent. It shall give the name and address of the person to whom it is issued and shall designate and limit the acts that are permitted and the time when and place where such acts may be performed. No permit shall be issued until a verified, written application shall have been made therefor, setting forth the qualification of the applicant and the purpose for which the liquor is to be used.”

And section 6 contains this further provision:

“In the event of the refusal by the Commissioner of any application for a permit, the applicant may have a review of his decision before a court of equity in the manner provided in section 5 hereof.”

We think we are precluded from deciding or considering the merits of the case: First, by the fact that the Commissioner of Internal

Revenue was not made a party to the suit; and, secondly, by the fact that the defendant acting prohibition officer ceased to be such during its pendency.

[1] It is the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, as will be seen from the provisions of the National Prohibition Act that have been referred to, who is authorized to issue a permit for the manufacture, sale, purchase, transportation, or prescription of any intoxicating liquor, and the bill in the present case expressly alleges that it was the Commissioner who issued the permit upon which the complainants relied, alleging the invalidity of that portion of it restricting the permit to 100 gallons of distilled spirits and 5 gallons of wine; and yet the Commissioner was not made a party to the bill, the very purpose of which was to control his action. That under such circumstances the bill could not be maintained, even conceding that it states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action in the complainants’ favor, is clearly shown by the decision of the Supreme Court in Warner Valley Stock Co. v. Smith, 165 U.S. 28" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1897-01-11" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/warner-valley-stock-co-v-smith-94585?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="94585">165 U. S. 28, 17 Sup. Ct. 225, 41 L. Ed. 621" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1897-01-11" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/warner-valley-stock-co-v-smith-94585?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="94585">41 L. Ed. 621, and cases there cited.

[2] Even if the acting prohibition director, made sole defendant to the bill, could be held as agent- of the Commissioner to dispense with the necessity of making the latter a party, that defendant ceased to be such officer pending the suit.

The judgment of dismissal is affirmed.