The plaintiff secured a verdict and judgment for $3,000 general damages and $3,000 punitive damages in this libel action. The defendants appeal.
The defendants assigned as error the trial court’s refusal to grant their motion for directed verdict and its refusal to remove punitive damages from the jury’s consideration.
The plaintiff worked for the defendant Esco. The defendant Kimberley was the personnel manager for Esco. A Dr. Shlim treated some of Esco’s employees for industrial injuries. For this reason Mr. Kimberley had a remote acquaintance with Dr. Shlim. Dr. Shlim or his wife called Mr. Kimberley and said plaintiff owed him $13.75 for past-due rent and asked Mr. Kimberley’s assistance in collecting the debt. Mr. Kimberley agreed to help. He sent the following letter to plaintiff with copies to plaintiff’s foreman and leadman and one for plaintiff’s personnel file:
“I am in receipt of a letter from Dr. Nathan Shlim, in which he states that you have an obligation to him in the amount of $13.75 past due rent. *280 He indicates that unless this debt is paid, he. will garnish yonr wages. As you must realize garnishments made against an employee’s wages constitute a considerable amount of trouble for ESCO COBPOBATION. If this matter is not taken care of immediately, the appropriate disciplinary action •will bé-initiated.
“If you have any further questions regarding this matter, please don’t hesitate to contact me.”
The letter was incorrect in stating that defendant was in receipt of a letter. The letter from .Dr. Shlim came after Mr. Kimberley wrote plaintiff. The jury could also find that plaintiff did not owe Dr. Shlim money and that Dr. Shlim did not indicate to Mr. Kimberley that he would garnish plaintiff’s wages.
The defendants’ contention is:
“* * * The jury’s proper function in this case was to determine whether the recipients of the •memorandum understood it to be defamatory * * *. Without testimony from a recipient of the memorandum there was no basis for the jury’s function and the resulting verdict was necessarily based on speculation.”
Very recently we decided contrary to defendants’ contention.
Beecher v. Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc.,
“Defendant argues that there is no proof of defamation because no one testified that he understood that plaintiff’s credit was the subject of distrust. The jury does not have to have specific testimony to this effect because it may draw such a conclusion from all the circumstances surrounding the communciation and the relations of the parties. The jury could have drawn the conclusion .that plaintiff’s employer understood the'defendant to be saying that plaintiff was ‘poor pay’ and would not honor his just debts without pressure from his' 'em *281 "ployér; The employer did.not have to testify to this understanding in order for the jury to determine its existence.”
The trial court correctly denied the motion for a directed verdict.
The trial court refused to take the issue of. punir tive. damages from the jury in the belief that our decision in
Hinkle v. Alexander,
In
Noe v. Kaiser Foundation Hosp.,
“Punitive damages can only be justified on the theory of determent. See Hodel, The Doctrine of Exemplary Damages in Oregon, 44 Or L Rev 175 (1965). It is only in those instances where the violation of societal interests is sufficiently great and of a kind that sanctions would tend to prevent, that the use of punitive damages is proper. Regardless of the nomenclature by which a violation of these obligations is described (grossly negligent, willful, wanton, malicious, etc.), it is apparent that this court has decided that it is proper to use the sanction of punitive damages where there has been a particularly aggravated disregard * * * [of the rights of the victim].”
*282
Repeated in
Douglas v. Humble Oil,
Unfortunately, because of the myriad of fact combinations possible, this determination of when punitive damages are awardable must proceed for a time, in some fact areas, on a case-to-case basis.
We are of the opinion that the conduct the jury could have found the defendant engaged in violated “societal interests” of importance. We are further of the opinion that the assessment of punitive damages might deter such conduct. For these reasons we hold the issue of punitive damages was properly submitted to the jury.
A workman’s job is obviously of utmost importance to the workman. Betention and possible promotion are two of the most substantial aspects of that job. Communications adversely reflecting on the workman’s character to the workman’s immediate supervisor and to that sometimes mysterious receptacle called a workman’s “personnel file” can be seriously detrimental to the workman. Corrections of incorrect information do not always erase the effect of the communication of incorrect information. The practice of disseminating to persons concerned with a workman’s job false information that the workman is unworthy of credit could be found by a jury to be “a particularly aggravated disregard” for the rights of a workman.
Affirmed.