This сlass action suit was brought originally in state court by a group of disgruntled taxpayers seeking a refund of taxes paid and an injunctiоn against further taxation by the defendant municipalities, based on the plaintiffs’ claim that the defendants lacked authority to lеvy taxes without the referendum required by a recent amendment to the Michigan state constitution. The defendants removed the action to federal court, on the ground that the taxes in question had been levied pursuant to a federal consent deсree entered four years earlier. Because the district court found that it had continuing jurisdiction under the consent decrеe, the court denied the plaintiffs’ motion to remand to state court and granted summary judgment to the defendants on the merits. We аffirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 1994, the district court entered a consent decree in an action brought by the State of Michigan and the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251 et seq., to remedy illegal discharges of raw sewage and other pollutants into Michigan waterways. Pursuant to that decree, Wayne County and certain down-river communities were directed to make cash contributions to a fund to update wastewater treatment facilities. The decree also effectively provided that communities unable to make the mandated payments would be required to increase taxes in order to meet their assessments. When a number of the municipalities were forced to levy taxes to ensure compliance with the court order, the сitizen plaintiffs initiated this suit in Michigan state court for a refund of their increased tax payments and to enjoin further tax collections. The suit, however, was not filed until four years after entry of the consent decree in the federal action and three years after implementation of the actual tax levies. By that time, the renovation projects were 85 percent completed or contracted, and approximately $220 million in bonds had already been sold.
The defendant communities suсcessfully removed the suit to federal court, alleging that the subject matter of the state court action was inextricably intеrtwined with the viability of the district court’s 1994 consent decree. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the taxрayers’ claims that the tax levies violated provisions of the Michigan constitution, finding (1) that the challenge to the constitutionality of the tax levies was barred by laches, (2) that the court had inherent power to enforce its judgments, and (3) that the Michigan state constitutional provision invoked by the plaintiffs was not applicable to the tax levies in question, because they werе authorized under state statutes that predated the amendment to the state constitution.
ANALYSIS
Before this court, the plaintiffs contend that the district court erred both in denying their motion for remand and in ordering the municipalities to raise taxes without a vote оf the citizenry, allegedly in violation of a “tax revolt” provision of the state constitution.
A. Jurisdiction
The district court correctly notеd that implementation and enforcement of compliance with the 1994 consent decree gave it continued jurisdictiоn over the financing agreements that constituted an integral part of the order, citing
Vanguards of Cleveland
*1003
v. City of Cleveland,
We also agree that the district court correctly invoked 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), the All Writs Act, which gives federal courts the “authority to remove an otherwise unremovable state court case in order to effectuate and prevent the frustration of orders it has previously issued in its exercise of jurisdiction otherwise obtained.”
In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig.,
B. Application of the Doctrine of Laches
In a detailed and well-reasoned opinion, the district court ordered summary judgment for the defendants on three alternative bases. Because we conclude that the challеnge to the consent decree is barred by the doctrine of laches, we find it unnecessary to reach the question of the district court’s inherent authority to order the levy of taxes in this ease, and we decline to interpret the scope of thе Michigan Constitution, an exercise better left to the Michigan state courts.
The doctrine of laches is an equitable prinсiple that bars recovery in circumstances in which a plaintiffs delay in seeking a judicial remedy prejudices a defendаnt. To prevail, a party invoking this equitable principle “must show that plaintiffs unreasonably delayed in bringing suit and that [defendants] were рrejudiced by this delay.”
Environmental Defense Fund v. Tennessee Valley Auth.,
CONCLUSION
After a careful review of the briefs and the rеcord in this case, and having had the benefit of oral argument, we are not persuaded that the district court erred in retaining jurisdiсtion and in deciding that the action was barred by laches. Moreover, because the reasons for dismissing the complaint against the defendants were fully articulated in the district court’s opinions, we conclude that the issuance of another detailed opinion is unnecessary to the correct determination of this appeal. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court, as provided in its order and opinion denying plaintiffs’ motion to remand, dated June 9, 1998, and its opinion and order granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment of the same date.